''Ulysses'' is a
modernist
Modernism is both a philosophical and arts movement that arose from broad transformations in Western society during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The movement reflected a desire for the creation of new forms of art, philosophy, an ...
novel by
Irish writer James Joyce
James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (2 February 1882 – 13 January 1941) was an Irish novelist, poet, and literary critic. He contributed to the modernist avant-garde movement and is regarded as one of the most influential and important writers of ...
. Parts of it were first serialized in the American journal ''
The Little Review
''The Little Review'', an American literary magazine founded by Margaret Anderson in Chicago's historic Fine Arts Building, published literary and art work from 1914 to May 1929. With the help of Jane Heap and Ezra Pound, Anderson created a maga ...
'' from March 1918 to December 1920, and the entire work was published in Paris by
Sylvia Beach
Sylvia may refer to:
People
*Sylvia (given name)
*Sylvia (singer), American country music and country pop singer and songwriter
*Sylvia Robinson, American singer, record producer, and record label executive
*Sylvia Vrethammar, Swedish singer credi ...
on 2 February 1922, Joyce's 40th birthday. It is considered one of the most important works of
modernist literature
Literary modernism, or modernist literature, originated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and is characterized by a self-conscious break with traditional ways of writing, in both poetry and prose fiction writing. Modernism experimented ...
and has been called "a demonstration and summation of the entire movement." According to
Declan Kiberd
Declan Kiberd (born 24 May 1951) is an Irish writer and scholar with an interest in modern Irish literature, both in the English and Irish languages, which he often approaches through the lens of postcolonial theory. He is also interested in th ...
, "Before Joyce, no writer of fiction had so foregrounded the process of thinking".
''Ulysses'' chronicles the appointments and encounters of the itinerant
Leopold Bloom
Leopold Bloom is the fictional protagonist and hero of James Joyce's 1922 novel ''Ulysses''. His peregrinations and encounters in Dublin on 16 June 1904 mirror, on a more mundane and intimate scale, those of Ulysses/Odysseus in Homer's epic poe ...
in
Dublin
Dublin (; , or ) is the capital and largest city of Republic of Ireland, Ireland. On a bay at the mouth of the River Liffey, it is in the Provinces of Ireland, province of Leinster, bordered on the south by the Dublin Mountains, a part of th ...
in the course of an ordinary day, 16 June 1904. Ulysses is the
Latinised name of
Odysseus
Odysseus ( ; grc-gre, Ὀδυσσεύς, Ὀδυσεύς, OdysseúsOdyseús, ), also known by the Latin variant Ulysses ( , ; lat, UlyssesUlixes), is a legendary Greek king of Ithaca and the hero of Homer's epic poem the ''Odyssey''. Odysse ...
, the hero of
Homer
Homer (; grc, Ὅμηρος , ''Hómēros'') (born ) was a Greek poet who is credited as the author of the ''Iliad'' and the ''Odyssey'', two epic poems that are foundational works of ancient Greek literature. Homer is considered one of the ...
's epic poem the ''
Odyssey
The ''Odyssey'' (; grc, Ὀδύσσεια, Odýsseia, ) is one of two major Ancient Greek literature, ancient Greek Epic poetry, epic poems attributed to Homer. It is one of the oldest extant works of literature still widely read by moder ...
'', and the novel establishes a series of parallels between the poem and the novel, with structural correspondences between the characters and experiences of Bloom and Odysseus,
Molly Bloom
Molly Bloom is a fictional character in the 1922 novel '' Ulysses'' by James Joyce. The wife of main character Leopold Bloom, she roughly corresponds to Penelope in the ''Odyssey''. The major difference between Molly and Penelope is that while P ...
and
Penelope
Penelope ( ; Ancient Greek: Πηνελόπεια, ''Pēnelópeia'', or el, Πηνελόπη, ''Pēnelópē'') is a character in Homer's ''Odyssey.'' She was the queen of Ithaca and was the daughter of Spartan king Icarius and naiad Periboea. Pe ...
, and
Stephen Dedalus
Stephen Dedalus is James Joyce's literary alter ego, appearing as the protagonist and antihero of his first, semi-autobiographic novel of artistic existence ''A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man'' (1916) and an important character in Joyce' ...
and
Telemachus
Telemachus ( ; grc, Τηλέμαχος, Tēlemakhos, lit=far-fighter), in Greek mythology, is the son of Odysseus and Penelope, who is a central character in Homer's ''Odyssey''. When Telemachus reached manhood, he visited Pylos and Sparta in se ...
, in addition to events and themes of the early 20th-century context of modernism, Dublin, and Ireland's relationship to Britain. The novel is highly
allusive and also imitates the styles of different periods of English literature.
Since its publication, the book has attracted controversy and scrutiny, ranging from an obscenity trial in the United States in 1921 to protracted textual "Joyce Wars". The novel's
stream of consciousness
In literary criticism, stream of consciousness is a narrative mode or method that attempts "to depict the multitudinous thoughts and feelings which pass through the mind" of a narrator. The term was coined by Daniel Oliver (physician), Daniel Ol ...
technique, careful structuring, and experimental prose—replete with
pun
A pun, also known as paronomasia, is a form of word play that exploits multiple meanings of a term, or of similar-sounding words, for an intended humorous or rhetorical effect. These ambiguities can arise from the intentional use of homophoni ...
s,
parodies
A parody, also known as a spoof, a satire, a send-up, a take-off, a lampoon, a play on (something), or a caricature, is a creative work designed to imitate, comment on, and/or mock its subject by means of satiric or ironic imitation. Often its sub ...
, and
allusion
Allusion is a figure of speech, in which an object or circumstance from unrelated context is referred to covertly or indirectly. It is left to the audience to make the direct connection. Where the connection is directly and explicitly stated (as ...
s—as well as its rich
characterisation
Characterization or characterisation is the representation of persons (or other beings or creatures) in narrative and dramatic works. The term character development is sometimes used as a synonym. This representation may include direct methods ...
and broad humour have led it to be regarded as one of the greatest literary works in history; Joyce fans worldwide now celebrate 16 June as
Bloomsday
Bloomsday is a commemoration and celebration of the life of Irish writer James Joyce, observed annually in Dublin and elsewhere on 16 June, the day his 1922 novel '' Ulysses'' takes place in 1904, the date of his first sexual encounter with his ...
.
Background
Joyce first encountered the figure of
Odysseus/Ulysses in
Charles Lamb
Charles Lamb (10 February 1775 – 27 December 1834) was an English essayist, poet, and antiquarian, best known for his ''Essays of Elia'' and for the children's book ''Tales from Shakespeare'', co-authored with his sister, Mary Lamb (1764–18 ...
's ''
Adventures of Ulysses'', an adaptation of the ''
Odyssey
The ''Odyssey'' (; grc, Ὀδύσσεια, Odýsseia, ) is one of two major Ancient Greek literature, ancient Greek Epic poetry, epic poems attributed to Homer. It is one of the oldest extant works of literature still widely read by moder ...
'' for children, which seems to have established the Latin name in Joyce's mind. At school he wrote an essay on the character, titled "My Favourite Hero". Joyce told
Frank Budgen
Frank Spencer Curtis Budgen (1 March 1882 – 26 April 1971) was an English painter, writer and socialist activist acquainted with the author James Joyce.
Life
Born in Crowhurst, Surrey, Budgen spent six years at sea before working in London ...
that he considered Ulysses the only all-round character in literature. He thought about calling his short-story collection ''
Dubliners
''Dubliners'' is a collection of fifteen short stories by James Joyce, first published in 1914. It presents a naturalistic depiction of Irish middle class life in and around Dublin in the early years of the 20th century.
The stories were writt ...
'' ''Ulysses in Dublin'', but the idea grew from a story written in 1906, to a "short book" in 1907, to the vast novel he began in 1914.
Locations
#
Leopold Bloom
Leopold Bloom is the fictional protagonist and hero of James Joyce's 1922 novel ''Ulysses''. His peregrinations and encounters in Dublin on 16 June 1904 mirror, on a more mundane and intimate scale, those of Ulysses/Odysseus in Homer's epic poe ...
's home at
7 Eccles Street
7 Eccles Street was a row house in Dublin, Ireland.
It was the home of Leopold Bloom, protagonist of the novel ''Ulysses'' (1922) by James Joyce.
The house was demolished in 1967, and the site is now occupied by the Mater Private Hospital.
Hist ...
–
Episode 4, Calypso
An episode is a narrative unit within a larger dramatic work or documentary production, such as a series intended for radio, television or streaming consumption.
The noun ''episode'' is derived from the Greek term ''epeisodion'' (), meaning th ...
;
Episode 17, Ithaca
An episode is a narrative unit within a larger dramatic work or documentary production, such as a series intended for radio, television or streaming consumption.
The noun ''episode'' is derived from the Greek term ''epeisodion'' (), meaning th ...
; and
Episode 18, Penelope
# Post office,
Westland Row
Westland Row is a street on the Southside of Dublin, Ireland.
Location
The street runs along the east end of Trinity College Dublin.
History
Westland Row first appears on maps in 1776. It was originally known as Westlands after Willi ...
–
Episode 5, Lotus Eaters
# Sweny's pharmacy, Lombard Street, Lincoln Place (where Bloom bought soap) –
Episode 5, Lotus Eaters
# the
Freeman's Journal
The ''Freeman's Journal'', which was published continuously in Dublin from 1763 to 1924, was in the nineteenth century Ireland's leading nationalist newspaper.
Patriot journal
It was founded in 1763 by Charles Lucas and was identified with radi ...
, Prince's Street, off of
O'Connell Street
O'Connell Street () is a street in the centre of Dublin, Republic of Ireland, Ireland, running north from the River Liffey. It connects the O'Connell Bridge to the south with Parnell Street to the north and is roughly split into two sections ...
–
Episode 7, Aeolus
# And – not far away – Graham Lemon's candy shop, 49 Lower O'Connell Street; it starts
Episode 8, Lestrygonians
#
Davy Byrne's pub
Davy Byrne's pub is a public house located at 21 Duke Street, Dublin. It was made famous by its appearance in Chapter 8 ('Lestrygonians') of James Joyce's 1922 modernist novel ''Ulysses'', set on Thursday 16 June 1904. The main character, adver ...
