''Nikkur'' ( he, ניקור) is the process of making an animal kosher by removing ''
chelev
Chelev ( he, חֵלֶב, ''kheylev'' or ''ẖelev''), or what is also known as "suet", is the animal fats that the Torah prohibits Jews and Israelites from eating (). Only the ''chelev'' of animals that are of the sort from which offerings can b ...
'' (forbidden fats) and the ''
gid hanasheh
''Gid Hanasheh'' ( he, גִּיד הַנָּשֶׁה ''Gīḏ hanNāše'', literally "forgotten sinew", often translated as "displaced tendon") is the term for sciatic nerve in Judaism. It may not be eaten by Jews according to Halacha (Jewish L ...
'' (sciatic nerve).
The basis for this practice is , "You shall not eat of any fatty suet, whether from cattle, sheep, or goats."
The English word ''
porge
In Judaism, ''shechita'' (anglicized: ; he, ; ; also transliterated ''shehitah, shechitah, shehita'') is slaughtering of certain mammals and birds for food according to ''kashrut''.
Sources
states that sheep and cattle should be slaughtered ...
'', or ''porging'' is from
Judeo-Spanish
Judaeo-Spanish or Judeo-Spanish (autonym , Hebrew script: , Cyrillic: ), also known as Ladino, is a Romance language derived from Old Spanish. Originally spoken in Spain, and then after the Edict of Expulsion spreading through the Ottoman Empir ...
''porgar'' (from Spanish "to purge"); the
Yiddish
Yiddish (, or , ''yidish'' or ''idish'', , ; , ''Yidish-Taytsh'', ) is a West Germanic language historically spoken by Ashkenazi Jews. It originated during the 9th century in Central Europe, providing the nascent Ashkenazi community with a ver ...
is ''treibern''. The process is done by a ''menakker''.
Etymology
From the Biblical root
נקר ''NQR'' meaning to "put out, bore, dig, gnaw" etc.
Regional practices
It is much easier to perform ''nikkur'' on the front part of the animal. It is also easier to perform on non-domestic animals such as deer as the ''chelev'' does not need to be removed from such animals.
Since it is difficult to perform ''nikkur'' on the hind part of domestic animals, the entire hind part is usually sold to the non-Jewish market in
Ashkenazi
Ashkenazi Jews ( ; he, יְהוּדֵי אַשְׁכְּנַז, translit=Yehudei Ashkenaz, ; yi, אַשכּנזישע ייִדן, Ashkenazishe Yidn), also known as Ashkenazic Jews or ''Ashkenazim'',, Ashkenazi Hebrew pronunciation: , singu ...
Jewish communities. However, among
Yemenite Jews
Yemenite Jews or Yemeni Jews or Teimanim (from ''Yehudei Teman''; ar, اليهود اليمنيون) are those Jews who live, or once lived, in Yemen, and their descendants maintaining their customs. Between June 1949 and September 1950, the ...
, ''nikkur'' on the hind part of the animal is still practised. This tradition goes back for centuries.
[ While many Muslims today do accept food from ]People of the Book
People of the Book or Ahl al-kitāb ( ar, أهل الكتاب) is an Islamic term referring to those religions which Muslims regard as having been guided by previous revelations, generally in the form of a scripture. In the Quran they are ident ...
based on the Quranic precept, not all Muslim communities accept Kosher-slaughtered meat, including those hindquarters, as ''halal
''Halal'' (; ar, حلال, ) is an Arabic word that translates to "permissible" in English. In the Quran, the word ''halal'' is contrasted with ''haram'' (forbidden). This binary opposition was elaborated into a more complex classification kno ...
''; communities that do not accept it include many on the Indian subcontinent. On the other hand, in countries like Israel, specially trained men are hired to prepare the hindquarters for sale as kosher.
Texts on ''Nikkur''
The ''Halachot
''Halakha'' (; he, הֲלָכָה, ), also transliterated as ''halacha'', ''halakhah'', and ''halocho'' ( ), is the collective body of Jewish religious laws which is derived from the written and Oral Torah. Halakha is based on biblical commandm ...
'' of ''Nikkur'' are presented in Maimonides
Musa ibn Maimon (1138–1204), commonly known as Maimonides (); la, Moses Maimonides and also referred to by the acronym Rambam ( he, רמב״ם), was a Sephardic Jewish philosopher who became one of the most prolific and influential Torah ...
, ''Mishne Torah
The ''Mishneh Torah'' ( he, מִשְׁנֵה תּוֹרָה, , repetition of the Torah), also known as ''Sefer Yad ha-Hazaka'' ( he, ספר יד החזקה, , book of the strong hand, label=none), is a code of Rabbinic Jewish religious law (''h ...
'
''Ma'achalot Asurot'' vi-viii
and
Tur and Shulchan Aruch
The ''Shulchan Aruch'' ( he, שֻׁלְחָן עָרוּך , literally: "Set Table"), sometimes dubbed in English as the Code of Jewish Law, is the most widely consulted of the various legal codes in Judaism. It was authored in Safed (today in Is ...
