''Nepenthes gymnamphora'' is a tropical pitcher plant native to the Indonesian islands of Java and

Sumatra Sumatra is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as the sixth-largest island in the world at 473,481 km2 (182,812 mi.2), not including adjacent i ...

. It has a wide altitudinal range of

above sea level Height above mean sea level is a measure of the vertical distance (height, elevation or altitude) of a location in reference to a historic mean sea level taken as a vertical datum. In geodesy, it is formalized as ''orthometric heights''. The comb ...

. There is much debate surrounding the taxonomic status of this species and the taxa ''N. pectinata'' and ''N. xiphioides''. The

specific epithet In taxonomy, binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system"), also called nomenclature ("two-name naming system") or binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, bot ...

''gymnamphora'' is derived from the Greek words ''gymnos'' (naked) and ''amphoreus'' (pitcher).

Taxonomy

The ''N. gymnamphora'' group of related taxa has been variously interpreted as comprising a single extremely variable species (''N. gymnamphora'');McPherson, S.R. 2009. '' Pitcher Plants of the Old World''. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. two distinct species, one from Java (''N. gymnamphora'') and one from

('' N. pectinata'');Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997. A skeletal revision of ''Nepenthes'' (Nepenthaceae). ''Blumea'' 42(1): 1–106.Cheek, M.R. & M.H.P. Jebb 2001.

Nepenthaceae ''Nepenthes'' () is a genus of carnivorous plants, also known as tropical pitcher plants, or monkey cups, in the monotypic family Nepenthaceae. The genus includes about 170 species, and numerous natural and many cultivated hybrids. They are mos ...

. ''Flora Malesiana'' 15: 1–157. or two species, one with a wide distribution covering Java and Sumatra (''N. gymnamphora'') and one with a very restricted range in Sumatra ('' N. xiphioides'').Salmon, B.R. & R.G. Maulder 1995
Two New Species of ''Nepenthes'' from North Sumatra, Indonesia
'' Carnivorous Plant Newsletter'' 24(3): 77–85. An additional fourth undescribed taxon, known from

Mount Sorik Merapi Mount is often used as part of the name of specific mountains, e.g. Mount Everest. Mount or Mounts may also refer to: Places * Mount, Cornwall, a village in Warleggan parish, England * Mount, Perranzabuloe, a hamlet in Perranzabuloe parish, C ...

in Sumatra, may also fall within ''N. gymnamphora''.Clarke, C.M. 2001. '' Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.

''Nepenthes pectinata''

''Nepenthes pectinata'' was described by

B. H. Danser Benedictus Hubertus Danser (May 24, 1891, Schiedam – October 18, 1943, Groningen), often abbreviated B. H. Danser, was a Dutch taxonomist and botanist. Danser specialised in the plant families Loranthaceae, Nepenthaceae, and Polygonaceae. In 1928 ...

in his seminal 1928 monograph " The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies".Danser, B.H. 1928. The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. ''Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg'', Série III, 9(3–4): 249–438. Danser's description of ''N. pectinata'' was based on material that included upper pitchers of '' N. singalana''. This was first noted in 1994 by

Jan Schlauer Jan, JaN or JAN may refer to: Acronyms * Jackson, Mississippi (Amtrak station), US, Amtrak station code JAN * Jackson-Evers International Airport, Mississippi, US, IATA code * Jabhat al-Nusra (JaN), a Syrian militant group * Japanese Article Numb ...

and

Joachim Nerz Dr. Joachim Nerz (born 1964) is a German taxonomist and botanist specialising in the carnivorous plant genera ''Heliamphora'' and '' Nepenthes''. Nerz has described several new species, mostly with Andreas Wistuba. Publications * Schlauer, J. ...

, who provided a lectotype for ''N. pectinata'': ''Bünnemeijer 700'', a specimen collected on

Mount Talakmau Talakmau (also known as Talamau or Ophir) is a volcano in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Its elevation is 2,919 m (9,577 ft). See also * List of volcanoes in Indonesia The geography of Indonesia is dominated by volcanoes that are formed d ...

.Schlauer, J. & J. Nerz 1994. Notes on ''Nepenthes'' (Nepenthaceae). I. Contributions to the Flora of Sumatra. ''Blumea'' 39: 139–142. Danser mentioned another specimen in his monograph that he identified as the natural hybrid ''N. pectinata'' × ''N. singalana'', but which actually represented a pure ''N. singalana''. ''Nepenthes pectinata'' has a separate conservation status of Least Concern on the IUCN Red List.Clarke, C.M., R. Cantley, J. Nerz, H. Rischer & A. Witsuba 2000
''Nepenthes pectinata''
''2006

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data Book, founded in 1964, is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of biologi ...

''.

IUCN The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN; officially International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) is an international organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natu ...

2006. Retrieved on 12 May 2006.

''Nepenthes xiphioides''

''Nepenthes xiphioides'' was described by Bruce Salmon and Ricky Maulder in a 1995 issue of the '' Carnivorous Plant Newsletter''. The authors treated ''N. pectinata'' as conspecific with ''N. gymnamphora'', and distinguished ''N. xiphioides'' from the latter based on a number of characters shown in the table below.

Infraspecific taxa

*''Nepenthes gymnamphora'' var. ''haematamphora'' Miq. (1851) *''Nepenthes gymnamphora'' var. ''pectinata'' (Danser) Hort.Westphal (1999) ''in sched.''

Natural hybrids

*'' N. bongso'' × ''N. gymnamphora'' *''N. gymnamphora'' × '' N. mikei'' N. × pangulubauensis''">Nepenthes × pangulubauensis">N. × pangulubauensis''*''N. gymnamphora'' × '' N. ovata'' *''N. gymnamphora'' × '' N. reinwardtiana'' *? ''N. gymnamphora'' × '' N. rhombicaulis'' *''N. gymnamphora'' × '' N. singalana'' *''N. gymnamphora'' × '' N. spathulata'' *''N. gymnamphora'' × '' N. spectabilis'' *''N. gymnamphora'' × '' N. talangensis'' File:Nepenthes natural hybrid Sumatra1.jpg, ? ''N. gymnamphora'' × ''N. spectabilis''

Notes

:a.''Nepenthes pectinata'' is pronounced . The

is derived from the Latin word ''pectinata'', meaning "comb-shaped". :b.''Nepenthes xiphioides'' is pronounced . The specific epithet is derived from the New Latin word '' xiphius'' (sword) and the Latin ending ''-oides'' (resembling), and refers to the long, thin teeth lining the inner margin of the peristome of this species.

References

* Adam, J.H., C.C. Wilcock & M.D. Swaine 1992. ''Journal of Tropical Forest Science'' 5(1): 13–25. * Bauer, U., C.J. Clemente, T. Renner & W. Federle 2012. Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous ''Nepenthes'' pitcher plants. ''Journal of Evolutionary Biology'' 25(1): 90–102. * Clarke, C.M., R. Cantley, J. Nerz, H. Rischer & A. Witsuba 2000
''Nepenthes gymnamphora''
''2006

''.

2006. Retrieved on 10 May 2006. * Clarke, C.M. 2006. Introduction. In: Danser, B.H. '' The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. pp. 1–15. * Hakim, L., A.Y. Wartono, J. Batoro & N. Nakagoshi 2006. ''Nepenthes gymnamphora'' Nees in East Java, Indonesia: Recent distribution status and new locality from Mt. Semeru. ''Hikobia'' 14(4): 493–497. * Handayani, T. 1999. onservation of ''Nepenthes'' in Indonesian botanic gardens.In: A. Mardiastuti, I. Sudirman, K.G. Wiryawan, L.I. Sudirman, M.P. Tampubolon, R. Megia & Y. Lestari (eds.) ''Prosiding II: Seminar Hasil-Hasil Penelitian Bidang Ilmu Hayat''. Pusat Antar Universitas Ilmu Hayat IPB, Bogor. pp. 365–372. * Hernawati & P. Akhriadi 2006. '' A Field Guide to the Nepenthes of Sumatra''. PILI-NGO Movement, Bogor. * Jebb, M. 1994
NEPENTHES revision for Flora Malesiana
Carnivorous Plant Mailing List, September 9, 1994. * Kitching, R.L. 2000
''Food Webs and Container Habitats: The natural history and ecology of phytotelmata''
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. * Korthals, P.W. 1839. Over het geslacht ''Nepenthes''. In: C.J. Temminck 1839–1842. ''Verhandelingen over de Natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche bezittingen; Kruidkunde''. Leiden. pp. 1–44, t. 1–4, 13–15, 20–22. * Kurata, S. 1973. ''Nepenthes'' from Borneo, Singapore and Sumatra. ''The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore'' 26(2): 227–232. * Mansur, M. 2001. In: ''Prosiding Seminar Hari Cinta Puspa dan Satwa Nasional''. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Bogor. pp. 244–253. * Meimberg, H., A. Wistuba, P. Dittrich & G. Heubl 2001. Molecular phylogeny of Nepenthaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid trnK intron sequence data. ''Plant Biology'' 3(2): 164–175. * Meimberg, H. 2002. Ph.D. thesis, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich. * Meimberg, H. & G. Heubl 2006. Introduction of a nuclear marker for phylogenetic analysis of Nepenthaceae. ''Plant Biology'' 8(6): 831–840. * Meimberg, H., S. Thalhammer, A. Brachmann & G. Heubl 2006. Comparative analysis of a translocated copy of the ''trnK'' intron in carnivorous family Nepenthaceae. ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' 39(2): 478–490. * Menzel, R. 1922. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Mikrofauna von Niederländisch Ost-Indien. II. Über den tierischen Inhalt der Kannen von ''Nepenthes melamphora'' Reinw. mit besonderer berücksichtigung der Nematoden. ''Treubia'' 3: 116–122. * Micoletzky, H. & R. Menzel 1928. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Mikrofauna von Niederländisch Ost-Indien. VII. ''Anguillula nepenthicola'' Menzel aus kannen von ''Nepenthes gymnaphora'' Nees bei Tjibodas. ''Treubia'' 10: 285–290. * Mulyanto, H., D. Cahyuningdari & A.D. Setyawan 2000
Kantung semar (''Nepenthes'' sp.) di lereng Gunung Merbabu.
nsectivore plants ''Nepenthes'' sp. at Mount Merbabu.''Biodiversitas'' 1(2): 54–58.
Cover
* van Oye, P. 1921. Zur Biologie der Kanne von ''Nepenthes melamphora'' Reinw.. ''Biologisches Zentralblatt'' 41: 529–534. * Puspitaningtyas, D.M. & H. Wawangningrum 2007
Keanekaragaman ''Nepenthes'' di Suaka Alam Sulasih Talang - Sumatera Barat.
'Nepenthes'' diversity in Sulasih Talang Nature Reserve - West Sumatra.''Biodiversitas'' 8(2): 152–156.
Cover
* Renner, T. & C.D. Specht 2011. A sticky situation: assessing adaptations for plant carnivory in the Caryophyllales by means of stochastic character mapping. ''International Journal of Plant Sciences'' 172(7): 889–901. * Schlauer, J. 1995

Carnivorous Plant Mailing List, September 26, 1995. * Shivas, R.G. 1984. '' Carnivorous Plant Newsletter'' 13(1): 10–15. * Syamsuardi & R. Tamin 1994
Kajian kekerabatan jenis-jenis ''Nepenthes'' di Sumatera Barat.
Project report, Andalas University, Padang
Abstract
* Syamsuardi 1995
Klasifikasi numerik kantong semar (''Nepenthes'') di Sumatera Barat.
umerical classification of pitcher plants (''Nepenthes'') in West Sumatra.''Journal Matematika dan Pengetahuan Alam'' 4(1): 48–57
Abstract
* Whitten, T., S.J. Damanik, J. Anwar & N. Hisyam 2000
''The Ecology of Sumatra''
Periplus Editions, Hong Kong. * Yogiara 2004. M.Sc. thesis, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor. * Yogiara, A. Suwanto & M.T. Suhartono 2006
A complex bacterial community living in pitcher plant fluid
''Jurnal Mikrobiologi Indonesia'' 11(1): 9–14.

External links

at the Carnivorous Plant Photofinder
Documentary film about ''N. gymnamphora''
{{Taxonbar, from=Q4189835 Carnivorous plants of Asia gymnamphora Plants described in 1824 Least concern plants