–
Episode 8, Lestrygonians
#
National Library of Ireland
The National Library of Ireland (NLI; ga, Leabharlann Náisiúnta na hÉireann) is the Republic of Ireland's national library located in Dublin, in a building designed by Thomas Newenham Deane. The mission of the National Library of Ireland is ...
–
Episode 9, Scylla and Charybdis
# Ormond Hotel on the banks of the Liffey –
Episode 11, Sirens
#
Barney Kiernan
This is a list of characters from '' Ulysses'' by James Joyce.
Principal characters
* Leopold Bloom is a protagonist and hero in Joyce's '' Ulysses''. His peregrinations and encounters in Dublin on 16 June 1904 mirror, on a more mundane and i ...
's pub –
Episode 12, Cyclops
# Maternity hospital –
Episode 14, Oxen of the Sun
#
Bella Cohen
This is a list of characters from ''Ulysses'' by James Joyce.
Principal characters
* Leopold Bloom is a protagonist and hero in Joyce's ''Ulysses''. His peregrinations and encounters in Dublin on 16 June 1904 mirror, on a more mundane and inti ...
's brothel –
Episode 15, Circe
# Cabman's shelter,
Butt Bridge
The Butt Bridge () is a road bridge in Dublin, Ireland which spans the River Liffey and joins Georges Quay to Beresford Place and the north quays at Liberty Hall.
The original bridge on this site was a structural steel swing bridge, designed by ...
–
Episode 16, Eumaeus
The action of the novel moves from one side of
Dublin Bay
Dublin Bay ( ga, Cuan Bhaile Átha Cliath) is a C-shaped inlet of the Irish Sea on the east coast of Ireland. The bay is about 10 kilometres wide along its north–south base, and 7 km in length to its apex at the centre of the city of Dub ...
to the other, opening in
Sandycove
Sandycove () is a suburb of Dublin, Ireland. It is southeast of Dún Laoghaire and Glasthule, and northwest of Dalkey. It is a popular seaside resort and is well known for its bathing place, the Forty Foot, which in the past was reserved for me ...
to the South of the city and closing on
Howth Head
Howth Head ( ; ''Ceann Bhinn Éadair'' in Irish) is a peninsula northeast of the city of Dublin in Ireland, within the governance of Fingal County Council. Entry to the headland is at Sutton while the village of Howth and the harbour are on t ...
to the North.
Structure
''Ulysses'' is divided into the three books (marked I, II, and III) and 18 episodes. The episodes do not have chapter headings or titles, and are numbered only in Gabler's edition. In the various editions the breaks between episodes are indicated in different ways; e.g., in the Modern Library edition each episode begins at the top of a new page.
At first glance, much of the book may appear unstructured and chaotic; Joyce once said that he had "put in so many enigmas and puzzles that it will keep the professors busy for centuries arguing over what I meant", which would earn the novel immortality. The
schema
The word schema comes from the Greek word ('), which means ''shape'', or more generally, ''plan''. The plural is ('). In English, both ''schemas'' and ''schemata'' are used as plural forms.
Schema may refer to:
Science and technology
* SCHEMA ...
released by
Stuart Gilbert
Arthur Stuart Ahluwalia Stronge Gilbert (25 October 1883 – 5 January 1969) was an English literary scholar and translator. Among his translations into English are works by Alexis de Tocqueville, Édouard Dujardin, André Malraux, Antoine d ...
and Herbert Gorman after publication to help defend Joyce from obscenity accusations made the links to ''The Odyssey'' clearer, and also explained the work's structure.
Joyce and Homer
Joyce divides ''Ulysses'' into 18 episodes that "roughly correspond to the episodes in Homer's ''Odyssey''". Homer's ''Odyssey'' is divided into 24 books (sections).
Scholars have suggested that every episode of ''Ulysses'' has a theme, technique and correspondence between its characters and those of the ''Odyssey''. The text of the novel does not include the episode titles used below, nor the correspondences, which originate from explanatory outlines Joyce sent to friends, known as the
Linati and
Gilbert Gilbert may refer to:
People and fictional characters
* Gilbert (given name), including a list of people and fictional characters
*Gilbert (surname), including a list of people
Places Australia
* Gilbert River (Queensland)
* Gilbert River (South ...
schema. Joyce referred to the episodes by their Homeric titles in his letters. He took the idiosyncratic rendering of some of the titles (e.g., "Nausikaa" and the "Telemachiad") from
Victor Bérard
Victor Bérard (; Morez, 10 August 1864 – Paris, 13 November 1931) was a French diplomat and politician.
Today, he is still renowned for his works about Hellenistic studies and geography of the Odyssey
Events in the main sequence of the '' ...
's two-volume ''Les Phéniciens et l'Odyssée'', which he consulted in 1918 in the
Zentralbibliothek Zürich
''Zentralbibliothek Zürich'' (Zurich Central Library) is the main library of both the city and the University of Zurich, housed in the ''Predigerkloster'', the former Black Friars' abbey, in the old town's Rathaus quarter.
It was founded in ...
.
While Joyce's novel takes place during one ordinary day in early 20th-century Dublin, in Homer's epic,
Odysseus
Odysseus ( ; grc-gre, Ὀδυσσεύς, Ὀδυσεύς, OdysseúsOdyseús, ), also known by the Latin variant Ulysses ( , ; lat, UlyssesUlixes), is a legendary Greek king of Ithaca and the hero of Homer's epic poem the ''Odyssey''. Odysse ...
, "a Greek hero of the
Trojan War
In Greek mythology, the Trojan War was waged against the city of Troy by the Achaeans (Greeks) after Paris of Troy took Helen from her husband Menelaus, king of Sparta. The war is one of the most important events in Greek mythology and has ...
... took ten years to find his way from
Troy
Troy ( el, Τροία and Latin: Troia, Hittite language, Hittite: 𒋫𒊒𒄿𒊭 ''Truwiša'') or Ilion ( el, Ίλιον and Latin: Ilium, Hittite language, Hittite: 𒃾𒇻𒊭 ''Wiluša'') was an ancient city located at Hisarlik in prese ...
to his home on the island of
Ithaca
Ithaca most commonly refers to:
*Homer's Ithaca, an island featured in Homer's ''Odyssey''
*Ithaca (island), an island in Greece, possibly Homer's Ithaca
*Ithaca, New York, a city, and home of Cornell University and Ithaca College
Ithaca, Ithaka ...
". Furthermore, Homer's poem includes violent storms and a shipwreck, giants and monsters, gods and goddesses, a totally different world from Joyce's. Leopold Bloom, "a Jewish advertisement canvasser", corresponds to Odysseus in Homer's epic; Stephen Dedalus, the hero also of Joyce's earlier, largely autobiographical ''A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man'', corresponds to Odysseus's son Telemachus; and Bloom's wife Molly corresponds to Penelope, Odysseus's wife, who waited 20 years for him to return.
Joyce studied Greek with Paul G. Phocas as seen in his Zurich notebooks between 1915 and 1918.
Plot summary
Part I: Telemachia
Episode 1, ''
Telemachus
Telemachus ( ; grc, Τηλέμαχος, Tēlemakhos, lit=far-fighter), in Greek mythology, is the son of Odysseus and Penelope, who is a central character in Homer's ''Odyssey''. When Telemachus reached manhood, he visited Pylos and Sparta in se ...
''
At 8 a.m.,
Malachi “Buck” Mulligan, a boisterous medical student, calls aspiring writer
Stephen Dedalus
Stephen Dedalus is James Joyce's literary alter ego, appearing as the protagonist and antihero of his first, semi-autobiographic novel of artistic existence ''A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man'' (1916) and an important character in Joyce' ...
up to the roof of the
Sandycove Martello tower, where they both live. There is tension between Dedalus and Mulligan stemming from a cruel remark Stephen overheard Mulligan make about his recently deceased mother and from the fact that Mulligan has invited an English student,
Haines, to stay with them. The three men eat breakfast and walk to the shore, where Mulligan demands from Stephen the key to the tower and a loan. The three make plans to meet at a pub, The Ship, at 12:30pm. Departing, Stephen decides that he will not return to the tower that night, as Mulligan, the "usurper", has taken it over.
Episode 2, '' Nestor''
Stephen is teaching a history class on the victories of
Pyrrhus of Epirus
Pyrrhus (; grc-gre, Πύρρος ; 319/318–272 BC) was a Greek king and statesman of the Hellenistic period.Plutarch. ''Parallel Lives'',Pyrrhus... He was king of the Greek tribe of Molossians, of the royal Aeacid house, and later he becam ...
. After class, one student,
Cyril Sargent
This is a list of characters from '' Ulysses'' by James Joyce.
Principal characters
* Leopold Bloom is a protagonist and hero in Joyce's '' Ulysses''. His peregrinations and encounters in Dublin on 16 June 1904 mirror, on a more mundane and i ...
, stays behind so that Stephen can show him how to do a set of algebraic exercises. Stephen looks at Sargent's ugly face and tries to imagine Sargent's mother's love for him. He then visits
unionist school headmaster
Garrett Deasy
This is a list of characters from ''Ulysses'' by James Joyce.
Principal characters
* Leopold Bloom is a protagonist and hero in Joyce's ''Ulysses''. His peregrinations and encounters in Dublin on 16 June 1904 mirror, on a more mundane and inti ...
, from whom he collects his pay. Deasy asks Stephen to take his long-winded letter about
foot and mouth disease
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) or hoof-and-mouth disease (HMD) is an infectious and sometimes fatal viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals, including domestic and wild bovids. The virus causes a high fever lasting two to six days, followe ...
to a newspaper office for printing. The two discuss Irish history and Deasy lectures on what he believes is the role of Jews in the economy. As Stephen leaves, Deasy jokes that Ireland has "never persecuted the Jews" because the country "never let them in". This episode is the source of some of the novel's best-known lines, such as Dedalus's claim that "history is a nightmare from which I am trying to awake" and that God is "a shout in the street".
Episode 3, ''
Proteus
In Greek mythology, Proteus (; Ancient Greek: Πρωτεύς, ''Prōteus'') is an early prophetic sea-god or god of rivers and oceanic bodies of water, one of several deities whom Homer calls the "Old Man of the Sea" ''(hálios gérôn)''. ...
