Nongak

''Pungmul'' (; ) is a Korean folk music tradition that includes drumming, dancing, and singing. Most performances are outside, with dozens of players all in constant motion. ''Pungmul'' is rooted in the ''dure'' (collective labor) farming culture. It was originally played as part of farm work, on rural holidays, at other village community-building events, and to accompany shamanistic rituals, mask dance dramas, and other types of performance. During the late 1960s and 1970s it expanded in meaning and was actively used in political protest during the pro-democracy movement, although today it is most often seen as a performing art.

Older scholars often describe this tradition as ''nongak'' (), a term meaning "farmers' music" whose usage arose during the colonial era (1910–1945). The Cultural Heritage Administration of South Korea uses this term in designating the folk tradition as an Important Intangible Cultural Property. Opposition from performers and scholars toward its usage grew in the 1980s because colonial authorities attempted to limit the activity to farmers in order to suppress its use and meaning among the colonized. It is also known by many synonymous names throughout the peninsula.

Drumming is the central element of pungmul. Each group is led by a ''kkwaenggwari'' (RR- ggwaenggwari) (small handheld gong) player, and includes at least one person playing ''janggu'' (hourglass drum), '' buk'' (barrel drum), and '' jing'' (gong). Wind instruments (taepyeongso, also known as ''hojeok'', ''senap'', or ''nalari'') sometimes play along with the drummers.

Following the drummers are dancers, who often play the ''sogo'' (a small drum without enough resonance to contribute to the soundscape significantly) and tend to have more elaborate—even acrobatic—choreography, particularly if the sogo-wielding dancers also manipulate the ''sangmo'' ribbon-hats. In some regional pungmul types, ''japsaek'' (actors) dressed as caricatures of traditional village roles wander around to engage spectators, blurring the boundary between performers and audience. ''Minyo'' (folksongs) and chants are sometimes included in ''pungmul'', and audience members enthusiastically sing and dance along. Most ''minyo'' are set to drum beats in one of a few jangdan (rhythmic patterns) that are common to pungmul, sanjo, p'ansori (RR-pansori), and other traditional Korean musical genres.

Pungmul performers wear a variety of colorful costumes. A flowery version of the Buddhist ''gokkal'' is the most common head-dress. In an advanced troupe all performers may wear ''sangmo'', which are hats with long ribbon attached to them that players can spin and flip in intricate patterns powered by knee bends.

Pungmul was added to the UNESCO intangible cultural heritage list as "Joseonjok Nongak" by China in 2009 and South Korea in November 2014.

Classification

''Pungmul'' () was first recognized as an Important Intangible Cultural Property in 1966 under the title ''nongak sipicha'' (, "twelve movements of farmers' music"). The designation was changed to simply ''nongak'' in the 1980s in order to accommodate regional variations. The Cultural Heritage Administration currently recognizes five regional styles of the tradition, each named for its center of activity, under Important Intangible Cultural Property no. 11: Jinju Samcheonpo ''nongak'', from South Gyeongsang province (designated in 1966); Pyeongtaek ''nongak'', from Gyeonggi province (1985); Iri ''nongak'', from North Jeolla province (1985); Gangneung ''nongak'', from Gangwon province (1985); and Imsil Pilbong ''nongak'' from North Jeolla province (1988). Each style is unique in its approach toward rhythms, costuming, instrumentation, and performance philosophy: Jinju Samcheonpo for ''yeongnam'' (), Pyeongtaek for ''utdari'' (), Iri for ''honam udo'' (), Gangneung for ''yeongdong'' (), and Imsil Pilbong for ''honam jwado'' ().

Most scholarly works on ''pungmul'' focus on the two distinct styles present in the Honam region encompassing the two Jeolla provinces. In this region, the designations ''jwado'' (left) for Imsil Pilbong and ''udo'' (right) for Iri are determined according to geomantic principles. Looking southward from the "center" (Seoul, the capital), ''udo'' indicates "right", and ''jwado'' indicates "left". Comparative studies between the two styles brought about the development of stereotypes among professional groups. ''Honam jwado'' became known for its varying formations and rapid rhythmic patterns, while ''honam udo'' was generally seen as having slow but graceful rhythmic patterns.

History

Early development

Suppression and unrest

During the Joseon dynasty, this folk tradition was the primary mode of musical expression for a majority of the population. Many scholars and performers today claim that the term ''nongak'' () was introduced during the Japanese colonization era in order to suppress its broad use and meaning among the Korean population.

Revival

True public support for ''pungmul'' improved little in the decade following its recognition and financial backing from the government. There was a lack of interest among Koreans who abandoned their traditional customs after moving to the cities. This phenomenon was coupled with the introduction of Western-style concert halls and the growing popularity of Western classical and popular music.

In 1977, prominent architect Kim Swoo Geun designed the Konggansarang (), a performance hall for traditional Korean music and dance located in the capital, and invited artists and scholars to organize its events. During the performance center's first recital in February 1978, a group of four men led by Kim Duk-soo and Kim Yong-bae, both descendants of ''namsadang'' troupe members, performed an impromptu arrangement of Pyeongtaek (''utdari'') ''pungmul'' with each of its four core instruments. Unlike traditional ''pungmul'', this performance was conducted in a seated position facing the audience and demonstrated a variety of rhythms with great flexibility. It was well received by audience members, and a second performance was soon held three months later. Folklorist Sim U-seong, who introduced both men to the Konggansarang club, named the group SamulNori (), meaning "playing of four objects". ''Samul nori'' eventually came to denote an entire genre as training institutes and ensembles were established throughout South Korea and Japan. Usage of the term ''nongak'' was retained in order to distinguish traditional ''pungmul'' from this new staged and urbanized form.