''Yoreh Deah
Yoreh De'ah ( he, יורה דעה) is a section of Rabbi Jacob ben Asher's compilation of halakha (Jewish law), Arba'ah Turim around 1300. This section treats all aspects of Jewish law not pertinent to the Hebrew calendar, finance, torts, marriage, ...
'
§§65, 66
The following document (click to open), translated here from the original Hebrew, has been the basis for ritual slaughterers in Yemen when excising the fatty tissue (suet
Suet is the raw, hard fat of beef, lamb or mutton found around the loins and kidneys.
Suet has a melting point of between 45 °C and 50 °C (113 °F and 122 °F) and congelation between 37 °C and 40 °C (98.6&nbs ...
) known as ''chelev'' from the butchered animal, in accordance with a biblical injunction in Leviticus 3:3–4.[Yehuda Saadi, Yemenite Jewish manuscript, early eighteenth century, Yemen (with Hebrew original). Printed in: ''Pisqei Maharitz'', vol. 6 (ed. Yitzhak Ratzaby), Benei Barak 1993, pp. 495–524. Printed also by Avihai Yitzhak in: ''Yemenite Jewish Tradition with Animals'' (מסורת יהודי תימן בבהמה), Zichron Yaakov 2011, pp. 185–188; as also printed by Yehuda Levi Nahum in: ''Mikhmanim miḥasifath ginzei teiman'' (מכמנים מחשיפת גנזי תימן), Tel-Aviv 1990, pp. 220–221; and by Rabbi Shelomo Mahfud, in: ''Yad Shelomo'' (יד שלמה), Benei Barak 2012, pp. 325–335.]
Hilchot Nikkur (the excision of fatty tissue known as "suet" from the slaughtered animal) - by Rabbi Yehuda Sa'adi
Insomuch that I have seen in this, our orphaned generation, all of us groping like blind men to find the suet and its ppointedplaces, and its equiredremoval by excision, ot knowingwhich of these laces
Lace is a lightweight fabric patterned with open holes.
Lace(s) may also refer to:
Arts and media Films
* ''Lace'' (1926 film), a German silent crime film
* ''Lace'' (1928 film), a Soviet silent film
* ''Laces'' (film), a 2018 Israeli film
M ...
are to be judged strictly, and which of them are to be judged leniently; as also the equiredremoval of the sinew
A tendon or sinew is a tough, high-tensile-strength band of dense fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone. It is able to transmit the mechanical forces of muscle contraction to the skeletal system without sacrificing its ability ...
f the two hind legs and the membranes, as also the "threads" (i.e. blood vessels and nerves) which are forbidden under the category of "suet
Suet is the raw, hard fat of beef, lamb or mutton found around the loins and kidneys.
Suet has a melting point of between 45 °C and 50 °C (113 °F and 122 °F) and congelation between 37 °C and 40 °C (98.6&nbs ...
," my heart has, herefore taken it upon itself to write what I have known about them, perchance those seeing my writing will give answer and show me the way of truth, and cause me to understand where I may have erred.
All of the exponents of our laws whom I have known agree to his
His or HIS may refer to:
Computing
* Hightech Information System, a Hong Kong graphics card company
* Honeywell Information Systems
* Hybrid intelligent system
* Microsoft Host Integration Server
Education
* Hangzhou International School, in ...
one opinion, that there are three fatty tissues (suet) which, y eating men would become liable to extirpation, and they are that which men offer to God pon the altar They are the suet which lies upon the innards, and the suet (fat) which is upon the kidneys
The kidneys are two reddish-brown bean-shaped organs found in vertebrates. They are located on the left and right in the retroperitoneal space, and in adult humans are about in length. They receive blood from the paired renal arteries; blood ...
, and the suet which is upon the flanks. The suet which is upon the innards is that which is spread as a blanket over the inner ruminant stomach (Heb. ''Kores''), which includes that which is upon the omasum
The omasum, also known as the bible, the fardel, the manyplies and the psalterium, is the third compartment of the stomach in ruminants. The omasum comes after the rumen and reticulum and before the abomasum. Different ruminants have different oma ...
(Heb. ''Messos'') and the reticulum
Reticulum is a small, faint constellation in the southern sky. Its name is Latin for a small net, or reticle—a net of crosshairs at the focus of a telescope eyepiece that is used to measure star positions. The constellation is best viewed bet ...
(Heb. ''Beith Hakossoth''). That which is upon the kidneys is as it is implied, whose place is known; while that which is upon the flanks is that which is below the kidneys towards the hind side of the animal, attached to the fat of the kidneys, and which is alled in Aramaic''Tarba de-Aqlivusta'', where the joint of the hind legs (Aramaic: ''Deleifan Atmatha'') is located, and which is the suet at the root of the thighs from within. Thus is it written by Maimonides
Musa ibn Maimon (1138–1204), commonly known as Maimonides (); la, Moses Maimonides and also referred to by the acronym Rambam ( he, רמב״ם), was a Sephardic Jewish philosopher who became one of the most prolific and influential Torah ...
, and by Rabbi Yitzhak Alfasi
Isaac ben Jacob Alfasi ha-Cohen (1013–1103) ( ar, إسحاق الفاسي, he, ר' יצחק אלפסי) - also known as the Alfasi or by his Hebrew acronym Rif (Rabbi Isaac al-Fasi), was a Maghrebi Talmudist and posek (decider in matters of hal ...