''
Stephen walks along
Sandymount Strand
Sandymount Strand ( ga, Dumhach Thrá) is a large strand on the east coast of Ireland, adjacent to the village and suburb of Sandymount in Dublin. It is part of South Bull - a major component of the south side of Dublin Bay, and part of the Dubl ...
for some time, mulling various philosophical concepts, his family, his life as a student in Paris, and his mother's death. As he reminisces he lies down among some rocks, watches a couple whose dog urinates behind a rock, scribbles some ideas for poetry and picks his nose. This chapter is characterised by a
stream of consciousness
In literary criticism, stream of consciousness is a narrative mode or method that attempts "to depict the multitudinous thoughts and feelings which pass through the mind" of a narrator. The term was coined by Daniel Oliver (physician), Daniel Ol ...
narrative style that changes focus wildly. Stephen's education is reflected in the many obscure references and foreign phrases employed in this episode, which have earned it a reputation for being one of the book's most difficult chapters.
Part II: Odyssey
Episode 4, '' Calypso''
The narrative shifts abruptly. The time is again 8 a.m., but the action has moved across the city and to the second protagonist of the book, Leopold Bloom, a part-Jewish advertising canvasser. The episode opens with the line "Mr. Leopold Bloom ate with relish the inner organs of beasts and fowls." After starting to prepare breakfast, Bloom decides to walk to a butcher to buy a pork kidney. Returning home, he prepares breakfast and brings it with the mail to his wife
Molly as she lounges in bed. One of the letters is from her concert manager
Blazes Boylan
This is a list of characters from '' Ulysses'' by James Joyce.
Principal characters
* Leopold Bloom is a protagonist and hero in Joyce's '' Ulysses''. His peregrinations and encounters in Dublin on 16 June 1904 mirror, on a more mundane and i ...
, with whom she is having an affair. Bloom reads a letter from their daughter
Milly Bloom, who tells him about her progress in the photography business in Mullingar. The episode closes with Bloom reading a magazine story titled ''Matcham's Masterstroke'', by Mr. Philip Beaufoy, while defecating in the outhouse.
Episode 5, ''
Lotus Eaters
In Greek mythology, the lotus-eaters ( grc-gre, λωτοφάγοι, lōtophágoi) were a race of people living on an island dominated by the lotus tree, a plant whose botanical identity is uncertain. The lotus fruits and flowers were the primary ...
''
While making his way to
Westland Row
Westland Row is a street on the Southside of Dublin, Ireland.
Location
The street runs along the east end of Trinity College Dublin.
History
Westland Row first appears on maps in 1776. It was originally known as Westlands after Willi ...
post office Bloom is tormented by the knowledge that Molly will welcome Boylan into her bed later that day. At the post office he surreptitiously collects a love letter from one 'Martha Clifford' addressed to his pseudonym, 'Henry Flower.' He meets an acquaintance, and while they chat, Bloom attempts to ogle a woman wearing stockings, but is prevented by a passing tram. Next, he reads the letter from Martha Clifford and tears up the envelope in an alley. He wanders into a Catholic church service and muses on theology. The priest has the letters
I.N.R.I. or
I.H.S. on his back; Molly had told Bloom that they meant ''I have sinned'' or ''I have suffered'', and ''Iron nails ran in''. He buys a bar of lemon soap from a chemist. He then meets another acquaintance,
Bantam Lyons
This is a list of characters from '' Ulysses'' by James Joyce.
Principal characters
* Leopold Bloom is a protagonist and hero in Joyce's '' Ulysses''. His peregrinations and encounters in Dublin on 16 June 1904 mirror, on a more mundane and in ...
, who mistakenly takes him to be offering a racing tip for the horse ''Throwaway''. Finally, Bloom heads towards the
baths.
Episode 6, ''
Hades
Hades (; grc-gre, ᾍδης, Háidēs; ), in the ancient Greek religion and myth, is the god of the dead and the king of the underworld, with which his name became synonymous. Hades was the eldest son of Cronus and Rhea, although this also ...
''
The episode begins with Bloom entering a funeral carriage with three others, including Stephen's father. They drive to
Paddy Dignam
This is a list of characters from '' Ulysses'' by James Joyce.
Principal characters
* Leopold Bloom is a protagonist and hero in Joyce's '' Ulysses''. His peregrinations and encounters in Dublin on 16 June 1904 mirror, on a more mundane and i ...
's funeral, making small talk on the way. The carriage passes both Stephen and Blazes Boylan. There is discussion of various forms of death and burial. Bloom is preoccupied by thoughts of his dead infant son, Rudy, and the suicide of his own father. They enter the chapel into the service and subsequently leave with the coffin cart. Bloom sees a mysterious man wearing a
mackintosh
The Mackintosh or raincoat (abbreviated as mac) is a form of waterproof raincoat, first sold in 1824, made of rubberised fabric.
The Mackintosh is named after its Scottish inventor Charles Macintosh, although many writers added a letter ''k' ...
during the burial. Bloom continues to reflect upon death, but at the end of the episode rejects morbid thoughts to embrace 'warm fullblooded life'.
Episode 7, ''
Aeolus
In Greek mythology, Aeolus or Aiolos (; grc, Αἴολος , ) is a name shared by three mythical characters. These three personages are often difficult to tell apart, and even the ancient mythographers appear to have been perplexed about which A ...
''
At the office of the ''
Freeman's Journal
The ''Freeman's Journal'', which was published continuously in Dublin from 1763 to 1924, was in the nineteenth century Ireland's leading nationalist newspaper.
Patriot journal
It was founded in 1763 by Charles Lucas and was identified with radi ...
'', Bloom attempts to place an ad. Although initially encouraged by the editor, he is unsuccessful. Stephen arrives bringing Deasy's letter about foot and mouth disease, but Stephen and Bloom do not meet. Stephen leads the editor and others to a pub, relating an anecdote on the way about "two Dublin vestals". The episode is broken into short segments by newspaper-style headlines, and is characterised by an abundance of rhetorical figures and devices.
Episode 8, ''
Lestrygonians
In Greek mythology, the Laestrygonians or Laestrygones ( el, Λαιστρυγόνες) were a tribe of man-eating giants. They were said to have sprung from Laestrygon, son of Poseidon.Hesiod, '' Ehoiai'' fr. 40a as cited in '' Oxyrhynchus Pa ...
''
Bloom's thoughts are peppered with references to food as lunchtime approaches. He meets an old flame, hears news of Mina Purefoy's labour, and helps a blind boy cross the street. He enters the restaurant of the Burton Hotel, where he is revolted by the sight of men eating like animals. He goes instead to
Davy Byrne's pub
Davy Byrne's pub is a public house located at 21 Duke Street, Dublin. It was made famous by its appearance in Chapter 8 ('Lestrygonians') of James Joyce's 1922 modernist novel ''Ulysses'', set on Thursday 16 June 1904. The main character, adver ...
, where he consumes a gorgonzola cheese sandwich and a glass of burgundy, and muses upon the early days of his relationship with Molly and how the marriage has declined: "Me. And me now." Bloom's thoughts touch on what goddesses and gods eat and drink. He ponders whether the statues of Greek goddesses in the
National Museum
A national museum is a museum maintained and funded by a national government. In many countries it denotes a museum run by the central government, while other museums are run by regional or local governments. In other countries a much greater numb ...
have anuses as do mortals. On leaving the pub Bloom heads toward the museum, but spots Boylan across the street and, panicking, rushes into the gallery across the street from the museum.
Episode 9, ''
Scylla and Charybdis
In Greek mythology, Scylla), is obsolete. ( ; grc-gre, Σκύλλα, Skúlla, ) is a legendary monster who lives on one side of a narrow channel of water, opposite her counterpart Charybdis. The two sides of the strait are within an arrow's ran ...
''
At the
National Library
A national library is a library established by a government as a country's preeminent repository of information. Unlike public library, public libraries, these rarely allow citizens to borrow books. Often, they include numerous rare, valuable, o ...
, Stephen explains to some scholars his biographical theory of the works of
Shakespeare
William Shakespeare ( 26 April 1564 – 23 April 1616) was an English playwright, poet and actor. He is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's nation ...
, especially ''
Hamlet
''The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark'', often shortened to ''Hamlet'' (), is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare sometime between 1599 and 1601. It is Shakespeare's longest play, with 29,551 words. Set in Denmark, the play depicts ...
'', which he argues are based largely on the posited adultery of
Shakespeare's wife. Buck Mulligan arrives and interrupts to read out the telegram that Stephen had sent him indicating that he would not make their planned rendezvous at The Ship. Bloom enters the National Library to look up an old copy of the ad he has been trying to place. He passes in between Stephen and Mulligan as they exit the library at the end of the episode.
Episode 10, ''
Wandering Rocks
In Greek mythology, the Planctae ( el, Πλαγκταὶ, ''Planktai'', "Wanderers") or Wandering Rocks were a group of rocks, between which the sea was mercilessly violent. The Argo (led by Jason) was the only ship to navigate them successfully ...
''
In this episode, nineteen short vignettes depict the movements of various characters, major and minor, through the streets of Dublin. The episode begins by following
Father Conmee, a Jesuit priest, on his trip north, and ends with an account of the cavalcade of the
Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (), or more formally Lieutenant General and General Governor of Ireland, was the title of the chief governor of Ireland from the Williamite Wars of 1690 until the Partition of Ireland in 1922. This spanned the Kingdo ...
,
William Ward, Earl of Dudley, through the streets, which is encountered by several characters from the novel.
Episode 11, ''
Sirens
Siren or sirens may refer to:
Common meanings
* Siren (alarm), a loud acoustic alarm used to alert people to emergencies
* Siren (mythology), an enchanting but dangerous monster in Greek mythology
Places
* Siren (town), Wisconsin
* Siren, Wisco ...
''
In this episode, dominated by motifs of music, Bloom has dinner with Stephen's uncle at the Ormond hotel, while Molly's lover, Blazes Boylan, proceeds to his rendezvous with her. While dining, Bloom listens to the singing of Stephen's father and others, watches the seductive barmaids, and composes a reply to Martha Clifford's letter.
Episode 12, ''
Cyclops
In Greek mythology and later Roman mythology, the Cyclopes ( ; el, Κύκλωπες, ''Kýklōpes'', "Circle-eyes" or "Round-eyes"; singular Cyclops ; , ''Kýklōps'') are giant one-eyed creatures. Three groups of Cyclopes can be distinguish ...
''
This chapter is narrated by an unnamed denizen of Dublin who works as a debt collector. The narrator goes to
Barney Kiernan
This is a list of characters from '' Ulysses'' by James Joyce.
