A promoter works with event production and entertainment industries to promote their productions, including in music and sports. Promoters are individuals or organizations engaged in the business of marketing and promoting live, or

pay-per-view Pay-per-view (PPV) is a type of pay television or webcast service that enables a viewer to pay to watch individual events via private telecast. Events can be purchased through a multichannel television platform using their electronic program guid ...

and similar, events, such as music concerts,

gig Gig or GIG may refer to: Arts and entertainment * ''Gig'' (Circle Jerks album) (1992) * ''Gig'' (Northern Pikes album) (1993) * ''The Gig'', a 1985 film written and directed by Frank D. Gilroy * GIG, a character in ''Hot Wheels AcceleRacers'' ...

s, nightclub performances and

rave A rave (from the verb: '' to rave'') is a dance party at a warehouse, club, or other public or private venue, typically featuring performances by DJs playing electronic dance music. The style is most associated with the early 1990s dance mus ...

s; sports events; and festivals.

Description

Business model

Promoters are typically engaged as independent contractors or representative companies by entertainment venues, earning a pre-arranged fee, or a share of revenues (colloquially known as a "cut" and "share of the house"), or both. A share of revenues is often a simple percentage of admission fees (called "the door") and/or food and drink sales, with many variations possible, such as minimums or maximums, allowances for various expenses, or limitations (such as only alcohol sales after midnight). Other promoters operate independently, renting venues for a fixed fee, or under a

revenue sharing Revenue sharing is the distribution of revenue, the total amount of income generated by the sale of goods and services among the stakeholders or contributors. It should not be confused with profit shares, in which scheme only the profit is share ...

arrangement with the venue holder, thus keeping larger profits from successful events. One common arrangement for small venues is for the promoter to earn all of the admissions fees, while the venue retains all food and drink revenue. Some venues have exclusive arrangements with a single promotion company, others work with multiple promoters on a rotating schedule (one night per week, for example), or on an event-by-event basis. Promoters often work together — either as equal partners, or as subcontractors to each other's events. Several promoters may work together for a special event, such as a large

New Year's Eve In the Gregorian calendar, New Year's Eve, also known as Old Year's Day or Saint Sylvester's Day in many countries, is the evening or the entire day of the last day of the year, on 31 December. The last day of the year is commonly referred to ...

party in a hotel ballroom. They may also engage

freelance ''Freelance'' (sometimes spelled ''free-lance'' or ''free lance''), ''freelancer'', or ''freelance worker'', are terms commonly used for a person who is self-employed and not necessarily committed to a particular employer long-term. Freelance w ...

hosts for their social influence; these amateur promoters market the events to their circle of friends and/or social media followers, in exchange for special treatment and/or free admission to the event and at times, and may form or be included in

street team A street team is a term used in marketing to describe a group of people who 'hit the streets' promoting an event or a product. 'Street Teams' are promotional tools that have been adopted industry-wide as a standard line item in marketing budgets ...

s that promote events at other live venues. Minimally, an event promoter manages

publicity In marketing, publicity is the public visibility or awareness for any product, service, person or organization (company, charity, etc.). It may also refer to the movement of information from its source to the general public, often (but not always) ...

and advertising. Depending on the arrangement, they may also handle

security Security is protection from, or resilience against, potential harm (or other unwanted coercive change) caused by others, by restraining the freedom of others to act. Beneficiaries (technically referents) of security may be of persons and social ...

, ticket sales, event admission (door policies), decorations, and booking of other entertainers. Many promoters are DJs or

musician A musician is a person who composes, conducts, or performs music. According to the United States Employment Service, "musician" is a general term used to designate one who follows music as a profession. Musicians include songwriters who wri ...

s themselves, and may perform at their own events. Some bloggers and individuals with a large following on social media may consider themselves as promoters and charge fees promotional service via their social media platform(s), or through their efforts. Many musicians and artists act as de facto promoters for their own concerts, either directly or through their manager or booking company. Historically, promotion has been a

cottage industry The putting-out system is a means of subcontracting work. Historically, it was also known as the workshop system and the domestic system. In putting-out, work is contracted by a central agent to subcontractors who complete the project via remote ...

, with companies operated by one or several well-connected charismatic individuals, often working part-time. However, with the rise of corporate ownership of live entertainment assets, several large companies have emerged in the field.