, as also the author of ''Halachot Gedolot Halachoth Gedoloth (lit. great halachoth) is a work on Jewish law dating from the Geonic period. It exists in several different recensions, and there are sharply divergent views on its authorship, though the dominant opinion attributes it to Simeon ...
''. Included in this ategoryis the suet which lingsto its side, spreading itself upon the flanks at both sides of the animal.
As for the meaning of "Aqlivusta," Rashi
Shlomo Yitzchaki ( he, רבי שלמה יצחקי; la, Salomon Isaacides; french: Salomon de Troyes, 22 February 1040 – 13 July 1105), today generally known by the acronym Rashi (see below), was a medieval French rabbi and author of a compre ...
has explained t as beingthe small bone lying on that bone which, n French
N, or n, is the fourteenth letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is ''en'' (pronounced ), plural ''ens''.
History
...
is called ''hanche'' (haunch or hip), and hich is
Ij ( fa, ايج, also Romanized as Īj; also known as Hich and Īch) is a village in Golabar Rural District, in the Central District of Ijrud County, Zanjan Province, Iran
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also ...
connected to the vertebrae of the tail f the sheep
F, or f, is the sixth letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is ''ef'' (pronounced ), and the plural is ''efs''.
His ...
But Rabbi Yitzhak Alfasi explained t as
T, or t, is the twentieth letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is ''tee'' (pronounced ), plural ''tees''. It is der ...
that bone which holds fast all the ther Ther may refer to:
*''Thér.'', taxonomic author abbreviation of Irénée Thériot (1859–1947), French bryologist
* Agroha Mound, archaeological site in Agroha, Hisar district, India
*Therapy
*Therapeutic drugs
See also
*''Ther Thiruvizha
''T ...
bones, while the ''Kol Bo ''Kol Bo'' (Hebrew: כל-בו, "all is in it") is a collection of Jewish ritual and civil laws. Its author has not yet been ascertained. The work in content resembles other codes, as, for instance, the ''Orḥot Ḥayyim'', though in its form it is ...
'' has written Rashi's explanation under his name. Yet, the ook known as
Ook, OoK or OOK may refer to:
* Ook Chung (born 1963), Korean-Canadian writer from Quebec
* On-off keying, in radio technology
* Toksook Bay Airport (IATA code OOK), in Alaska
* Ook!, an esoteric programming language based on Brainfuck
* Ook, th ...
'' Sefer Mitzvot Gedolot'' (''Hasemag'') has written nder Nder may refer to:
* Alioune Mbaye Nder (born 1969), Senegalese singer
*N'Der
N'Der (also spelled Nder or Ndeer) is a small town on the western shore of the Lac de Guiers, in northern Senegal. It was the third and last capital of Waalo until the a ...
the prohibitive command # 138, ''Tarba de-Aqlivusta'': Rashi has explained the ''Qaliboseth'' (i.e. tail bone) as being the small bone lying on that bone which is called n French
N, or n, is the fourteenth letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is ''en'' (pronounced ), plural ''ens''.
History
...
''hanche'' (haunch or hip), and hich is
Ij ( fa, ايج, also Romanized as Īj; also known as Hich and Īch) is a village in Golabar Rural District, in the Central District of Ijrud County, Zanjan Province, Iran
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also ...
connected to the vertebrae of the tail f the sheep
F, or f, is the sixth letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is ''ef'' (pronounced ), and the plural is ''efs''.
His ...
from above, upon which there is suet beneath the loin, and which is among that suet found on the flanks.
Now these are the words used by Rabbi A. of Meitze: "Near the tail can be found the diblefat of the sheep's tail, upon which is the suet of the ''Qaliboseth'' (i.e. tail bone), and that same suet and diblefat of the sheep's tail cling one to another, etc." But in he book
He or HE may refer to:
Language
* He (pronoun), an English pronoun
* He (kana), the romanization of the Japanese kana へ
* He (letter), the fifth letter of many Semitic alphabets
* He (Cyrillic), a letter of the Cyrillic script called ''He'' ...
''Sheiltot'' of Rabbi Ahai Gaon, and in he book
He or HE may refer to:
Language
* He (pronoun), an English pronoun
* He (kana), the romanization of the Japanese kana へ
* He (letter), the fifth letter of many Semitic alphabets
* He (Cyrillic), a letter of the Cyrillic script called ''He'' ...
''Halachot Gedolot'', they have written: "The suet which is upon the flanks is the suet of the ''Qaliboseth'' (i.e. tail bone), where the hind legs attach themselves." Likewise has Maimonides, of blessed memory, written: "t is
T, or t, is the twentieth letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is ''tee'' (pronounced ), plural ''tees''. It is deri ...
the suet which is at the joints of the hind legs from within." Yet, in he book
He or HE may refer to:
Language
* He (pronoun), an English pronoun
* He (kana), the romanization of the Japanese kana へ
* He (letter), the fifth letter of many Semitic alphabets
* He (Cyrillic), a letter of the Cyrillic script called ''He'' ...