Principal characters
* Leopold Bloom is a protagonist and hero in Joyce's '' Ulysses''. His peregrinations and encounters in Dublin on 16 June 1904 mirror, on a more mundane and i ...
's pub where he meets a character referred to only as
"The Citizen". This character is believed to be a satirisation of
Michael Cusack, a founder member of the
Gaelic Athletic Association
The Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA; ga, Cumann Lúthchleas Gael ; CLG) is an Irish international amateur sporting and cultural organisation, focused primarily on promoting indigenous Gaelic games and pastimes, which include the traditional ...
.
When Leopold Bloom enters the pub, he is berated by the Citizen, who is a fierce
Fenian
The word ''Fenian'' () served as an umbrella term for the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) and their affiliate in the United States, the Fenian Brotherhood, secret political organisations in the late 19th and early 20th centuries dedicated ...
and anti-Semite. The episode ends with Bloom reminding the Citizen that his Saviour was a Jew. As Bloom leaves the pub, the Citizen throws a biscuit tin at Bloom's head, but misses. The chapter is marked by extended tangents made in voices other than that of the unnamed narrator; these include streams of legal jargon, a report of a boxing match, Biblical passages, and elements of Irish mythology.
Episode 13, ''
Nausicaa
Nausicaa (; grc, Ναυσικάα, Nausikáa, or , ) also spelled Nausicaä or Nausikaa, is a character in Homer's ''Odyssey''. She is the daughter of King Alcinous and Queen Arete of Phaeacia. Her name means "burner of ships" ( 'ship'; 'to b ...
''
All the action of the episode takes place on the rocks of Sandymount Strand, the shoreline that Stephen visited in Episode 3. A young woman, Gerty MacDowell, is seated on the rocks with her two friends, Cissy Caffrey and Edy Boardman. The girls are taking care of three children, a baby, and four-year-old twins named Tommy and Jacky. Gerty contemplates love, marriage and femininity as night falls. The reader is gradually made aware that Bloom is watching her from a distance. Gerty teases the onlooker by exposing her legs and underwear, and Bloom, in turn, masturbates. Bloom's masturbatory climax is echoed by the fireworks at the nearby bazaar. As Gerty leaves, Bloom realises that she has a lame leg, and believes this is the reason she has been "left on the shelf". After several mental digressions he decides to visit Mina Purefoy at the maternity hospital. It is uncertain how much of the episode is Gerty's thoughts, and how much is Bloom's sexual fantasy. Some believe that the episode is divided into two halves: the first half the highly romanticized viewpoint of Gerty, and the other half that of the older and more realistic Bloom.
Joyce himself said, however, that "nothing happened between
erty and Bloom It all took place in Bloom's imagination".
''Nausicaa'' attracted immense notoriety while the book was being published in serial form. It has also attracted great attention from scholars of disability in literature. The style of the first half of the episode borrows from (and parodies) romance magazines and novelettes.
Episode 14, ''
Oxen of the Sun
In Greek mythology, the Cattle of Helios (, ''Ēelíoio bóes''), also called the Oxen of the Sun, are cattle pastured on the island of Thrinacia (sometimes identified with Sicily).
Mythology
Helios, who in Greek mythology is the Solar deity, g ...
''
Bloom visits the maternity hospital where Mina Purefoy is giving birth, and finally meets Stephen, who has been drinking with his medical student friends and is awaiting the promised arrival of Buck Mulligan. As the only father in the group of men, Bloom is concerned about Mina Purefoy in her labour. He starts thinking about his wife and the births of his two children. He also thinks about the loss of his only 'heir', Rudy. The young men become boisterous, and start discussing such topics as fertility, contraception and abortion. There is also a suggestion that Milly, Bloom's daughter, is in a relationship with one of the young men, Bannon. They continue on to a pub to continue drinking, following the successful birth of a son to Mina Purefoy. This chapter is remarkable for Joyce's wordplay, which, among other things, recapitulates the entire history of the English language. After a short incantation, the episode starts with latinate prose,
Anglo-Saxon alliteration, and moves on through parodies of, among others,
Malory
Sir Thomas Malory was an English writer, the author of ''Le Morte d'Arthur'', the classic English-language chronicle of the Arthurian legend, compiled and in most cases translated from French sources. The most popular version of ''Le Morte d'Ar ...
, the
King James Bible
The King James Version (KJV), also the King James Bible (KJB) and the Authorized Version, is an Bible translations into English, English translation of the Christian Bible for the Church of England, which was commissioned in 1604 and publis ...
,
Bunyan,
Pepys
Samuel Pepys (; 23 February 1633 – 26 May 1703) was an English diarist and naval administrator. He served as administrator of the Royal Navy and Member of Parliament and is most famous for the diary he kept for a decade. Pepys had no mariti ...
,
Defoe Defoe may refer to:
People
*Defoe (surname), most notably English author Daniel Defoe
Places
*Defoe, Webster County, West Virginia, an unincorporated community
Other uses
*Defoe (comics), a zombie story
*Defoe Shipbuilding Company, a former ship ...
,
Sterne,
Walpole,
Gibbon
Gibbons () are apes in the family Hylobatidae (). The family historically contained one genus, but now is split into four extant genera and 20 species. Gibbons live in subtropical and tropical rainforest from eastern Bangladesh to Northeast India ...
,
Dickens
Charles John Huffam Dickens (; 7 February 1812 – 9 June 1870) was an English writer and social critic. He created some of the world's best-known fictional characters and is regarded by many as the greatest novelist of the Victorian er ...
, and
Carlyle, before concluding in a Joycean version of contemporary slang. The development of the English language in the episode is believed to be aligned with the nine-month gestation period of the foetus in the womb.
Episode 15, ''
Circe
Circe (; grc, , ) is an Magician (paranormal), enchantress and a minor goddess in ancient Greek mythology and Ancient Greek religion, religion. She is either a daughter of the Titans, Titan Helios and the Oceanid nymph Perse (mythology), Perse ...
''
Episode 15 is written as a play script, complete with stage directions. The plot is frequently interrupted by "hallucinations" experienced by Stephen and Bloom—fantastic manifestations of the fears and passions of the two characters. Stephen and his friend Lynch walk into
Nighttown
The Walkabouts were an United States, American rock band formed in Seattle, Washington (U.S. state), Washington in 1984. The core members were vocalist Carla Torgerson and vocalist and songwriter Chris Eckman. Although the rest of the line-up ch ...
, Dublin's
red-light district
A red-light district or pleasure district is a part of an urban area where a concentration of prostitution and sex-oriented businesses, such as sex shops, strip clubs, and adult theaters, are found. In most cases, red-light districts are particu ...
. Bloom pursues them and eventually finds them at
Bella Cohen
This is a list of characters from ''Ulysses'' by James Joyce.
Principal characters
* Leopold Bloom is a protagonist and hero in Joyce's ''Ulysses''. His peregrinations and encounters in Dublin on 16 June 1904 mirror, on a more mundane and inti ...
's brothel where, in the company of her workers including
Zoe Higgins
This is a list of characters from ''Ulysses (novel), Ulysses'' by James Joyce.
Principal characters
* Leopold Bloom is a protagonist and hero in Joyce's ''Ulysses (novel), Ulysses''. His peregrinations and encounters in Dublin on 16 June 1904 ...
,
Florry Talbot
This is a list of characters from ''Ulysses'' by James Joyce.
Principal characters
* Leopold Bloom is a protagonist and hero in Joyce's ''Ulysses''. His peregrinations and encounters in Dublin on 16 June 1904 mirror, on a more mundane and inti ...
and
Kitty Ricketts, he has a series of hallucinations regarding his sexual fetishes, fantasies and transgressions. Bloom is put in the dock to answer charges by a variety of sadistic, accusing women including
Mrs Yelverton Barry
This is a list of characters from '' Ulysses'' by James Joyce.
Principal characters
* Leopold Bloom is a protagonist and hero in Joyce's '' Ulysses''. His peregrinations and encounters in Dublin on 16 June 1904 mirror, on a more mundane and i ...
,
Mrs Bellingham and the Hon
Mrs Mervyn Talboys
This is a list of characters from ''Ulysses'' by James Joyce.
Principal characters
* Leopold Bloom is a protagonist and hero in Joyce's ''Ulysses''. His peregrinations and encounters in Dublin on 16 June 1904 mirror, on a more mundane and inti ...
. When Bloom witnesses Stephen overpaying in the brothel, he decides to hold onto the rest of Stephen's money for safekeeping. Stephen hallucinates that the rotting cadaver of his mother has risen up from the floor to confront him. Stephen cries ''
Non serviam
''Non serviam'' is Latin for "I will not serve". The phrase is traditionally attributed to Satan, who is thought to have spoken these words as a refusal to serve God in heaven.
Today "non serviam" is also used or referred to as motto by a nu ...
!'', uses his walking stick to smash a chandelier, and flees the room. Bloom quickly pays Bella for the damage, then runs after Stephen. He finds Stephen engaged in an argument with an English soldier,
Private Carr, who, after a perceived insult to
the King, punches Stephen. The police arrive and the crowd disperses. As Bloom is tending to Stephen, he has a hallucination of Rudy, his deceased son, as an 11-year-old.
Part III:
Nostos
Nostos (Ancient Greek: ) is a theme used in Ancient Greek literature, which includes an epic hero returning home by sea. In Ancient Greek society, it was deemed a high level of heroism or greatness for those who managed to return. This journey is ...
Episode 16, ''
Eumaeus
In Greek mythology, Eumaeus (; Ancient Greek: Εὔμαιος ''Eumaios'' means 'searching well') was Odysseus' swineherd and friend. His father, Ktesios son of Ormenos was king of an island called Syra (present-day Syros in the Greek islands o ...
''
Bloom takes Stephen to a cabman's shelter near
Butt Bridge
The Butt Bridge () is a road bridge in Dublin, Ireland which spans the River Liffey and joins Georges Quay to Beresford Place and the north quays at Liberty Hall.
The original bridge on this site was a structural steel swing bridge, designed by ...
to restore him to his senses. There, they encounter a drunken sailor, D. B. Murphy (W. B. Murphy in the 1922 text). The episode is dominated by the motif of confusion and mistaken identity, with Bloom, Stephen and Murphy's identities being repeatedly called into question. The narrative's rambling and laboured style in this episode reflects the protagonists' nervous exhaustion and confusion.
Episode 17, ''
Ithaca
Ithaca most commonly refers to:
*Homer's Ithaca, an island featured in Homer's ''Odyssey''
*Ithaca (island), an island in Greece, possibly Homer's Ithaca
*Ithaca, New York, a city, and home of Cornell University and Ithaca College
Ithaca, Ithaka ...
''
Bloom returns home with Stephen, makes him a cup of
cocoa
Cocoa may refer to:
Chocolate
* Chocolate
* ''Theobroma cacao'', the cocoa tree
* Cocoa bean, seed of ''Theobroma cacao''
* Chocolate liquor, or cocoa liquor, pure, liquid chocolate extracted from the cocoa bean, including both cocoa butter and ...
, discusses cultural and linguistic differences between them, considers the possibility of publishing Stephen's parable stories, and offers him a place to stay for the night. Stephen refuses Bloom's offer and is ambiguous in response to Bloom's proposal of future meetings. The two men urinate in the backyard, Stephen departs and wanders off into the night, and Bloom goes to bed, where Molly is sleeping. She awakens and questions him about his day. The episode is written in the form of a rigidly organised and "mathematical"
catechism
A catechism (; from grc, κατηχέω, "to teach orally") is a summary or exposition of doctrine and serves as a learning introduction to the Sacraments traditionally used in catechesis, or Christian religious teaching of children and adult c ...
of 309 questions and answers, and was reportedly Joyce's favourite episode in the novel. The deep descriptions range from questions of astronomy to the trajectory of urination and include a list of 25 men that purports to be the "preceding series" of Molly's suitors and Bloom's reflections on them. While describing events apparently chosen randomly in ostensibly precise mathematical or scientific terms, the episode is rife with errors made by the undefined narrator, many or most of which are intentional by Joyce.
[McCarthy, Patrick A., "Joyce's Unreliable Catechist: Mathematics and the Narrative of 'Ithaca'", '' ELH'', Vol. 51, No. 3 (Autumn 1984), pp. 605–606, quoting Joyce in ''Letters From James Joyce''. An example is Joyce's apparent rendering of the year 1904 into the impossible ]Roman numeral
Roman numerals are a numeral system that originated in ancient Rome and remained the usual way of writing numbers throughout Europe well into the Late Middle Ages. Numbers are written with combinations of letters from the Latin alphabet, eac ...
MXMIV (p. 669 of the 1961 Modern Library edition)
Episode 18, ''
Penelope
Penelope ( ; Ancient Greek: Πηνελόπεια, ''Pēnelópeia'', or el, Πηνελόπη, ''Pēnelópē'') is a character in Homer's ''Odyssey.'' She was the queen of Ithaca and was the daughter of Spartan king Icarius and naiad Periboea. Pe ...
''
The final episode consists of Molly Bloom's thoughts as she lies in bed next to her husband. The episode uses a stream-of-consciousness technique in eight paragraphs and lacks punctuation. Molly thinks about Boylan and Bloom, her past admirers, including Lieutenant
Stanley G. Gardner
This is a list of characters from '' Ulysses'' by James Joyce.
Principal characters
* Leopold Bloom is a protagonist and hero in Joyce's '' Ulysses''. His peregrinations and encounters in Dublin on 16 June 1904 mirror, on a more mundane and in ...
, the events of the day, her childhood in Gibraltar, and her curtailed singing career. She also hints at a lesbian relationship in her youth, with a childhood friend, Hester Stanhope. These thoughts are occasionally interrupted by distractions, such as a train whistle or the need to urinate. Molly is surprised by the early arrival of her menstrual period, which she ascribes to her vigorous sex with Boylan. The episode concludes with Molly's remembrance of Bloom's marriage proposal, and of her acceptance: "he asked me would I yes to say yes my mountain flower and first I put my arms around him yes and drew him down to me so he could feel my breasts all perfume yes and his heart was going like mad and yes I said yes I will Yes."
Publication history
The publication history of ''Ulysses'' is complex. There have been at least 18 editions, and variations in different impressions of each edition.
According to Joyce scholar Jack Dalton, the first edition of ''Ulysses'' contained over 2,000 errors. As subsequent editions attempted to correct these mistakes, they would often add more, due in part to the difficulty of separating non-authorial errors from Joyce's deliberate "errors" devised to challenge the reader.
Notable editions include:
* Paris: Shakespeare and Company, 1922.
The private,
first edition published in Paris on 2 February 1922 (Joyce's 40th birthday) by Sylvia Beach's
Shakespeare and Company. Beach commissioned
Darantiere in
Dijon
Dijon (, , ) (dated)
* it, Digione
* la, Diviō or
* lmo, Digion is the prefecture of the Côte-d'Or department and of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in northeastern France. the commune had a population of 156,920.
The earlies ...
to print 1,000 numbered copies consisting of 100 signed copies on Dutch handmade paper (350
francs
The franc is any of various units of currency. One franc is typically divided into 100 centimes. The name is said to derive from the Latin inscription ''francorum rex'' (King of the Franks) used on early French coins and until the 18th centu ...
), 150 numbered copies on
vergé d’Arches paper (250 francs), and 750 copies on handmade paper (150 francs),
plus an extra 20 unnumbered copies on mixed paper for libraries and press.
* London:
Egoist Press, 1922.
The first English edition published by
Harriet Shaw Weaver
Harriet Shaw Weaver (1 September 1876 – 14 October 1961) was an English political activist and a magazine editor. She was a significant patron of Irish writer James Joyce.
Life
Harriet Shaw Weaver was born in Frodsham, Cheshire, the sixth of e ...
's Egoist Press in October 1922. For
legal reasons the book was printed on behalf of Egoist Press by
John Rodker
John Rodker (18 December 1894 – 6 October 1955) was an English writer, modernist poet, and publisher of modernist writers.
Biography
John Rodker was born on 18 December 1894 in Manchester, into a Jewish immigrant family. The family moved t ...
using the same printer,
Darantiere, and plates as the first edition. This edition consisted of 2,000 numbered copies on handmade paper for sale plus 100 unnumbered copies for press, publicity and
legal deposit
Legal deposit is a legal requirement that a person or group submit copies of their publications to a repository, usually a library. The number of copies required varies from country to country. Typically, the national library is the primary reposit ...
libraries.
A seven-page
errata
An erratum or corrigendum (plurals: errata, corrigenda) (comes from la, errata corrige) is a correction of a published text. As a general rule, publishers issue an erratum for a production error (i.e., an error introduced during the publishing pro ...
list compiled by Joyce, Weaver and Rodker was loosely inserted and contained 201 corrections. The
U.S. Post Office
The United States Postal Service (USPS), also known as the Post Office, U.S. Mail, or Postal Service, is an Independent agencies of the United States government, independent agency of the executive branch of the Federal government of the Uni ...
reportedly burned up to 500 copies, as noted in later Shakespeare and Company editions.
* New York: Two Worlds Publishing Company, 1929.
The first U.S. edition of the novel was pirated by
Samuel Roth
Samuel Roth (1893–1974) was an American publisher and writer. Described as an "all-around schemer",
he was the plaintiff in ''Roth v. United States'' (1957). The case was a Supreme Court ruling on freedom of sexual expression and whose minor ...
without Joyce's authorisation, and first published serially in Roth's ''Two Worlds Monthly'', then later in a single volume in 1929. It was designed to closely mimic the 1927 Shakespeare and Company 9th printing but many errors and corruptions occurred during reproduction.
Reportedly 2,000–3,000 copies were printed but the majority were seized and destroyed by the
New York Society for the Suppression of Vice
The New York Society for the Suppression of Vice (NYSSV or SSV) was an institution dedicated to supervising the morality of the public, founded in 1873. Its specific mission was to monitor compliance with state laws and work with the courts and di ...
after a raid on Roth's offices on 4 October 1929
* Hamburg: Odyssey Press, 1932.
In two volumes. The title page of this edition states ''"The present edition may be regarded as the definitive standard edition, as it has been specially revised, at the author's request, by
Stuart Gilbert
Arthur Stuart Ahluwalia Stronge Gilbert (25 October 1883 – 5 January 1969) was an English literary scholar and translator. Among his translations into English are works by Alexis de Tocqueville, Édouard Dujardin, André Malraux, Antoine d ...
."''. This edition still contained errors but by its fourth revised printing (April 1939) it was considered the most accurate offering of the text and subsequently used as the basis for many later editions of the novel.
[
* New York: Random House, 1934. ]
The first authorised U.S. edition, published after the decision in '' United States v. One Book Called Ulysses'' finding that the book was not obscene.[ Random House's founder ]Bennett Cerf
Bennett Alfred Cerf (May 25, 1898 – August 27, 1971) was an American writer, publisher, and co-founder of the American publishing firm Random House. Cerf was also known for his own compilations of jokes and puns, for regular personal appearanc ...
chose to base this edition on a copy of the pirated Samuel Roth edition of 1929, which led it to reproduce many of that edition's errors.
* London: Bodley Head, 1936.
The first edition printed and published in England. Set from the second impression of Odyssey Press's edition and proofed by Joyce.
* Bodley Head, 1960.
Newly reset corrected edition based on the 1958 impression of the earlier Bodley Head edition. The source for many later editions by other publishers.
* Random House, 1961.
Reset from the 1960 Bodley Head edition.
* ''Ulysses: A Critical and Synoptic Edition''. Garland, 1984.
Edited by Hans Walter Gabler.
* ''Ulysses: A Reader's Edition''. Lilliput Press, 1997.
Edited by Danis Rose.
"Joyce Wars"
Hans Walter Gabler's 1984 edition was the most sustained attempt to produce a corrected text, but it has received much criticism, most notably from John Kidd. Kidd's main theoretical criticism is of Gabler's choice of a patchwork of manuscripts as his copy-text (the base edition with which the editor compares each variant), but this fault stems from an assumption of the Anglo-American tradition of scholarly editing rather than the blend of French and German editorial theories that actually lay behind Gabler's reasoning. The choice of a composite copy-text is seen to be problematic in the eyes of some American editors, who generally favour the first edition of any particular work as copy-text.
Less subject to differing national editorial theories, however, is the claim that for hundreds of pages—about half the episodes of ''Ulysses''—the extant manuscript is purported to be a "fair copy
Foul papers are an author's working drafts. The term is most often used in the study of the plays of William Shakespeare, Shakespeare and other dramatists of English Renaissance theatre, English Renaissance drama. Once the composition of a play wa ...