Contracts and disputes

There are often disputes over money in the promotions industry because it is largely cash business with a history of corruption and uneven recordkeeping. In addition there are many

accounting Accounting, also known as accountancy, is the measurement, processing, and communication of financial and non financial information about economic entities such as businesses and corporations. Accounting, which has been called the "languag ...

complexities to manage, particularly for large events: revenue, expenses, and oversight of

parking Parking is the act of stopping and disengaging a vehicle and leaving it unoccupied. Parking on one or both sides of a road is often permitted, though sometimes with restrictions. Some buildings have parking facilities for use of the buildings' ...

, coat checks,

concession Concession may refer to: General * Concession (contract) (sometimes called a concession agreement), a contractual right to carry on a certain kind of business or activity in an area, such as to explore or develop its natural resources or to opera ...

vendor sales (e.g.,

CDs The compact disc (CD) is a digital optical disc data storage format that was co-developed by Philips and Sony to store and play digital audio recordings. In August 1982, the first compact disc was manufactured. It was then released in Octo ...

and t-shirts),

box office A box office or ticket office is a place where ticket (admission), tickets are sold to the public for admission to an event. Patrons may perform the transaction at a countertop, through a hole in a wall or window, or at a Wicket gate, wicke ...

so-called " convenience fees", in kind trades, promotional give-away items used to lure guests (e.g., free drinks), costs for insurance,

cleaning Cleaning is the process of removing unwanted substances, such as dirt, infectious agents, and other impurities, from an object or environment. Cleaning is often performed for aesthetic, hygienic, functional, environmental, or safety purposes. Cl ...

staff, and so on. One area of frequent contention are

quid pro quo Quid pro quo ('what for what' in Latin) is a Latin phrase used in English to mean an exchange of goods or services, in which one transfer is contingent upon the other; "a favor for a favor". Phrases with similar meanings include: "give and take", ...

cross-promotions, where the promoter or some other party connected with the venue will obtain a favor (for example, a price discount) in exchange for giving a future favor to the vendor. If the existence of the scheme, or the relationship between the parties, is undisclosed this may become a form of

bribery Bribery is the Offer and acceptance, offering, Gift, giving, Offer and acceptance, receiving, or Solicitation, soliciting of any item of value to influence the actions of an official, or other person, in charge of a public or legal duty. With reg ...

. Another opportunity for misunderstanding are the various "lists" of guests who will be admitted for free or with VIP treatment, and the "door policy" used by bouncers to decide who will be admitted and at what price. To deal with these complexities event contracts can become quite long and detailed. Whether written or not, these arrangements tend to favor the party with the greater sophistication or the more control over the production of the event. Even the most detailed, professionally written and negotiated contracts can become the subject of lawsuits over interpretation. Because nightclubs are often associated with drug and alcohol consumption, rowdiness, and other late-night behavior, promoters may become entangled in various criminal disputes as well.

Methods

Promoters bring crowds through a variety of methods. The most direct are guerrilla marketing techniques such as plastering posters on outdoor walls, flyposting, and distributing handbills on windows of cars parked in entertainment districts. Promoters also keep mailing lists, usually

email list A mailing list is a collection of names and addresses used by an individual or an organization to send material to multiple recipients. The term is often extended to include the people subscribed to such a list, so the group of subscribers is re ...

s, of their preferred guests and their wider list of potential customers. Many promoters have taken advantage of online technology such as

social networking service A social networking service or SNS (sometimes called a social networking site) is an online platform which people use to build social networks or social relationships with other people who share similar personal or career content, interests, act ...

s and event listing sites to handle publicity, invitations, mailing lists, and so on. Clubs and promoters are among leaders in

SMS Short Message/Messaging Service, commonly abbreviated as SMS, is a text messaging service component of most telephone, Internet and mobile device systems. It uses standardized communication protocols that let mobile devices exchange short text ...

text message advertising to their own lists as well as sponsored snippets on third-party lists for daily content to subscribers. Many fans promote events, products through their Facebook/Twitter/Myspace on their own free will. Promoters often build a brand out of their own personalities and the parties they host, marketing the events under a consistent name, style, type of program, and social experience that downplays the branding of the venue or artist. They may develop a loyal clientele that will follow them from one location to another.