''Sefer Hazikkaron'', he explained ''Tarba de-Aqlivusta'' as the place where the thighs are attached, etc., while in an Arabic commentary on the laws governing Ritual Slaughter e find
E, or e, is the fifth letter and the second vowel letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is ''e'' (pronounced ); plura ...
that ''Qaliboseth'' eans"''al-falakh''."
Now what we have received as being the way to surgically remove all fatty tissue s as follows After undressing the animal, they tear away the outer ruminant stomach from the hind legs unto the chest-wall cavity, and they take out the inner stomach, and remove, in its entirety, the blanket-like covering f suetwhich is spread out over it. And they take special precautions over the thin ayer ofsuet
Suet is the raw, hard fat of beef, lamb or mutton found around the loins and kidneys.
Suet has a melting point of between 45 °C and 50 °C (113 °F and 122 °F) and congelation between 37 °C and 40 °C (98.6&nbs ...
which is connected to the large intestines, which is at the end of hat place called the "coils of the ileum
The ileum () is the final section of the small intestine in most higher vertebrates, including mammals, reptiles, and birds. In fish, the divisions of the small intestine are not as clear and the terms posterior intestine or distal intestine ma ...
" (Heb. ''Hadar Hakanoh''), near the place where he excretes excrement, ndwhich, on the one side, the "suet of the innards" is attached, while on the other side, the fat of the ''kanoh'' (ileum
The ileum () is the final section of the small intestine in most higher vertebrates, including mammals, reptiles, and birds. In fish, the divisions of the small intestine are not as clear and the terms posterior intestine or distal intestine ma ...
). That suet which lies next to it is the suet of the small intestines, which is prohibited according to the ''Geonim
''Geonim'' ( he, גאונים; ; also transliterated Gaonim, singular Gaon) were the presidents of the two great Babylonian Talmudic Academies of Sura and Pumbedita, in the Abbasid Caliphate, and were the generally accepted spiritual leaders o ...
'', of blessed memory. They take precaution, likewise, over that side which clings somewhat unto the ileum (Heb. ''Senei Dhebei'' = "hatred of wolves"), surgically removing all of it thoroughly. They also take precaution to remove all of the suet that is found upon the abomasum
The abomasum, also known as the maw,[The Cham ...](_blank)
(Heb. ''Kevah'') externally, which is known as the ''ḥūmṣā'', until nothing remains of it. Moreover, they take away the suet which is inside the abomasum, from within, which distinctively adheres itself to the abomasum. Yet, that which is not spread out like a blanket is that which is permitted, it being that which is ritually clean, and it is called ''bar ḥūmṣā''. Now that which is spread over the omasum
The omasum, also known as the bible, the fardel, the manyplies and the psalterium, is the third compartment of the stomach in ruminants. The omasum comes after the rumen and reticulum and before the abomasum. Different ruminants have different oma ...
(Heb. ''Messos'') nd the reticulumlike a blanket is forbidden, which is an even layer of fat covered with a membrane and easily peeled, and which happens to be included among the "suet which lies upon the innards." Now they scrape away ll suetfrom the intestine which comes out of the abomasum (the fourth ruminant stomach) for the space of about a cubit (ca. 54 cm.), it also being the suet of the small intestines
The small intestine or small bowel is an organ in the gastrointestinal tract where most of the absorption of nutrients from food takes place. It lies between the stomach and large intestine, and receives bile and pancreatic juice through the pa ...
which is prohibited according to aimonides (Nachmanides) and Rabbi Yitzhak Alfasi, seeing that it is a close neighbour to the suet which lies upon the innards. Afterwards, they take out all of the entrails (intestines
The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract, digestive tract, alimentary canal) is the tract or passageway of the digestive system that leads from the mouth to the anus. The GI tract contains all the major organs of the digestive system, in humans ...
), and the inner ruminant stomach (Heb. ''Kores''), as well as the liver, aside from the mesentery
The mesentery is an organ that attaches the intestines to the posterior abdominal wall in humans and is formed by the double fold of peritoneum. It helps in storing fat and allowing blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves to supply the intestines ...
(Heb. ''Ḥalūḥelet''), for he still needs to clean it from the suet which is upon it. Afterwards, they peel away all of that lining membrane which is upon the flanks, which is forbidden on account of suet. They are scrupulous about its removal that nothing remains of it. The beginning of its place is from where there is the white issue
Issue or issues may refer to:
Publishing
* ''Issue'' (company), a mobile publishing company
* ''Issue'' (magazine), a monthly Korean comics anthology magazine
* Issue (postal service), a stamp or a series of stamps released to the public
* '' ...
which is in the centre of the diaphragm
Diaphragm may refer to:
Anatomy
* Thoracic diaphragm, a thin sheet of muscle between the thorax and the abdomen
* Pelvic diaphragm or pelvic floor, a pelvic structure
* Urogenital diaphragm or triangular ligament, a pelvic structure
Other
* Diap ...