Music

Instruments

In general, the major 5 instruments are used for play Pungmul. There are ''kkwaenggwari'' (RR- ggwaenggwari) (small handheld gong), ''janggu'' (hourglass drum), '' buk'' (barrel drum), and '' jing'' (gong) and sogo.

They are all different style to play, sounds, and the group of play each instruments. But all of them make a sound at the same time.

The first person of each group to play instruments is called 'sue' or 'sang'. (like 'sang soe'(other word of ''kkwaenggwari)'', 'sue ''janggu(same as sang janggu),'' 'sue '' buk'' ', 'sue bukku(who play with sogo)')

Repertoire

Dance

In Pungmul, dance elements further deepen the artistic and aesthetic characteristics of Pungmul as an integrated genre.

Pungmul dance does not deviate from the interrelationship and balance with the elements that make up the Pungmul but also harmonizes closely with music.

The dance has a system of individual body structure, such as Witt-Noleum (윗놀음, upper performance) and Bal-Noleum(발놀음, footwork), and a system of pictorial expression in which individuals become objects to complete a group.

Divide according to the form of the dance and the composition of the personnel.

* Group dance (군무 ��舞 : Jinpuri (진풀이, a variety of formations are presented during the performance)
* Solitary dance (독무 ��舞 : Sangsoe Noleum (상쇠놀음, lead small gong player's solo performance), Sangmonori (상모놀이, hat-streamer twirling performance), Suljanggu Noleum (hourglass-shaped drum performance), Sogo Noleum(소고놀음, small drum with handle performance)
* Japsaek dance (잡색 ��色, lit. mixed colors : A member of the Pungmul troupe dressed as a certain character who acts out various skits. All expressions are the result of role-based self-analysis.

Costuming

Formations

International exposure

Pungmul is played in several international communities, especially by the Koreans living abroad.

Some dancing activities associated with pungmul performed by the ethnic Koreans living in China, known as the "farmer's dance of ethnic Korean" (Korean: , Hanja: , '), were submitted as a cultural heritage to UNESCO.

Pungmul also has been performed by the numerous Korean American communities in the United States, including Oakland, Los Angeles, Chicago, New York City, and Baltimore.

College-based groups also exist at the University of California (Berkeley, Los Angeles, Davis, San Diego, Santa Barbara, Irvine), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Stony Brook University, Columbia University, New York University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University, Yale University, the University of Chicago, the University of Pennsylvania, Cornell University, California Institute of Technology, the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, University of Buffalo, Binghamton University, Syracuse University, Stanford University, The University of Toronto, Brown University, University of Oxford, etc., Far Eastern Federal University

The Formation of Pungmul in American Society

First phase (1985 - 1989)

P'ungmul's history in the United States is intimately linked to the history of Korean American activism. Numerous founders of these organizations were active in or sympathized with Korean political conflicts. It is critical to note that all of these Korean expressive styles were prevalent throughout the 1970s and 1980s Minjung Munhwa movement that swept South Korean college campuses. Many of the early p'ungmul organizations either originated as a cultural division of a larger organizational (usually political) or became part of one, shortly after formation. In 1985, Binari in New York was established and Sori, formed on the University of California in Berkeley. Il-kwa-Nori of the Korean American Resource and Cultural Center in Chicago, also an affiliate of NAKASEC, formed in 1988. Shinmyŏngpae of the communal organization Uri Munhwa Chatkihwe in 1990.

In the 1970s and 1980s, a few Koreans stayed in the US for long periods of time to assist create p'ungmul organizations and spread its teachings. Kim Bong Jun, a Korean artist noted for his folk-inspired paintings and prints, was one such people. Many people were forced to reconsider their participation in the Korean-American connection due to issues like reunification and knowledge about the Kwangju Uprising.

Second Phase (1990 - Present)

Yi Jong-hun, a Korean minister who visited the United States in 1990 and 1991, is another figure seen as important by many long-time p'ungmul practitioners. Yi Jong-hun paid visits to Los Angeles, New York City, and KYCC in Oakland during his tour. He was involved in the formation of the Kutkori group at Harvard. He also provided reading and teaching materials on Pungmul, Minyo, and Movement Songs. A normal college p'ungmul group has between 15-20 members on average, while some organizations have persisted with less than 10 and as many as 30 to 35 members. HanUllim (University of California/Los Angeles), Karakmadang (University of Illinois), Hansori (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), NyuRi (New York University), and Loose Roots (University of Chicago) are just a few of the early 1990's groups. Other forms of special-interest clubs have emerged in the United States, bringing more variety to the community of p'ungmul students. Groups have been founded by and for Korean adoptees and activists as well as seniors, kids, Catholic Church members, and people in their mid-thirties and forties, to name just a few.

See also

* Important Intangible Cultural Properties of Korea
* Korean dance
* Music of Korea
* ''Namsadang'', itinerant performance troupe having ''pungmul'' in its repertoire
* ''Samul nori'', traditional percussion genre derived from multiple ''pungmul'' styles
* '' Pung cholom'', a similar dance from Manipur, India

Notes

References

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External links

''P'ungmul nori''
at the Virtual Instrument Museum of Wesleyan University

Poongmul.com
a network of ''pungmul'' groups in the United States

sdpungmul.org
Pungmul school in San Diego, CA, United States

Pungmul on YouTube
very well made video from Bucheon, Korea
{{UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity/APA
Korean traditional music
Important Intangible Cultural Properties of South Korea
Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity