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''Neolamprologus'' is a
genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...
of
cichlid Cichlids are fish from the family Cichlidae in the order Cichliformes. Cichlids were traditionally classed in a suborder, the Labroidei, along with the wrasses ( Labridae), in the order Perciformes, but molecular studies have contradicted this ...
s
endemic Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsew ...
to eastern Africa with all but one species, ''
Neolamprologus devosi ''Neolamprologus'' is a genus of cichlids endemic to eastern Africa with all but one species, '' Neolamprologus devosi'' from the Malagarasi River, occurring in Lake Tanganyika. It is the largest genus of cichlids in Lake Tanganyika and also the ...
'' from the
Malagarasi River The Malagarasi River is a river in western Tanzania, flowing through Kigoma Region, although one of its tributaries comes from southeastern Burundi. The river also forms the western border of Tabora Region, the southern border of Kagera Region and ...
, occurring in
Lake Tanganyika Lake Tanganyika () is an African Great Lake. It is the second-oldest freshwater lake in the world, the second-largest by volume, and the second-deepest, in all cases after Lake Baikal in Siberia. It is the world's longest freshwater lake. ...
. It is the largest genus of cichlids in Lake Tanganyika and also the largest genus in the tribe
Lamprologini Lamprologini is a tribe of African cichlid fishes. It contains seven genera and nearly 100 species. Over half of the species in this tribe are in the large genus ''Neolamprologus''. Most genera in the tribe are endemic to Lake Tanganyika, but on ...
, which includes ''
Altolamprologus ''Altolamprologus'' is a small genus of pseudocrenilabrine cichlids endemic to Lake Tanganyika in eastern Africa. They inhabit areas of the lake with large amounts of rock, most frequently in water two to ten metres in depth. Two formally descri ...
'', ''
Chalinochromis ''Chalinochromis'' is a small cichlid genus from the subfamily Pseudocrenilabrinae. These ray-finned fishes are endemic to Lake Tanganyika in the East African Rift. The scientific name refers to the bridle-like markings across the heads of ...
'', ''
Julidochromis ''Julidochromis'' is a genus of cichlids in the subfamily Pseudocrenilabrinae. They are commonly called julies and are endemic to Lake Tanganyika in eastern Africa. This genus includes six formally described species, some with a number local vari ...
'', ''
Lamprologus ''Lamprologus'' is a genus of fishes from the cichlid family. They are native to Lake Tanganyika (where several species are shell dwellers) and the Congo River Basin in Africa. The type species for this genus is ''Lamprologus congoensis'', a spec ...
'', ''
Lepidiolamprologus ''Lepidiolamprologus'' is a small genus of cichlids endemic to Lake Tanganyika in eastern Africa. It is closely related to '' Altolamprologus.'' and there is the possibility that a revision of the genus could see more species added. The placemen ...
'', ''
Telmatochromis __NOTOC__ ''Telmatochromis'' is a small cichlid genus of the subfamily Pseudocrenilabrinae. These ray-finned fishes are endemic to the Lake Tanganyika basin (mostly in the lake itself, but also its outflow river Lukuga) in Africa. Systematic ...
'' and '' Variabilichromis''. The latter is a
monotypic In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group (taxon) that contains only one immediately subordinate taxon. A monotypic species is one that does not include subspecies or smaller, infraspecific taxa. In the case of genera, the term "unispec ...
genus doubtfully distinct from ''Neolamprologus''. It is already known for some time that according to
mtDNA Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA or mDNA) is the DNA located in mitochondria, cellular organelles within eukaryotic cells that convert chemical energy from food into a form that cells can use, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Mitochondrial DNA ...
sequence In mathematics, a sequence is an enumerated collection of objects in which repetitions are allowed and order matters. Like a set, it contains members (also called ''elements'', or ''terms''). The number of elements (possibly infinite) is calle ...
analysis, this genus is very probably
polyphyletic A polyphyletic group is an assemblage of organisms or other evolving elements that is of mixed evolutionary origin. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as homoplasies, which are explained as a result of converg ...