(Heb. ''Tarfash'') hich_divides_the_digestive_organs_from_the_respiratory_organs.html" ;"title="digestive_organs.html" ;"title="hich divides the digestive organs">hich divides the digestive organs from the respiratory organs">digestive_organs.html" ;"title="hich divides the digestive organs">hich divides the digestive organs from the respiratory organs], extending downwards unto the thighs [of the hind legs and] running width-wise along all the flanks, unto the spinal column
The vertebral column, also known as the backbone or spine, is part of the axial skeleton. The vertebral column is the defining characteristic of a vertebrate in which the notochord (a flexible rod of uniform composition) found in all chordates ...
(vertebrae). They remove it (i.e. the lining membrane) with the suet that lies upon it which is situate at the end of the thighs and which lies upon that flesh which is beneath the loins
The loins, or lumbus, are the sides between the lower ribs and pelvis, and the lower part of the back. The term is used to describe the anatomy of humans and quadrupeds, such as horses, pigs, or cattle. The anatomical reference also applies to ...
, which is called "''lonbel''" in the foreign, rench
The Rench is a right-hand tributary of the Rhine in the Ortenau (Baden (Land), Central Baden, Germany). It rises on the southern edge of the Northern Black Forest at Kniebis near Bad Griesbach im Schwarzwald. The source farthest from the mouth is ...
language and ''mutemaziqah'' in Arabic. Now this suet is categorically included among the suet which lies upon the flanks.
Afterwards, they pull out the five "threads" (i.e. blood vessels and nerves) that are upon the flanks, these being three on the right side and two on the left. The three on the right side, each one branches off into two separate eins while the two threads"on the left side, each one of them branches off into three separate eins while one of its heads is attached to the spinal column, and they are called the "threads (nerves) that are in the hip," the "threads of the walls f the chest" and the "threads that are upon the flanks," their prohibition being on account of suet. Now if they are pulled off while they are still warm, they can be pulled off altogether. However, if they have become cold, they can no longer be pulled off, and one must then poke around after them. Afterwards, they rend with a knife the thin membrane that is conspicuously located upon the two sides of the spinal column
The vertebral column, also known as the backbone or spine, is part of the axial skeleton. The vertebral column is the defining characteristic of a vertebrate in which the notochord (a flexible rod of uniform composition) found in all chordates ...
, beneath the loins and extending as far as the ribs. It is the place that appears to the eyesight as a whitish colour by the light of the sun or by the light of a candle from the hind side of the animal, and which can be seen on its inside, and where there is no flesh that lies upon it. After the membrane has been rent, they remove the orbiddenfat (suet) that is beneath it, extending down as far as the diblefat that lies beneath that same suet, it being that which divides between the hide of the animal and the said suet, and it is permitted. Now he removes this suet from he two sides ofthe spinal column, its length extending from beneath the loins all the way up to the ribs; while its breadth extending utwardsuntil it becomes covered over in flesh, and once it has been covered over in flesh, t is permitted They scrape away the suet that is upon the spinal column from within, where lies the flesh of the loins which is called n Arabic
N, or n, is the fourteenth letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is ''en'' (pronounced ), plural ''ens''.
History
...
''mutemaziqah'', and they excise he fatty tissue fromthe ''mutemaziqah'', urgically removingall of the orbiddenfat (suet) that lies upon it externally. Then they dislodge the fat of the kidneys
The kidneys are two reddish-brown bean-shaped organs found in vertebrates. They are located on the left and right in the retroperitoneal space, and in adult humans are about in length. They receive blood from the paired renal arteries; blood ...
from the place of its attachment on the spine, above the diaphragm
Diaphragm may refer to:
Anatomy
* Thoracic diaphragm, a thin sheet of muscle between the thorax and the abdomen
* Pelvic diaphragm or pelvic floor, a pelvic structure
* Urogenital diaphragm or triangular ligament, a pelvic structure
Other
* Diap ...
(Heb. ''Tarfash'') hich divides the digestive organs from the respiratory organs towards the side of the animal's loins, surgically removing all suet beneath it, or else they remove the central bone of the spinal column entirely. Afterwards, he opens up the elvicbone that joins together the two thighs, eparating the two thighs taking out all fat that is within it nd whichlies over the fat of the kidneys, it being the orbidden"fat
In nutrition science, nutrition, biology, and chemistry, fat usually means any ester of fatty acids, or a mixture of such chemical compound, compounds, most commonly those that occur in living beings or in food.
The term often refers spec ...
that is upon the flanks," or what is also called n Aramaic''Tarba de-Aqlivusta''. They surgically remove it up to the place where the tail begins in large domesticated animals, but in sheep they continue to scrape away the outer part of the fatty tail (rump) towards its inner side which knocks upon the thighs, with the fat of the kidneys and the flanks, all that which is high up at the top of the fatty tail (rump), at the place where it excretes excrement, extending as far as the bones of the fatty tail (rump). Now beneath it there is a marked difference in the thin membrane between the said suet and the suet in the fatty tail, as well as between the "threads" (i.e. blood vessels and nerves) which draw nourishment from the fat of the kidneys and the flanks. Now they scrape away all the fat (suet) which is between the sinews (Heb. ''Peqoqeloth'') n the loins which in Arabic is nown as
A noun () is a word that generally functions as the name of a specific object or set of objects, such as living creatures, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, or ideas.Example nouns for:
* Living creatures (including people, alive, ...
