Norma Broude (born 1 May 1941) is an American art historian and scholar of

feminism Feminism is a range of socio-political movements and ideologies that aim to define and establish the political, economic, personal, and social equality of the sexes. Feminism incorporates the position that society prioritizes the male po ...

and 19th-century French and Italian painting. She is also a

Professor Emerita ''Emeritus'' (; female: ''emerita'') is an adjective used to designate a retired chair, professor, pastor, bishop, pope, director, president, prime minister, rabbi, emperor, or other person who has been "permitted to retain as an honorary title ...

art history Art history is the study of aesthetic objects and visual expression in historical and stylistic context. Traditionally, the discipline of art history emphasized painting, drawing, sculpture, architecture, ceramics and decorative arts; yet today ...

from American University. Broude, with

Mary Garrard Mary DuBose Garrard (born 1937) is an American art historian and emerita professor at American University. She is recognized as "one of the founders of feminist art theory" and is particularly known for her work on the Baroque painter Artemisia ...

, is an early leader of the American

feminist movement The feminist movement (also known as the women's movement, or feminism) refers to a series of social movements and political campaigns for radical and liberal reforms on women's issues created by the inequality between men and women. Such ...

and both have redefined

feminist art theory Feminist aesthetics first emerged in the 1970s and refers not to a particular aesthetic or style but to perspectives that question assumptions in art and aesthetics concerning gender-role stereotypes, or gender. Feminist aesthetics has a relation ...

Life and work

She was born Norma Freedman on 1 May 1941 in New York. She holds a

Master of Arts A Master of Arts ( la, Magister Artium or ''Artium Magister''; abbreviated MA, M.A., AM, or A.M.) is the holder of a master's degree awarded by universities in many countries. The degree is usually contrasted with that of Master of Science. Th ...

and

Doctor of Philosophy A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD, Ph.D., or DPhil; Latin: or ') is the most common degree at the highest academic level awarded following a course of study. PhDs are awarded for programs across the whole breadth of academic fields. Because it is ...

in Art History from

Columbia University Columbia University (also known as Columbia, and officially as Columbia University in the City of New York) is a private research university in New York City. Established in 1754 as King's College on the grounds of Trinity Church in Manhatt ...

and a

Bachelor of Arts Bachelor of arts (BA or AB; from the Latin ', ', or ') is a bachelor's degree awarded for an undergraduate program in the arts, or, in some cases, other disciplines. A Bachelor of Arts degree course is generally completed in three or four year ...

in Art History and English from Hunter College. Broude taught for a short time at Oberlin College, then

Vassar College Vassar College ( ) is a private liberal arts college in Poughkeepsie, New York, United States. Founded in 1861 by Matthew Vassar, it was the second degree-granting institution of higher education for women in the United States, closely foll ...

and Columbia University. In 1975 she was called to the American University and stayed there until retirement. Broude is known for her publications on the reassessments of

Impressionists Impressionism was a 19th-century art movement characterized by relatively small, thin, yet visible brush strokes, open Composition (visual arts), composition, emphasis on accurate depiction of light in its changing qualities (often accentuating ...

: Edgar Degas,

Gustave Caillebotte Gustave Caillebotte (; 19 August 1848 – 21 February 1894) was a French painter who was a member and patron of the Impressionists, although he painted in a more realistic manner than many others in the group. Caillebotte was known for his early ...

Mary Cassatt Mary Stevenson Cassatt (; May 22, 1844June 14, 1926) was an American painter and printmaker. She was born in Allegheny, Pennsylvania (now part of Pittsburgh's North Side), but lived much of her adult life in France, where she befriended Edgar De ...

and

Georges Seurat Georges Pierre Seurat ( , , ; 2 December 1859 – 29 March 1891) was a French post-Impressionist artist. He devised the painting techniques known as chromoluminarism and pointillism and used conté crayon for drawings on paper with a rough su ...

. Since 1982 Broude has collaborated with Mary Garrard and has published numerous classics of feminist art history, most notably ''The Expanding Discourse: Feminism and Art History''.

Awards

* 2000 – Committee on Women in the Arts presented their annual recognition award at the

College Art Association The College Art Association of America (CAA) is the principal organization in the United States for professionals in the visual arts, from students to art historians to emeritus faculty. Founded in 1911, it "promotes these arts and their underst ...

. * 1981 –

National Endowment for the Humanities The National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) is an independent federal agency of the U.S. government, established by thNational Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities Act of 1965(), dedicated to supporting research, education, preserv ...

* 1962 – Scholarship ''Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation''

Publications

* ''Gustave Caillebotte: And the Fashioning of Identity in Impressionist Paris'', Norma Broude 2002, * ''The Power of Feminist Art: The American Movement of the 1970s, History and Impact'', with Mary D. Garrard 1996, * ''The Expanding Discourse: Feminism and Art History'', with Mary D. Garrard 1992, * ''Impressionism: A Feminist Reading: The Gendering of Art, Science, and Nature in the Nineteenth Century'', Norma Broude 1991, * ''Feminism and Art History: Questioning the Litany'', with Mary D. Garrard 1982, * ''Seurat in Perspective''. Norma Broude 1978 * ''The Macchiailoli: Academicism and Modernism in Nineteenth Century Italian Painting'', Norma Broude, Columbia 1967, * ''World Impressionism'', featured in the Seinfeld episode

The Bookstore "The Bookstore" is the 173rd episode of the NBC sitcom ''Seinfeld''. This was the 17th episode for the ninth and final season. It aired on April 9, 1998. In this episode, Jerry catches his Uncle Leo in the act of shoplifting, George is forced to ...

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Broude, Norma Living people 1941 births American art historians American University faculty and staff Columbia University alumni Hunter College alumni Women art historians American women historians 20th-century American historians 20th-century American women writers 21st-century American historians 21st-century American women writers