Image promotion and VIP hosting

In cosmopolitan cities with large affluent populations, there are upscale venues that employ the services of a special kind of promoter called an image promoter. The role of the image promoter is to bring celebrities or fashion models to high end venues and host them at a VIP table. In order to entice models and celebrities to come to the venue, the image promoter is provided with a VIP table and complementary alcohol. High end venues use the presence of models and celebrities to market their venue to an affluent clientele which may often only obtain admittance to the venue through agreeing to spend a certain amount of money on alcohol at the establishment.

Notable promoters

Music and other events

* Michael Alig, co-founder of Club Kids *

Johnny Edgecombe John Arthur Alexander Edgecombe (22 October 1932 – 26 September 2010) was a British jazz promoter, whose involvement with Christine Keeler inadvertently alerted authorities to the Profumo affair. Early life Edgecombe was born on 22 October 1 ...

, London Jazz promoter *

Shelly Finkel Sheldon "Shelly" Finkel (born June 27, 1944) is an American boxing and music manager and promoter. Finkel received the Boxing Writers Association of America ''Manager of the Year'' award in 1990 and 1993. He was inducted into the International ...

, concert promoter (

LiveStyle LiveStyle, Inc. is a Los Angeles-based live events conglomerate founded by media entrepreneur Robert F. X. Sillerman. The company was formed in June 2012 as SFX Entertainment—the new incarnation of Sillerman's previous company of the same nam ...

) * Bill Graham, concert promoter (

Bill Graham Presents Bill Graham (born Wulf Wolodia Grajonca; January 8, 1931 – October 25, 1991) was a German-American impresario and rock concert promoter from the 1960s until his death in 1991 in a helicopter crash. On July 4, 1939, he was sent from German ...

) *

Al Haymon Al Haymon (born April 21, 1955) is an American businessman and boxing manager. He was the manager of Floyd Mayweather Jr. and has won the Boxing Writers of America Manager of the Year Award five times. Early life Haymon was raised in Cleveland, ...

, A. H. Enterprises (now a subsidiary of

Live Nation Live Nation Entertainment, Inc. is an American global entertainment company and monopoly that was founded in 2010 following the merger of Live Nation and Ticketmaster. The company promotes, operates, and manages ticket sales for live entertainme ...

) * Chet Helms, concert promoter, ( Big Brother and the Holding Company, Family Dog Productions) *

Dick Klotzman Richard Klotzman is a concert promoter. Career It was in the late 1950s, at the age of 13½ that Klotzman started his career, beginning as a DJ for radio, record hops and B'nai Mitzvah, Bar Mitzvahs. Later Klotzman promoted and produced concerts ...

, concert promoter * Paul Tangi Mhova Mkondo International African Music Promoter. *

Kirk Norcross Kirk John Norcross (born 21 April 1988) is an English television personality. He was a cast member of reality series ''The Only Way Is Essex'' from 2010 to 2013, and in 2012, he participated in the ninth series of ''Celebrity Big Brother''. C ...

, nightclub promoter (Sugar Hut) * Philip Sallon, known for the Mud Club,

Blitz Club The Blitz Club is a techno nightclub in the Munich district of Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt. History and description The club is located in the former congress hall of the Deutsches Museum, completed in 1935 at the location of Munich's Museums ...

. *

James St. James James St. James (born James Clark; August 1, 1966) is a television personality, author, celebutante, frequent collaborator with Mathu Andersen, and former "Club Kid", a member of the New York City club scene in the late 1980s and early 1990s. St ...

, co-founder of Club Kids * Brandon Ward, event promoter (AYA Entertainment)

Sports

Basketball

* Gary Davidson,

ABA ABA may refer to: Businesses and organizations Broadcasting * Alabama Broadcasters Association, United States * Asahi Broadcasting Aomori, Japanese television station * Australian Broadcasting Authority Education * Académie des Beaux- ...

co-founder * Ned Irish, president,

New York Knicks The New York Knickerbockers, shortened and more commonly referred to as the New York Knicks, are an American professional basketball team based in the New York City borough of Manhattan. The Knicks compete in the National Basketball Associat ...

, 1946 to 1974 * Dennis Murphy,

co-founder *

Abe Saperstein Abraham Michael Saperstein (; July 4, 1902 – March 15, 1966) was the founder, owner and earliest coach of the Harlem Globetrotters. Saperstein was a leading figure in black basketball and baseball from the 1920s through the 1950s, primarily bef ...