''al-falakh'' (Coccyx
The coccyx ( : coccyges or coccyxes), commonly referred to as the tailbone, is the final segment of the vertebral column in all apes, and analogous structures in certain other mammals such as horses. In tailless primates (e.g. humans and othe ...
), along with the "threads (i.e. blood vessels and nerves) that enter inside the perforations
A perforation is a small hole in a thin material or web. There is usually more than one perforation in an organized fashion, where all of the holes collectively are called a ''perforation''. The process of creating perforations is called perfor ...
in the bones which join together the loins of the animal above, wherein ends the spinal cord
The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue, which extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column (backbone). The backbone encloses the central canal of the spi ...
. He then dismembers the thighs, each one individually, and opens up each one from its flesh on that side where the hide is attached, until the displaced tendon (Heb. ''Gid Hanasheh'') can be seen which is on the hollow of the thigh, removing it and digging up after it in all the flesh of the thighs. Now on hat part ofthe ollow of thethigh which is called n Arabic
N, or n, is the fourteenth letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is ''en'' (pronounced ), plural ''ens''.
History
...
''mukheh'', t requires removing the tendonfrom without and from within, and on the calf ">f legwhich is called n Arabic
N, or n, is the fourteenth letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is ''en'' (pronounced ), plural ''ens''.
History
...
''sā‘ed'', t requires removing the tendonfrom without and from within, and on the flesh which is upon it, which grows from the bunch of converging sinews n the calf(Heb. ''Ṣūmmat Hagīdīm''), called n Arabic
N, or n, is the fourteenth letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is ''en'' (pronounced ), plural ''ens''.
History
...
''suqleh'', with all of the fat of the tendon, in every place where it is to be found. Now there are found on the two sides of the ollow of thethigh which is called n Arabic
N, or n, is the fourteenth letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is ''en'' (pronounced ), plural ''ens''.
History
...
''mukheh'' and in its socket hat are known asstems (Heb. ''Qenuqenoth''), as well as the fat
In nutrition science, nutrition, biology, and chemistry, fat usually means any ester of fatty acids, or a mixture of such chemical compound, compounds, most commonly those that occur in living beings or in food.
The term often refers spec ...
(Heb. ''Shoman'') of the displaced tendon, othbeing virtually impossible to clean them very well. Therefore, let him remove them and cast them away. Now there are in the calf, underneath its flesh, three small tendons, they being of the displaced tendon. Therefore, let him open up the flesh and remove them. And as for the spleen
The spleen is an organ found in almost all vertebrates. Similar in structure to a large lymph node, it acts primarily as a blood filter. The word spleen comes . , let him peel away the membrane which is upon it, and pull away the "threads" (i.e. blood vessels and nerves) that are inside of it which are three, their prohibition being on account of suet, and one is required to dig-up after them. The inner ruminant stomach (Heb. ''Kores''), the omasum
The omasum, also known as the bible, the fardel, the manyplies and the psalterium, is the third compartment of the stomach in ruminants. The omasum comes after the rumen and reticulum and before the abomasum. Different ruminants have different oma ...
(Heb. ''Messos'') and the reticulum
Reticulum is a small, faint constellation in the southern sky. Its name is Latin for a small net, or reticle—a net of crosshairs at the focus of a telescope eyepiece that is used to measure star positions. The constellation is best viewed bet ...
(Heb. ''Beith Hakossoth''), (as well as the rump of sheep), require being cleaned of all suet that clings to them. The membrane which is upon the diaphragm
Diaphragm may refer to:
Anatomy
* Thoracic diaphragm, a thin sheet of muscle between the thorax and the abdomen
* Pelvic diaphragm or pelvic floor, a pelvic structure
* Urogenital diaphragm or triangular ligament, a pelvic structure
Other
* Diap ...
(Heb. ''Tarfash'') hich divides the digestive organs from the respiratory organs alongside the liver, is forbidden on account of suet
Suet is the raw, hard fat of beef, lamb or mutton found around the loins and kidneys.
Suet has a melting point of between 45 °C and 50 °C (113 °F and 122 °F) and congelation between 37 °C and 40 °C (98.6&nbs ...
, and that which is alongside the lung is customarily removed lest he who sees it becomes skeptical, although it is permitted. They lsoremove the lower membrane which is upon the kidneys, it being forbidden on account of suet, tunic_membrane_that_envelope_the_testes.html" ;"title="unica_albuginea_of_testis.html" ;"title="s also the Tunica albuginea of testis">tunic membrane that envelope the testes">unica_albuginea_of_testis.html" ;"title="s also the Tunica albuginea of testis">tunic membrane that envelope the testes]. As for the "threads" (i.e. veins and arteries) that are forbidden on account of blood, they do not have it as a practice in these countries to remove them, seeing that they cut up the animal in several pieces. Now may God deliver us from errors, and instruct his servants in the way of truth. Amen, may it even be His will.