" that Joyce made for sale to a potential patron. (As it turned out, John Quinn, the Irish-American lawyer and collector, purchased the manuscript.) Diluting this charge somewhat is the fact that the theory of (now lost) final working drafts is Gabler's own. For the suspect episodes, the existing typescript is the last witness. Gabler attempted to reconstruct what he called "the continuous manuscript text", which had never physically existed, by adding together all of Joyce's accretions from the various sources. This allowed Gabler to produce a "synoptic text" indicating the stage at which each addition was inserted. Kidd and even some of Gabler's own advisers believe this method meant losing Joyce's final changes in about two thousand places. Far from being "continuous", the manuscripts seem to be opposite. Jerome McGann
Jerome John McGann (born July 22, 1937) is an American academic and textual scholar whose work focuses on the history of literature and culture from the late eighteenth century to the present.
Career
Educated at Le Moyne College (B.S. 1959), Sy ...
describes in detail the editorial principles of Gabler in his article for the journal ''Criticism'', issue 27, 1985. In the wake of the controversy, still other commentators charged that Gabler's changes were motivated by a desire to secure a fresh copyright and another seventy-five years of royalties beyond a looming expiration date.
In June 1988 John Kidd published "The Scandal of ''Ulysses''" in ''The New York Review of Books
''The New York Review of Books'' (or ''NYREV'' or ''NYRB'') is a semi-monthly magazine with articles on literature, culture, economics, science and current affairs. Published in New York City, it is inspired by the idea that the discussion of i ...
'', charging that not only did Gabler's changes overturn Joyce's last revisions, but in another four hundred places Gabler failed to follow any manuscript whatever, making nonsense of his own premises. Kidd accused Gabler of unnecessarily changing Joyce's spelling, punctuation, use of accents, and all the small details he claimed to have been restoring. Instead, Gabler was actually following printed editions such as that of 1932, not the manuscripts. Gabler was found to have made genuine blunders, such as his changing the name of the real-life Dubliner Harry Thrift to 'Shrift' and cricketer Captain Buller to 'Culler' on the basis of handwriting irregularities in the extant manuscript. (These "corrections" were undone by Gabler in 1986.) Kidd stated that many of Gabler's errors resulted from Gabler's use of facsimiles rather than original manuscripts.
In December 1988, Charles Rossman's "The New ''Ulysses:'' The Hidden Controversy" for ''The New York Review'' revealed that some of Gabler's own advisers felt too many changes were being made, but that the publishers were pushing for as many alterations as possible. Then Kidd produced a 174-page critique that filled an entire issue of the ''Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America The Bibliographical Society of America (BSA) is the oldest learned society in North America dedicated to the study of books and manuscripts as physical objects. Established in 1904, the society promotes bibliographical research and issues bibliogra ...
'', dated the same month. This "Inquiry into ''Ulysses'': The Corrected Text" was published the next year in book format and on floppy disk
A floppy disk or floppy diskette (casually referred to as a floppy, or a diskette) is an obsolescent type of disk storage composed of a thin and flexible disk of a magnetic storage medium in a square or nearly square plastic enclosure lined w ...
by Kidd's James Joyce Research Center at Boston University
Boston University (BU) is a private research university in Boston, Massachusetts. The university is nonsectarian, but has a historical affiliation with the United Methodist Church. It was founded in 1839 by Methodists with its original campu ...
.
Gabler and others, including Michael Groden, have rejected Kidd's critique. In his 1993 afterword to the Gabler edition, Groden writes that Kidd's lists of supposed errors were constructed "with so little demonstrated understanding of Gabler's theoretical assumptions and procedures...that they can point to errors or misjudgments only by accident." The scholarly community remains divided.
Gabler edition dropped
In 1990, Gabler's American publisher Random House, after consulting a committee of scholars, replaced the Gabler edition with its 1961 version, and in the United Kingdom the Bodley Head press revived its 1960 version (upon which Random House's 1961 version is based). In both the UK and US, Everyman's Library
Everyman's Library is a series of reprints of classic literature, primarily from the Western canon. It is currently published in hardback by Random House. It was originally an imprint of J. M. Dent (itself later a division of Weidenfeld & Ni ...
also republished the 1960 ''Ulysses''. In 1992, Penguin
Penguins (order (biology), order List of Sphenisciformes by population, Sphenisciformes , family (biology), family Spheniscidae ) are a group of Water bird, aquatic flightless birds. They live almost exclusively in the Southern Hemisphere: on ...
dropped Gabler and reprinted the 1960 text. The Gabler version remained available from Vintage International. Reprints of the 1922 first edition have also become widely available since 1 January 2012, when this edition entered the public domain
The public domain (PD) consists of all the creative work
A creative work is a manifestation of creative effort including fine artwork (sculpture, paintings, drawing, sketching, performance art), dance, writing (literature), filmmaking, ...
under U.S. copyright law
The copyright law of the United States grants monopoly protection for "original works of authorship". With the stated purpose to promote art and culture, copyright law assigns a set of exclusive rights to authors: to make and sell copies of thei ...
.
In 1992, W. W. Norton announced that it would publish Kidd's much-anticipated edition of ''Ulysses'' as part of "The Dublin Edition of the Works of James Joyce" series. This book had to be withdrawn when the Joyce estate objected. For a period thereafter the estate refused to authorise any further editions of Joyce's work. This ended when it agreed to allow Wordsworth Editions to bring out a bargain version of the novel (a reprint of the 1932 Odyssey Press edition) in January 2010, ahead of copyright expiration in 2012.
Censorship
Written over a seven-year period from 1914 to 1921, ''Ulysses'' was serialised in the American journal ''The Little Review
''The Little Review'', an American literary magazine founded by Margaret Anderson in Chicago's historic Fine Arts Building, published literary and art work from 1914 to May 1929. With the help of Jane Heap and Ezra Pound, Anderson created a maga ...
'' from 1918 to 1920, when the publication of the ''Nausicaä'' episode led to a prosecution for obscenity under the Comstock Act
The Comstock laws were a set of federal acts passed by the United States Congress under the Grant administration along with related state laws.Dennett p.9 The "parent" act (Sect. 211) was passed on March 3, 1873, as the Act for the Suppression of ...
of 1873, which made it illegal to circulate materials deemed obscene in the U.S. mail. In 1919, sections of the novel also appeared in the London literary journal ''The Egoist
''The'' () is a grammatical article in English, denoting persons or things already mentioned, under discussion, implied or otherwise presumed familiar to listeners, readers, or speakers. It is the definite article in English. ''The'' is the m ...
'', but the novel itself was banned in the United Kingdom until 1936. Joyce had resolved that the book would be published on his 40th birthday, 2 February 1922, and Sylvia Beach, Joyce's publisher in Paris, received the first three copies from the printer that morning.[
The 1920 prosecution in the US was brought after ''The Little Review'' serialised a passage of the book depicting characters masturbating. Three earlier chapters had been banned by the US Post Office, but it was Secretary of the ]New York Society for the Suppression of Vice
The New York Society for the Suppression of Vice (NYSSV or SSV) was an institution dedicated to supervising the morality of the public, founded in 1873. Its specific mission was to monitor compliance with state laws and work with the courts and di ...
John S. Sumner
John Saxton Sumner (September 22, 1876 - June 20, 1971) headed the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice (NYSSV), a New York state censorship body empowered to recommend obscenity cases to the appropriate prosecutors. He served as Associat ...
who instigated this legal action. The Post Office did partially suppress the "Nausicaä" edition of ''The Little Review''. Legal historian Edward de Grazia
Edward Richard de Grazia (February 5, 1927 – April 11, 2013) was an American lawyer, writer, and free speech activist.Douglas Martin(obituary), ''The New York Times'', April 24, 2013.
De Grazia was born in Chicago. He served in the U.S. Army d ...
has argued that few readers would have been fully aware of the masturbation in the text, given the metaphoric language. Irene Gammel extends this argument to suggest that the obscenity allegations brought against ''The Little Review'' were influenced by the Baroness Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven's more explicit poetry, which had appeared alongside the serialization of ''Ulysses.'' At the trial in 1921 the magazine was declared obscene and, as a result, ''Ulysses'' was effectively banned in the United States. Throughout the 1920s, the United States Post Office Department
The United States Post Office Department (USPOD; also known as the Post Office or U.S. Mail) was the predecessor of the United States Postal Service, in the form of a Cabinet department, officially from 1872 to 1971. It was headed by the postmas ...
burned copies of the novel.
In 1932, Random House and lawyer Morris Ernst
Morris Ernst (August 23, 1888 – May 21, 1976) was an American lawyer and prominent attorney for the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). In public life, he defended and asserted the rights of Americans to privacy and freedom from censorshi ...
arranged to import the French edition and have a copy seized by Customs. Random House contested the seizure, and in '' United States v. One Book Called Ulysses'', U.S. District Judge John M. Woolsey
John Munro Woolsey (January 3, 1877 – May 4, 1945) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. He was known "for his brilliant and poignantly phrased decisions", including severa ...
ruled that the book was not pornographic and therefore could not be obscene, a decision Stuart Gilbert called "epoch-making". The Second Circuit Court of Appeals
The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (in case citations, 2d Cir.) is one of the thirteen United States Courts of Appeals. Its territory comprises the states of Connecticut, New York and Vermont. The court has appellate juri ...
affirmed the ruling in 1934. The U.S. thus became the first English-speaking country where the book was freely available. Although Ireland
Ireland ( ; ga, Éire ; Ulster Scots dialect, Ulster-Scots: ) is an island in the Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic Ocean, in Northwestern Europe, north-western Europe. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel (Grea ...
's Censorship of Publications Board
In Ireland, the state retains laws that allow for censorship, including specific laws covering films, advertisements, newspapers and magazines, as well as terrorism and pornography. In the early years of the state, censorship was widely enfor ...
never banned ''Ulysses'', a customs loophole prevented it from being allowed into Ireland.[ It was first openly available in Ireland in the 1960s.
]
Literary significance and critical reception
In a review in ''The Dial
''The Dial'' was an American magazine published intermittently from 1840 to 1929. In its first form, from 1840 to 1844, it served as the chief publication of the Transcendentalists. From the 1880s to 1919 it was revived as a political review and ...