, founder,

Harlem Globetrotters The Harlem Globetrotters are an American exhibition basketball team. They combine athleticism, theater, and comedy in their style of play. Created in 1926 by Tommy Brookins in Chicago, Illinois, the team adopted the name ''Harlem'' because of i ...

Boxing and mixed martial arts (MMA)

Muhammad Ali Muhammad Ali (; born Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr.; January 17, 1942 – June 3, 2016) was an American professional boxer and activist. Nicknamed "The Greatest", he is regarded as one of the most significant sports figures of the 20th century, a ...

, boxing promoter (Main Bout, Inc. – New York) * Bob Arum, boxing promoter ( Top Rank; Main Bout, Inc.) *

Jarvis Astaire Jarvis Joseph Astaire, OBE (6 October 1923 – 21 August 2021) was a British sports executive, boxing promoter, and film producer. Life and career Astaire was born in London in October 1923. He was the leading boxing promoter in the United Kingd ...

, boxing promoter (First Artist Corp, Sport Division — London, UK) * Frankie Carbo, Mafia member and boxing promoter ("The Combination" — New York City) * Bill Cayton, boxing promoter and film producer (Big Fights, Inc. – New York) * Jack Curley, 19th century boxing promoter turned wrestling promoter * Oscar De La Hoya, boxing and

MMA Mixed martial arts (MMA), sometimes referred to as cage fighting, no holds barred (NHB), and ultimate fighting, and originally referred to as Vale Tudo is a full-contact combat sport based on striking, grappling and ground fighting, incorp ...

promoter (

Golden Boy Promotions Golden Boy Promotions, Inc. is an American boxing promotional firm based in Los Angeles, California. The company was established in 2002 by eight-time world champion (in six divisions) Oscar De La Hoya, borrowing his nickname "Golden Boy." Histo ...

) *

Dan Duva Dan Duva (7 November 1951 – 30 January 1996) was an American boxing promoter who promoted or co-promoted over 100 world championship fights through his family-run business, Main Events. Under his leadership Main Events promoted such notab ...

, boxing promoter (Main Events – New Jersey) * Dino Duva, boxing promoter (Main Events – New Jersey) *

Lou Duva Louis Duva (May 28, 1922 – March 8, 2017) was a boxing trainer, manager and boxing promoter who handled nineteen world champions. The Duva family promoted boxing events in over twenty countries on six continents. Lou Duva was inducted into the ...

, boxing promoter (Main Events – New Jersey) *

Kathy Duva Kathy Duva is an American boxing promoter and current CEO of Main Events, a New Jersey-based boxing promotion company. In 2019 she was elected to the International Boxing Hall of Fame. Early life Duva graduated from Montclair State College with ...

, boxing promoter (Main Events – New Jersey) *

, boxing promoter (Empire Sports and Entertainment, Inc., Shelly Finkel Management, Inc. – New York) *

, boxing promoter and adviser ( Premier Boxing Champions) * Scott Coker, MMA promoter (

Bellator MMA Bellator MMA (formerly Bellator Fighting Championships) is an American mixed martial arts promotion (entertainment), promotion founded in 2008 and based in Santa Monica, California, owned and operated as a subsidiary of television and media cong ...

;

Strikeforce Strike Force may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Games * ''Strike Force'' (video game), a 1991 arcade game *'' Commandos: Strike Force'', a 2006 video game *'' Dynasty Warriors: Strikeforce'', a 2009 video game *''Marvel Strike Force'', ...

) *

Barry Hearn Barry Maurice William Hearn (born 19 June 1948) is an English sporting events promoter and the founder and President of promotions company Matchroom Sport. Through Matchroom, Hearn is also involved in many sports including snooker, darts, pool ...

, boxing promoter ( Matchroom Sport) * Eddie Hearn, boxing promoter ( Matchroom Sport) * Dave Higgins, boxing promoter (Duco Events) * Jack "Doc" Kearns, boxing manager and promoter * Don King, boxing promoter (Don King Productions) *

Kellie Maloney Kellie Maloney (born Francis Maloney, 23 January 1953) is an English boxing manager and promoter, and television personality. She managed Lennox Lewis between 1989 and 2001, who earned the title of undisputed heavyweight championship of the ...