Original:
המקור
דיני ניקור שחיבר הרב הגדול כמהר"ר יהודה בן כמהר"ר שלמה צעדי זצוק"ל וזה לשונו
לפי שראיתי בדורינו הדור היתום הזה, כולנו מגששים כעורים בהכרת החלבים ומקומותיהם וניקורם, ואיזה מהם החמור ואיזה מהם הקל. וניקור גיד הנשה והקרומות והחוטים, שאסורים משום חלב. מלאני לבי לכתוב מה שידעתי מהם, אולי הרואים כְתבי ישיבוני ויורוני דרך האמת, ומה ששגיתי יבינו לי
כל הפוסקים שידעתי מסכימים לדעת אחת, ששלשה חלבים שחייבים עליהם כרת, והם שקריבים לגבוה. והם חלב שעל הקרב, וחלב שעל הכליות, וחלב שעל הכסלים. חלב שעל הקרב, הוא הפרוש כשמלה על הכרס הפנימי, ובכללו שעל המסוס ובית הכוסות. ושעל הכליות, כמשמעו, ומקומו ידוע. ושעל הכסלים, הוא שלמטה מן הכליות כלפי אחורי הבהמה, מחובר לחלב הכליות, והוא תרבא דאקליבוסתא. היכא דילפינן אטמתא מקום חיבור הירכיים, והוא החלב שבעיקרי היריכיים מבפנים, כ"כ הרמב"ם והרי"ף ובעל הלכות גדולות. ובכללו החלב שבצדו המתפשט על הכסלים משני צידי הבהמה
ופירוש אקליבוסתא, פירש רש"י עצם קטן מונח על עצם הנקרא הנק"א, ומחובר לחוליות האליה. והרי"ף פירש, אותו עצם המחבר העצמות. והכלבו כתב פירוש רש"י בשמו. וסמ"ג כ' לאוין קל"ח, תרבא דאקליבוסתא, פירש רש"י הקליבוסת שהוא עצם קטן ומונח על העצם הנקרא הנק"א, ומחובר לחוליות האליה מלמעלה, ועליו יש חלב תחת המותן, ומחלב שעל הכסלים הוא. וז"ל ר"א ממי"ץ, סמוך לזנב יש שומן האליה, ועליה יש חלב הקליבוסת, ואותו חלב ושומן האליה דבוקים זה בזה וכו'. ובשאלות דרב אחא ובעל ה"ג כתבו, חלב שעל הכסלים הוא חלב הקליבוסת, במקום שהיריכיים מתחברות. וכ"כ הרמב"ם ז"ל, חלב שבעיקרי היריכיים מבפנים. ובספר הזכרון פירש, תרבא דאקליבוסתא, מקום חיבור וכו'. ובפירוש הל' שחיטה בלשון ערבי, קליבוסת, אלפלך'
וסדר הניקור שקיבלנו, אחר שמפשיטין הבהמה, קורעין הַכרס החיצונה מבין היריכיים עד החזה, ומוציאים הכרס הפנימי, ומסירים שמלה הפרוסה עליו כולה. ונזהרים על החלב הדק המחובר במעי, שהוא סוף הדַּר הכּנָה הקרוב למוצא הרעי, שמצדו אחד מחובר חלב הקרב, ומצדו השני שומן הכנה. וזה החלב שמצדו, הוא חלב הדקין האסור לדעת הגאונים ז"ל. וכן נזהרים בצד הדבוק בקצת סיני דיבי ומנקרין הכל היטב. וכן נזהרים להסיר חלב שעל הקיבה מבחוץ, והוא חומצא, עד שלא ישאר ממנו שום דבר. ונוטלים חלב שבתוך הקיבה מבפנים המחובר לקיבה ממש. ושאינו פרוש כשמלה הוא המותר והוא הטהור, והוא הנקרא בר חומצא. והפרוס על המסוס (ובית הכוסות) כשמלה, אסור שהוא תותב קרום ונקלף, והוא מכלל חלב שעל הקרב. וגוררים מהמעי היוצא מהקיבה כמו אמה, וגם הוא חלב הדקין האסור לד' הרמב"ם (הרמב"ן) והרי"ף (וה"ג), מפני שהוא שכן לחלב שעל הקרב. ואח"כ מוציאים כל בני מעיים והכרס והכבד, חוץ מחלוחלת, שעדיין צריך לנקותה מחלב שעליה. ואח"כ קולפין כל הקרום שעל הכסלים שאסור משום חלב. ומדקדקים עליו שלא ישאר ממנו כלום. ותחלתו מהמקום הלבן שבאמצע הטרפש עד היריכיים לרוחב כל הכסלים עד השדרה. ומסירים אותו עם החלב שעליו שבסוף היריכיים, ועל הבשר שתחת המתניים הנקרא בלע"ז לונבי"ל, ובערבי מֻתמאזק"ה. וזה החלב, הוא מכלל חלב הכסלים. ואח"כ מושכים חמשה חוטים שבכסלים, שהם ג' מהימין ושנים מהשמאל. השלשה שמימין, מתפצלים לשנים שנים, והשנים שבשמאל, כל אחד מהם מתפצל לשלשה שלשה, וראשו האחד מחובר לשדרה, והם נקראים חוטי העוקץ וחוטי הדפנות וחוטי הכסלים ואיסורן משום חלב. ואם שולפן כשהם חמין, נשלפין כולם. ואם נתקררו, אינם נשלפים וצריך לחטט אחריהם. ואח"כ קורעים בסכין קרום דק שאצל השדרה ממש משני צדדיה, מתחת המתנים