'', T. S. Eliot said of ''Ulysses'': "I hold this book to be the most important expression which the present age has found; it is a book to which we are all indebted, and from which none of us can escape." He went on to assert that Joyce was not at fault if people after him did not understand it: "The next generation is responsible for its own soul; a man of genius is responsible to his peers, not to a studio full of uneducated and undisciplined coxcombs."
''Ulysses'' has been called "the most prominent landmark in modernist literature", a work where life's complexities are depicted with "unprecedented, and unequalled, linguistic and stylistic virtuosity". That style has been called the finest example of stream-of-consciousness
In literary criticism, stream of consciousness is a narrative mode or method that attempts "to depict the multitudinous thoughts and feelings which pass through the mind" of a narrator. The term was coined by Daniel Oliver in 1840 in ''First Li ...
in modern fiction, with Joyce going deeper and farther than any other novelist in interior monologue
In literary criticism, stream of consciousness is a narrative mode or method that attempts "to depict the multitudinous thoughts and feelings which pass through the mind" of a narrator. The term was coined by Daniel Oliver in 1840 in ''First Li ...
and stream of consciousness. This technique has been praised for its faithful representation of the flow of thought, feeling, and mental reflection, as well as shifts of mood.[Blamires, Henry, ''Short History of English literature'', pp. 398–400.]
Literary critic Edmund Wilson noted that ''Ulysses'' attempts to render "as precisely and as directly as it is possible in words to do, what our participation in life is like—or rather, what it seems to us like as from moment to moment we live." Stuart Gilbert
Arthur Stuart Ahluwalia Stronge Gilbert (25 October 1883 – 5 January 1969) was an English literary scholar and translator. Among his translations into English are works by Alexis de Tocqueville, Édouard Dujardin, André Malraux, Antoine d ...
said that the "personages of ''Ulysses'' are ''not'' fictitious" but that "these people are as they must be; they act, we see, according to some ''lex eterna'', an ineluctable condition of their very existence".[Gilbert (1930), p. 22.] Through these characters Joyce "achieves a coherent and integral interpretation of life".
Joyce uses "metaphors, symbols, ambiguities, and overtones which gradually link themselves together so as to form a network of connections binding the whole" work.[ This system of connections gives the novel a wide, more universal significance, as "Leopold Bloom becomes a modern Ulysses, an Everyman in a Dublin which becomes a microcosm of the world." Eliot called this system the "mythic method": "a way of controlling, of ordering, of giving a shape and a significance to the immense panorama of futility and anarchy which is contemporary history". Novelist ]Vladimir Nabokov
Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov (russian: link=no, Владимир Владимирович Набоков ; 2 July 1977), also known by the pen name Vladimir Sirin (), was a Russian-American novelist, poet, translator, and entomologist. Bo ...
called ''Ulysses'' a "divine work of art" and the greatest masterpiece of 20th-century prose, and said that "it towers above the rest of Joyce's writing" with "noble originality, unique lucidity of thought and style". Psychology professor Charles Fernyhough called ''Ulysses'' "the archetypal stream of consciousness novel".
The book had its critics, largely in response to its then-uncommon inclusion of sexual elements. Shane Leslie
Sir John Randolph Leslie, 3rd Baronet (Irish: ''Sir Seaghán Leslaigh''; 24 September 1885 – 14 August 1971), commonly known as Sir Shane Leslie, was an Irish-born diplomat and writer. He was a first cousin of Sir Winston Churchill. In 1908 ...
called ''Ulysses'' "literary Bolshevism ... experimental, anti-conventional, anti-Christian, chaotic, totally unmoral". Karl Radek
Karl Berngardovich Radek (russian: Карл Бернгардович Радек; 31 October 1885 – 19 May 1939) was a Russian revolutionary and a Marxist active in the Polish and German social democratic movements before World War I and a C ...
called it "a heap of dung, crawling with worms, photographed by a cinema camera through a microscope". Sisley Huddleston
Sisley Huddleston (28 May 1883 – 14 July 1952) was a British journalist and writer.
Life
After editing a British forces newspaper in the First World War, he was resident in Paris after the war until the 1930s, writing for ''The Times'' (London ...
, writing for the Observer
''The Observer'' is a British newspaper published on Sundays. It is a sister paper to ''The Guardian'' and ''The Guardian Weekly'', whose parent company Guardian Media Group Limited acquired it in 1993. First published in 1791, it is the w ...
, wrote: "I confess that I cannot see how the work upon which Mr Joyce spent seven strenuous years, years of wrestling and of agony, can ever be given to the public." Virginia Woolf
Adeline Virginia Woolf (; ; 25 January 1882 28 March 1941) was an English writer, considered one of the most important modernist 20th-century authors and a pioneer in the use of stream of consciousness as a narrative device.
Woolf was born i ...
wrote, "''Ulysses'' was a memorable catastrophe—immense in daring, terrific in disaster." One newspaper pundit said it contained "secret sewers of vice ... canalized in its flood of unimaginable thoughts, images, and pornographic words" and "revolting blasphemies" that "debases and perverts and degrades the noble gift of imagination and wit and lordship of language".
Media adaptations
Theatre
''Ulysses in Nighttown
''Ulysses in Nighttown'' is a play based on the fifteenth episode of the 1922 novel ''Ulysses'' by James Joyce (unique among the book's episodes in that it is written as a play script) that was adapted by Marjorie Barkentin and contains inciden ...
'', based on Episode 15 ("Circe"), premiered off-Broadway
An off-Broadway theatre is any professional theatre venue in New York City with a seating capacity between 100 and 499, inclusive. These theatres are smaller than Broadway theatres, but larger than off-off-Broadway theatres, which seat fewer tha ...
in 1958, with Zero Mostel
Samuel Joel "Zero" Mostel (February 28, 1915 – September 8, 1977) was an American actor, comedian, and singer. He is best known for his portrayal of comic characters such as Tevye on stage in ''Fiddler on the Roof'', Pseudolus on stage and on ...
as Bloom; it debuted on Broadway in 1974.
In 2006, playwright Sheila Callaghan
Sheila Callaghan (born 1973) is a playwright and screenwriter who emerged from the RAT ( Regional Alternative Theatre) movement of the 1990s. She has been profiled by ''American Theater Magazine'', "The Brooklyn Rail", ''Theatermania'', and ''Th ...
's ''Dead City'', a contemporary stage adaptation of the book set in New York City, and featuring the male figures Bloom and Dedalus reimagined as female characters Samantha Blossom and Jewel Jupiter, was produced in Manhattan by New Georges.
In 2012, an adaption was staged in Glasgow
Glasgow ( ; sco, Glesca or ; gd, Glaschu ) is the most populous city in Scotland and the fourth-most populous city in the United Kingdom, as well as being the 27th largest city by population in Europe. In 2020, it had an estimated popul ...
, written by Dermot Bolger
Dermot Bolger (born 1959) is an Irish novelist, playwright, poet and editor from Dublin, Ireland. Born in the Finglas suburb of Dublin in 1959, his older sister is the writer June Considine. Bolger's novels include ''Night Shift'' (1982), ''Th ...
and directed by Andy Arnold
Andy Arnold is a Scotland-based theatre director and the artistic director of the Tron Theatre in Glasgow.
Career
Arnold was the major force behind setting up The Arches, Glasgow's long running multi-arts venue, which was open from 1991 to 20 ...
. The production first premiered at the Tron Theatre
The Tron Theatre is located in the corner of Trongate and Chisholm Street, in what was formerly the Tron Kirk which had started as the Collegiate Church of Our Lady and St. Anne in the Trongate area of Glasgow, Scotland. The Tron Steeple still ...
, and later toured in Dublin, Belfast
Belfast ( , ; from ga, Béal Feirste , meaning 'mouth of the sand-bank ford') is the capital and largest city of Northern Ireland, standing on the banks of the River Lagan on the east coast. It is the 12th-largest city in the United Kingdo ...
, Cork
Cork or CORK may refer to:
Materials
* Cork (material), an impermeable buoyant plant product
** Cork (plug), a cylindrical or conical object used to seal a container
***Wine cork
Places Ireland
* Cork (city)
** Metropolitan Cork, also known as G ...
, made an appearance at the Edinburgh Festival
__NOTOC__
This is a list of arts and cultural festivals regularly taking place in Edinburgh, Scotland.
The city has become known for its festivals since the establishment in 1947 of the Edinburgh International Festival and the Edinburgh Fe ...
, and was performed in China. In 2017 a revised version of Bolger's adaption, directed and designed by Graham McLaren, premiered at Ireland's National Theatre, The Abbey Theatre
The Abbey Theatre ( ga, Amharclann na Mainistreach), also known as the National Theatre of Ireland ( ga, Amharclann Náisiúnta na hÉireann), in Dublin, Ireland, is one of the country's leading cultural institutions. First opening to the p ...
in Dublin, as part of the 2017 Dublin Theatre Festival. It was revived in June 2018, and the script was published by Oberon Books
Oberon Books is a London-based independent publisher of drama texts and books on theatre. The company publishes around 100 titles per year, many of them plays by new writers. In addition, the list contains a range of titles on theatre studies, act ...
.
In 2013, a new stage adaptation of the novel, ''Gibraltar'', was produced in New York by the Irish Repertory Theatre
The Irish Repertory Theatre is an Off Broadway theatre founded in 1988.
History
The Irish Repertory Theatre was founded by Ciarán O'Reilly and Charlotte Moore, which opened its doors in September 1988,http://www.nyc-arts.org/organizations/ ...
. It was written by and starred Patrick Fitzgerald
Patrick J. Fitzgerald (born December 22, 1960) is an American lawyer and partner at the law firm of Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom since October 2012.
For more than a decade, until June 30, 2012, Fitzgerald was the United States Attorney f ...
and directed by Terry Kinney
Terry Kinney (born January 29, 1954) is an American actor and theater director, and is a founding member of the Steppenwolf Theatre Company, with John Malkovich, Laurie Metcalf, Gary Sinise, and Jeff Perry. Kinney is best known for his role as ...
. This two-person play focused on the love story of Bloom and Molly, played by Cara Seymour
Cara Seymour (born 6 January 1964) is a British actress from Essex, England. She has appeared in films such as ''You've Got Mail'', '' American Psycho'', ''Adaptation'', ''Dancer in the Dark'', ''Gangs of New York'', ''Hotel Rwanda'', '' The S ...