, boxing promoter (Frank Maloney Promotions & Management Limited) *

Victor Cui Victor Cui () is a Canadian sports executive who is currently the president and CEO of the Edmonton Elks of the Canadian Football League. Cui was previously the co-founder and CEO of ONE Championship (ONE), a mixed martial arts organization base ...

and

Kickboxing Kickboxing is a combat sports, combat sport focused on kicking and punch (strike), punching. The combat takes place in a boxing ring, normally with boxing gloves, mouthguards, shorts, and bare feet to favour the use of kicks. Kickboxing is pract ...

promoter ( ONE Championship) *

Chatri Sityodtong Chatri Trisiripisal ( th, ชาตรี ตรีศิริพิศาล, ), known by the ring names Chatri Sityodtong ( th, ชาตรี ศิษย์ยอดธง, ) and Yodchatri Sityodtong ( th, ยอดชาตรี ศิ� ...

, MMA and Kickboxing promoter ( ONE Championship) * Sammie Marshall, boxing promoter, embezzler (MAPS) *

Floyd Mayweather Jr. Floyd Joy Mayweather Jr. (''né'' Sinclair; February 24, 1977) is an American boxing promoter and former professional boxer. He currently owns a team in the NASCAR Cup Series named The Money Team Racing. As a professional boxer he competed b ...

, boxing promoter ( Mayweather Promotions) * Manny Pacquiao, boxing promoter (

MP Promotions MP Promotions, is a Philippine boxing promotion based in General Santos, Philippines. History The company was established in 2015 by eight-division world champion Manny Pacquiao. Sean Gibbons was named president the promotion and the official mat ...

) * Harold J. Smith, boxing promoter, embezzler (MAPS) *

Mike Tyson Michael Gerard Tyson (born June 30, 1966) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1985 to 2005. Nicknamed "Iron Mike" and "Kid Dynamite" in his early career, and later known as "The Baddest Man on the Planet", Tyson is cons ...

, boxing promoter ( Acquinity Sports) * Frank Warren, boxing promoter (Queensberry Promotions Limited – London, UK) * Dana White, MMA and boxing promoter ( Ultimate Fighting Championship) * Khabib Nurmagomedov, MMA promoter ( Eagle Fighting Championship) *

Shamil Zavurov Shamil Magomedovich Zavurov (russian: Шамиль Магомедович Завуров; born July 4, 1984) is a retired Russian mixed martial artist of Avar descent, who competes in the Welterweight and Lightweight divisions. A professional M ...

, MMA promoter ( Eagle Fighting Championship) *

Mario Yagobi Mario Yagubi is an American medical doctor and restaurateur who was the president and CEO of Boxing 360, a boxing promotional group located in New York City, United States, founded in 2009. Boxing 360 Yagobi's boxing outfit managed and promot ...

, boxing promoter (Boxing360 - New York City) * Felix "Tuto" Zabala, boxing promoter (Miami) * Chael Sonnen, grappling promoter
Submission Underground (sug))
* Chael Sonnen, wrestling promoter (

Chael Sonnen's Wrestling Underground Chael Sonnen's Wrestling Underground is an amateur wrestling Promoter (entertainment), promotion company based on Oregon, Oregon, United States and ran by Chael Sonnen. The promotion made its debut on August 30, 2020 via UFC Fight Pass. Ruleset ...

)

Football

* Gary Davidson,

World Football League The World Football League (WFL) was an American football league that played one full season in 1974 and most of its second in 1975. Although the league's proclaimed ambition was to bring American football onto a worldwide stage, the farthest t ...

founder

Hockey

* Gary Davidson, WHA co-founder * Dennis Murphy, WHA co-founder * Conn Smythe, namesake of the Conn Smythe Trophy

Tennis

Leonard Bloom Leonard Bloom is a former sports and entertainment owner and real estate developer in California. Sports Owner- San Diego Conquistadors (American Basketball Association "ABA") ABA / NBA Merger The American Basketball Association (that later ...

, World Team Tennis co-founder *

Nancy Jeffett Nancy Pearce Jeffett (July 16, 1928 – July 6, 2017) was an American tennis promoter, credited with advancing women's tennis as a major professional sport. Jeffett was born in St. Louis, Missouri, on July 16, 1928. A tennis player during the 194 ...