עד הצלעות. והוא המקום שייראה למראית העין כעין לבן לאור החמה או לאור הנר מאחורי הבהמה, ויראה מבפנים ועליו אין בשר. ואחר שקורע הקרום, נוטלים החלב שתחתיו עד השומן שתחת אותו חלב, והוא המפסיק בין עור הבהמה ובין זה החלב, והוא מותר. ונוטל זה החלב שני צידיהשדרה, ארכו מתחת המתנים עד הצלעות. ורחבו עד שיתכסה בבשר, ומשנתכסה בבשר ותר גוררים החלב שעל השדרה מבפנים אצל בשר המתנים הנקרא מתמאזק"ה, ומנקרין המתמאזק"ה מכל חלב שעליה מבחוץ. ועוקרין חלב הכליות ממקום חיבורו בשדרה מעל הטרפש לצד מתני הבהמה, ומנקרין תחתיו מכל חלב, או מסירין עצם השדרה האמצעי כולו. ואח"כ פותח העצם המחבר שני היריכיים ומוציא כל החלב שבתוכו על חלב הכליות, והוא חלב שעל הכסלים, והוא תרבא דאקליבוסתא. ומנקרין אותו עד תחלת הזנב בבהמה גסה, ובכבשים מוסיפין לגרור פני האליה כלפי פנים הנוקש על היריכות, עם חלב הכליות והכסלים כל הגבוה בראש האליה מקום מוצא הרעי, עד עצמות האליה. ולמטה ממנו יש הבדל בקרום דק בין זה החלב ובין חלב האליה, ובין החוטין היונקים מחלב הכליות והכסלים. וגוררין כל החלב שבין הפקוקלות, שהוא בערבי אלפלך', עם החוטים הנכנסים בנקבי העצמות המחברות מתני הבהמה מלמעלה שבהם כּוֹלֶה חוט השדרה, ומפריד היריכיים כל אחד לבדו. ופותח כל אחד מהבשר של צד העור, עד שייראה גיד הנשה שעל כף הירך, ונוטלו ומחטט אחריו בכל בשר היריכיים. ובירך הנקרא מוכ'ה מבחוץ ומבפנים. ובשוק הנקרא סאעד מבחוץ ומבפנים, ובבשר שעליו הגדל מִצּוּמּת הגידים הנקרא סוקלה, עם כל שומן הגיד בכל מקום שימצא. ויש משני צדי הירך הנקרא מוכ'ה ובכף שלה, קנוקנות (וראשי הקנוקנות נכנסים בראשי העצמות וצריך המנקר לשבור ראשי העצמות כדי להסיר הקנוקנות מעיקרם (ב"י), ואין ללמוד סדר הניקור רק במראית העין מן המומחה הבקי בניקור) ושומן גיד הנשה שאי אפשר לנקותם היטב. לכך יתירם וישליכם. ויש בשוק תחת בשרו ג' גידים קטנים, והם מגיד הנשה, לכך יפתח הבשר ויסירם. והטחול יקלוף כל הקרום שעליו וימשוך החוטים שבתוכו שהם ג' ואיסורם משום חלב. אם נמשכו, הרי טוב. ואם לאו, צריך לחטט אחריהם. והכרס והמסוס ובית הכוסות (והאליה) צריך לנקותם מכל החלב הדבוק בהם. והקרום שעל הטרפש מצד הכבד, אסור משום חלב. ומה שמצד הריאה, נהגו להסירו שמא יסתפק הרואה. אבל הוא מותר. ומסירים הקרום התחתון שעל הכליות והוא אסור משום חלב. והחוטים שאסורים משום דם, לא נהגו באלו הארצות לנטלם, מפני שמחתכין את הבהמה לכמה חתיכות.
(טבח שדרכו לנקר בשר ונמצא אחריו חוט או קרום, מלמדין אותו שלא יזלזל באיסורין. אבל אם נמצא אחריו חלב אם הוא כשעורה מעבירין אותו, ואם נמצא אחריו כזית ואפילו בהרבה מקומות מכין אותו מכת מרדות ומעבירין אותו.) וה' יצילנו משגיאות ויורה עבדיו דרך האמת אכי"ר
זה שנמצא כתוב בכתיבת יד הקדש הרב הנעלה רב מתיבתא כמוהר"ר יהודה צעדי זצוק"ל. תם
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Notes:
See also
*Chelev
Chelev ( he, חֵלֶב, ''kheylev'' or ''ẖelev''), or what is also known as "suet", is the animal fats that the Torah prohibits Jews and Israelites from eating (). Only the ''chelev'' of animals that are of the sort from which offerings can b ...
* Shechita#Nikkur
References
External links
Laws of Judaism concerning eating fat
from the Torah and Maimonides’ Code of Jewish Law
{{Kashrut
Jewish religious occupations
Hebrew words and phrases
Kashrut
Meat industry
Jewish law and rituals
Animal anatomy
Hebrew words and phrases in Jewish law