.["Gibraltar", ''IrishRep.org'', New York: Irish Repertory Theatre (2013). Retrieved on 2 January 2018 fro]
the archived copy
of the webpage for the play.
Film
In 1967, a film version
A film adaptation is the transfer of a work or story, in whole or in part, to a feature film. Although often considered a type of derivative work, film adaptation has been conceptualized recently by academic scholars such as Robert Stam as a dia ...
of the book was directed by Joseph Strick
Joseph Ezekiel Strick (July 6, 1923 – June 1, 2010, aged 86) was an American director, producer and screenwriter.
Life and career
Born in the Pittsburgh area town of Braddock, Pennsylvania, Strick briefly attended UCLA, then enrolled in the U.S ...
. Starring Milo O'Shea
Milo Donal O'Shea (2 June 1926 – 2 April 2013) was an Irish people, Irish actor. He was twice nominated for the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play for his performances in ''Staircase (play), Staircase'' (1968) and ''Mass Appeal (play), Mass A ...
as Bloom, it was nominated for an Academy Award
The Academy Awards, better known as the Oscars, are awards for artistic and technical merit for the American and international film industry. The awards are regarded by many as the most prestigious, significant awards in the entertainment ind ...
for Best Adapted Screenplay.
In 2003, a movie version, '' Bloom'', was released starring Stephen Rea
Stephen Rea ( ; born 31 October 1946) is an Irish film and stage actor. Rea has appeared in films such as ''V for Vendetta'', ''Michael Collins'', ''Interview with the Vampire'' and ''Breakfast on Pluto''. Rea was nominated for the Academy Award ...
and Angeline Ball
Angeline Ball (born 28 June 1969) is an Irish actress and singer who resides in London, England. She is known for her roles as Imelda Quirke in Alan Parker's '' The Commitments'' (1991) and as Tina in John Boorman's '' The General'' (1998). She ...
.
Television
In 1988, the episode "James Joyce's ''Ulysses''" of the documentary series ''The Modern World: Ten Great Writers'' was shown on Channel 4
Channel 4 is a British free-to-air public broadcast television network operated by the state-owned enterprise, state-owned Channel Four Television Corporation. It began its transmission on 2 November 1982 and was established to provide a four ...
. Some of the novel's scenes were dramatised. David Suchet
Sir David Courtney Suchet''England & Wales, Civil Registration Birth Index, 1916–2007'' ( ; born 2 May 1946) is an English actor known for his work on British stage and television. He portrayed Edward Teller in the television serial '' Oppenh ...
played Leopold Bloom
Leopold Bloom is the fictional protagonist and hero of James Joyce's 1922 novel ''Ulysses''. His peregrinations and encounters in Dublin on 16 June 1904 mirror, on a more mundane and intimate scale, those of Ulysses/Odysseus in Homer's epic poe ...
.
In September 2022, the episode "James Joyce's ''Ulysses''" of the documentary series ''Arena
An arena is a large enclosed platform, often circular or oval-shaped, designed to showcase theatre, musical performances, or sporting events. It is composed of a large open space surrounded on most or all sides by tiered seating for spectators ...
'', was shown on BBC #REDIRECT BBC #REDIRECT BBC
Here i going to introduce about the best teacher of my life b BALAJI sir. He is the precious gift that I got befor 2yrs . How has helped and thought all the concept and made my success in the 10th board exam. ...
...
.
, that ran uninterrupted for 29 hours and 45 minutes.
The unabridged text of ''Ulysses'' has been performed by
with Marcella Riordan.
released the recording on 22 audio CDs in 2004. It follows an earlier abridged recording with the same actors.
launched a series of weekly podcasts called ''Re:Joyce'' that took listeners page by page through ''Ulysses'', discussing its allusions, historical context and references. The podcast ran until Delaney's death in 2017, at which point it was on the "Wandering Rocks" chapter.
as Dedalus, for Bloomsday 2012, beginning on 16 June 2012.
Comedy/satire recording troupe The Firesign Theatre ends its 1969 album "
soliloquy.
The music CD ''Classical Ulysses'' was launched by the James Joyce Society in Dublin for the Bloomsday100 celebrations in 2004. It contained recorded versions of the classical music mentioned in the book.
" (originally the title track on ''The Sensual World'') sets to music the end of Molly Bloom's soliloquy.
''
. Composed between 1958 and 1959, it is based on the interpretative reading of the poem "Sirens" from chapter 11 of the novel. It is sung/voiced by
.
, a lifelong admirer of Joyce, also contributed to its realisation.
'' (2013) is a retelling of ''Ulysses'' set in New York City. It features an inept tour guide, Larry Bloom, whose adventures parallel those of Leopold Bloom through Dublin.
. ''A Short History of English Literature'', Routledge. 2d edition, 2013.
* Borach, Georges. ''Conversations with James Joyce'', translated by Joseph Prescott, ''College English'', 15 (March 1954)
*
. ''Here Comes Everybody: An Introduction to James Joyce for the Ordinary Reader'' (1965); also published as ''Re Joyce''.
*
. ''
. ''James Joyce and the Making of Ulysses''. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, (1960).
*
* Dalton, Jack. ''The Text of Ulysses'' in Fritz Senn, ed. ''New Light on Joyce from the Dublin Symposium''. Indiana University Press (1972).
*
. ''James Joyce''. Oxford University Press, revised edition (1983).
*
, ed. ''Selected Letters of James Joyce''. The Viking Press (1975).
*
. ''James Joyce's Ulysses: A study'', Faber and Faber (1930).
* Gorman, Herbert. ''James Joyce: A Definitive Biography'' (1939).
*
(2017). ''Joyce in Court''. London: Head of Zeus Press. .
* Joseph M. Hassett ''The Ulysses Trials: Beauty and Truth Meet the Law''. Dublin:
(2016). .
*
*
*
* Arnold, Bruce. ''The Scandal of Ulysses: The Life and Afterlife of a Twentieth Century Masterpiece.'' Rev. ed. Dublin: Liffey Press, 2004. .
* Attridge, Derek, ed. ''James Joyce's Ulysses: A Casebook.'' Oxford and New York: Oxford UP, 2004. .
*
* Benstock, Bernard. ''Critical Essays on James Joyce's Ulysses.'' Boston: G. K. Hall, 1989. .
* Birmingham, Kevin. ''The Most Dangerous Book: The Battle for James Joyce's Ulysses''. London: Head of Zeus Ltd., 2014.
* Duffy, Enda, ''The Subaltern Ulysses''. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994. .
* Ellmann, Richard. ''Ulysses on the Liffey.'' New York: Oxford UP, 1972. .
* French, Marilyn. ''The Book as World: James Joyce's Ulysses.'' Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1976. .
* Gillespie, Michael Patrick and A. Nicholas Fargnoli, eds. ''Ulysses in Critical Perspective''. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2006. .
* Goldberg, Samuel Louis. ''The Classical Temper: A Study of James Joyce's Ulysses.'' New York: Barnes and Noble, 1961 and 1969.
* Goldman, Jonatha
'' (January 28, 2022).
* Henke, Suzette. ''Joyce's Moraculous Sindbook: A Study of Ulysses''. Columbus: Ohio State UP, 1978. .
* Kiberd, Declan. ''Ulysses and Us: The Art of Everyday Living''. London: Faber and Faber, 2009
* Killeen, Terence. ''Ulysses Unbound: A Reader's Companion to James Joyce's Ulysses''. Bray, County Wicklow, Ireland: Wordwell, 2004. .
*
* McCarthy, Patrick A. Ulysses: Portals of Discovery. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1990. .
* McKenna, Bernard. ''James Joyce's Ulysses: A Reference Guide''. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2002. .
* Murphy, Niall. ''A Bloomsday Postcard''. Dublin: Lilliput Press, 2004. .
*
* Norris, Margot. ''A Companion to James Joyce's Ulysses: Biographical and Historical Contexts, Critical History, and Essays From Five Contemporary Critical Perspectives''. Boston: Bedford Books, 1998. .
* Norris, Margot. ''Virgin and Veteran Readings of Ulysses''. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. .
* Rickard, John S. ''Joyce's Book of Memory: The Mnemotechnic of Ulysses''. Durham: Duke University Press, 1999. .
* Schutte, William M. James. ''Index of Recurrent Elements in James Joyce's Ulysses''. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1982. .
* Thornton, Weldon. ''Allusions in Ulysses: An Annotated List''. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1968 and 1973. .
* Vanderham, Paul. ''James Joyce and Censorship: The Trials of Ulysses''. New York: New York UP, 1997. .
* ''Ulysses'', a three-volume facsimile copy of the complete, handwritten manuscript. Introduction by Harry Levin; bibliographical preface by Clive Driver. Philip H. &. A.S.W. Rosenbach Foundation (now known as the
). New York: Octagon Books (1975).
Serial text published in the ''Little Review'', 1918–1920
* ''The Little Review Ulysses'', edited by Mark Gaipa, Sean Latham and Robert Scholes, Yale University Press, 2015.
* ''Ulysses, The 1922 Text'', with an introduction and notes by Jeri Johnson, Oxford University Press (1993).
* ''Ulysses: A Facsimile of the First Edition Published in Paris in 1922'', Orchises Press (1998).
* ''Ulysses: With a new Introduction by Enda Duffy – An unabridged republication of the original Shakespeare and Company edition, published in Paris by Sylvia Beach, 1922'', Dover Publications (2009).
* ''Ulysses'', Wordsworth Classics (2010). Introduction by Cedric Watts.
* ''Ulysses'', Alma Classics (2012), with an introduction and notes by Sam Slote, Trinity College, Dublin.
* ''Ulysses'', Vintage International (1990).
* ''Ulysses: Annotated Student's Edition'', with an introduction and notes by
, Penguin Twentieth Century Classics (1992).
* ''Ulysses: The 1934 Text, As Corrected and Reset in 1961'', Modern Library (1992). Foreword by Morris L. Ernst.
* ''Ulysses'', Everyman's Library (1997).
* ''Ulysses'', Penguin Modern Classics (2000). Introduction by
.
* ''Ulysses: The corrected text'', Edited by Hans Walter Gabler with Wolfhard Steppe and Claus Melchior; preface by
, Vintage International (1986). This follows the disputed Garland Edition.
: James Joyce reading an excerpt from the Aeolus episode. Recorded in 1924.
* Friends of