. It is likely that it will be revised eventually; if ''Variabilichromis'' is split off, at least some of the more ancient lineages currently placed in ''Neolamprologus'' are probably worthy of separation also. However, the morphological similarity and numerous
undescribed species In taxonomy, an undescribed taxon is a taxon (for example, a species) that has been discovered, but not yet formally described and named. The various Nomenclature Codes specify the requirements for a new taxon to be validly described and named. U ...
do not make analyses easier, and as with many cichlids, recent
speciation Speciation is the evolutionary process by which populations evolve to become distinct species. The biologist Orator F. Cook coined the term in 1906 for cladogenesis, the splitting of lineages, as opposed to anagenesis, phyletic evolution within ...
and abundant
hybridization Hybridization (or hybridisation) may refer to: *Hybridization (biology), the process of combining different varieties of organisms to create a hybrid *Orbital hybridization, in chemistry, the mixing of atomic orbitals into new hybrid orbitals *Nu ...
seriously confound molecular studies to the point where single-gene studies or those using only
mtDNA Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA or mDNA) is the DNA located in mitochondria, cellular organelles within eukaryotic cells that convert chemical energy from food into a form that cells can use, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Mitochondrial DNA ...
or
nDNA Nuclear DNA (nDNA), or nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid, is the DNA contained within each cell nucleus of a eukaryotic organism. It encodes for the majority of the genome in eukaryotes, with mitochondrial DNA and plastid DNA coding for the rest. I ...
are essentially worthless for resolving Lamprologini
phylogeny A phylogenetic tree (also phylogeny or evolutionary tree Felsenstein J. (2004). ''Inferring Phylogenies'' Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA.) is a branching diagram or a tree showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological spec ...
.Sturmbauer ''et al.'' (1994), Day ''et al.'' (2007) While lineages are clearly different in their morphology, habits and ecology,
gene flow In population genetics, gene flow (also known as gene migration or geneflow and allele flow) is the transfer of genetic material from one population to another. If the rate of gene flow is high enough, then two populations will have equivalent a ...
between genera and species is common enough due to extremely low postzygotic isolation. Males of ''Neolamprologus'' apparently have always readily and successfully mated with females of other Lamprologini they found ready to spawn: mtDNA lineages similar to other Lamprologini genera are widely encountered in species placed in ''Neolamprologus''. And not only do such hybrids seem to be fertile at least to a limited extent in many cases, new species often appear to originate from such interbreeding.Day ''et al.'' (2007)


Species

There are currently 46 recognized species in this genus: * ''
Neolamprologus bifasciatus ''Neolamprologus bifasciatus'' is a species of cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika where it is usually found at depths from 30 to 45 meters at the bottom edge of the rocky habitat where it meets the sandy and or muddy substrate. It is rarely foun ...
'' Büscher, 1993 * '' Neolamprologus boulengeri'' Steindachner, 1909 * ''
Neolamprologus brevis ''Neolamprologus brevis'' is a species of cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika where it lives in snail shells, primarily of the genus ''Neothauma''. It feeds is on plankton. This species can reach a length of TL. This species can also be foun ...
'' Boulenger, 1899 * '' Neolamprologus brichardi''
Poll Poll, polled, or polling may refer to: Figurative head counts * Poll, a formal election ** Election verification exit poll, a survey taken to verify election counts ** Polling, voting to make decisions or determine opinions ** Polling places o ...
, 1974 * '' Neolamprologus buescheri'' Staeck, 1983 * '' Neolamprologus cancellatus'' Aibara, T. Takahashi & Nakaya, 2005 * '' Neolamprologus caudopunctatus''
Poll Poll, polled, or polling may refer to: Figurative head counts * Poll, a formal election ** Election verification exit poll, a survey taken to verify election counts ** Polling, voting to make decisions or determine opinions ** Polling places o ...
, 1978 * '' Neolamprologus chitamwebwai'' Verburg & I. R. Bills, 2007 * '' Neolamprologus christyi'' Trewavas &
Poll Poll, polled, or polling may refer to: Figurative head counts * Poll, a formal election ** Election verification exit poll, a survey taken to verify election counts ** Polling, voting to make decisions or determine opinions ** Polling places o ...