, women's tennis promoter *

Billie Jean King Billie Jean King (née Moffitt; born November 22, 1943) is an American former world No. 1 tennis player. King won 39 major titles: 12 in singles, 16 in women's doubles, and 11 in mixed doubles. King was a member of the victorious United States ...

, Women's Tennis Association founder, World Team Tennis co-founder * Larry King, World Team Tennis co-founder * Dennis Murphy, World Team Tennis co-founder

Wrestling

Antonio Inoki Muhammad Hussain Inoki (born ; February 20, 1943 – October 1, 2022) was a Japanese professional wrestler, martial artist, politician, and promoter of professional wrestling and mixed martial arts. He was best known by the ring name , a homag ...

, New Japan Pro-Wrestling * Antonio Peña, Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide * Atsushi Onita, Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling *

Billy Sandow Wilhelm Baumann (September 4, 1884 – September 15, 1972), better known as Billy Sandow, was an American professional wrestler and promoter. Biography Sandow is best remembered as the manager of professional wrestler Ed "Strangler" Lewis and a ...

, Gold Dust Trio * Billy Wolfe, women's wrestling promoter and manager * Dixie Carter, Total Nonstop Action Wrestling * Ed "Strangler" Lewis,

Gold Dust Trio The Gold Dust Trio was a group of promoters who controlled the world of professional wrestling during the 1920s while also making several fundamental changes to the industry's business model and operations that would ultimately change the directio ...

* Eric Bischoff, World Championship Wrestling * Fred Kohler, Fred Kohler Enterprises; '' Wrestling From Marigold'', 1949 to 1955; president,

National Wrestling Alliance The National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) is an American professional wrestling professional wrestling promotion, promotion and former professional wrestling governing body operated by its parent company Lightning One, Inc. Founded in 1948, the NWA ...

, 1961 to 1962. * Jack Curley, sports promoter who helped popularize professional wrestling * Jack Pfefer, entertainment wrestling pioneer * Jim Cornette, Smoky Mountain Wrestling * Leroy McGuirk,

Max Crabtree Max Gerald Crabtree (born 1933) is an English retired professional wrestler and promoter, known for working alongside his brother Shirley Crabtree, better known as Big Daddy. Career Crabtree got into wrestling after completing his National ...

, Joint Promotions * Mike Quackenbush, CHIKARA *

Mildred Burke Mildred Burke (August 5, 1915 – February 18, 1989) was an American professional wrestler. She is overall a three-time women's world champion under different incarnations and recognitions. Burke's heyday lasted from the mid-1930s to the mid-1950 ...

, World Wide Women's Wrestling Association founder; wrestler * Paul Bowser, early wrestling promoter; world middleweight champion * Paul Heyman, Extreme Championship Wrestling * Stu Hart, Stampede Wrestling * Tony Khan, All Elite Wrestling * Joseph "Toots" Mondt,

* Verne Gagne,

American Wrestling Association The American Wrestling Association (AWA) was an American professional wrestling promotion based in Minneapolis, Minnesota that ran from 1960 until 1991. It was owned and founded by Verne Gagne and Wally Karbo. The territory was originally part o ...

* Vince McMahon, World Wrestling Entertainment

Miscellaneous

* Wilt Chamberlain, volleyball and track and field * Larry King, Roller Hockey International co-founder * Dennis Murphy, Roller Hockey International co-founder *

Giorgio A. Tsoukalos Giorgio A. Tsoukalos (, el, Γεώργιος Τσούκαλος; born 14 March 1978) is a Swiss-born writer, and television presenter and producer. He is a ufologist and a promoter of the ancient astronauts hypothesis. He is best known for his ...

, former bodybuilding promoter ( IFBB,

Mr. Olympia Mr. Olympia is the title awarded to the winner of the professional men's bodybuilding contest at Joe Weider's Olympia Fitness & Performance Weekend—an international bodybuilding competition that is held annually by the International Federation ...

)

Notes

References

*Myler, Patrick (1997). '' A Century of Boxing Greats: Inside the Ring with the Hundred Best Boxers''. Robson Books (UK) / Parkwest Publications (US). . {{Authority control Business terms Event management Music industry Entertainment occupations * Boxing terminology Kickboxing terminology