, 1952 * '' Neolamprologus crassus'' Brichard, 1989 * '' Neolamprologus cylindricus'' Staeck & Seegers, 1986 * ''
Neolamprologus devosi ''Neolamprologus'' is a genus of cichlids endemic to eastern Africa with all but one species, '' Neolamprologus devosi'' from the Malagarasi River, occurring in Lake Tanganyika. It is the largest genus of cichlids in Lake Tanganyika and also the ...
''
Schelly The schelly (''Coregonus stigmaticus'') is a living fresh water fish of the salmon family, endemic to four lakes in the Lake District, England. Its taxonomy is disputed with some recognizing it as a distinct species and others as a variant of t ...
, Stiassny & Seegers, 2003 * '' Neolamprologus falcicula'' Brichard, 1989 * '' Neolamprologus fasciatus'' Boulenger, 1898 * '' Neolamprologus furcifer'' Boulenger, 1898 * '' Neolamprologus gracilis'' Brichard, 1989 * '' Neolamprologus helianthus'' Büscher, 1997 * ''
Neolamprologus leleupi ''Neolamprologus leleupi'' (lemon cichlid) is a species of cichlid endemism, endemic to Lake Tanganyika where it occurs throughout the lake. It is a recess-dweller, inhabiting cracks and crevices. It feeds on invertebrates living in the rich ...
''
Poll Poll, polled, or polling may refer to: Figurative head counts * Poll, a formal election ** Election verification exit poll, a survey taken to verify election counts ** Polling, voting to make decisions or determine opinions ** Polling places o ...
, 1956 * '' Neolamprologus leloupi''
Poll Poll, polled, or polling may refer to: Figurative head counts * Poll, a formal election ** Election verification exit poll, a survey taken to verify election counts ** Polling, voting to make decisions or determine opinions ** Polling places o ...
, 1948 * '' Neolamprologus longicaudatus'' Nakaya & Gashagaza, 1995 * '' Neolamprologus longior'' Staeck, 1980 * '' Neolamprologus marunguensis'' Büscher, 1989 * '' Neolamprologus modestus'' Boulenger, 1898 * '' Neolamprologus mondabu'' Boulenger, 1906 * ''
Neolamprologus multifasciatus ''Neolamprologus multifasciatus'' is one of the small shell-dwelling cichlids endemic to Lake Tanganyika. The male reaches in length, and the female only in the aquarium. In the wild, they reach only in standard length of male and female reac ...
'' Boulenger, 1906 * '' Neolamprologus mustax''
Poll Poll, polled, or polling may refer to: Figurative head counts * Poll, a formal election ** Election verification exit poll, a survey taken to verify election counts ** Polling, voting to make decisions or determine opinions ** Polling places o ...
, 1978 * '' Neolamprologus niger''
Poll Poll, polled, or polling may refer to: Figurative head counts * Poll, a formal election ** Election verification exit poll, a survey taken to verify election counts ** Polling, voting to make decisions or determine opinions ** Polling places o ...
, 1956 * ''
Neolamprologus nigriventris ''Neolamprologus nigriventris'' is a species of cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika where it is usually found along the lakes southwestern coast in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. This species can reach a length of TL. This species c ...
'' Büscher, 1992 * '' Neolamprologus obscurus''
Poll Poll, polled, or polling may refer to: Figurative head counts * Poll, a formal election ** Election verification exit poll, a survey taken to verify election counts ** Polling, voting to make decisions or determine opinions ** Polling places o ...
, 1978 * '' Neolamprologus olivaceous'' Brichard, 1989 * '' Neolamprologus pectoralis'' Büscher, 1991 * '' Neolamprologus petricola''
Poll Poll, polled, or polling may refer to: Figurative head counts * Poll, a formal election ** Election verification exit poll, a survey taken to verify election counts ** Polling, voting to make decisions or determine opinions ** Polling places o ...
, 1949 * '' Neolamprologus pleuromaculatus'' Trewavas &
Poll Poll, polled, or polling may refer to: Figurative head counts * Poll, a formal election ** Election verification exit poll, a survey taken to verify election counts ** Polling, voting to make decisions or determine opinions ** Polling places o ...
, 1952 * '' Neolamprologus prochilus'' R. M. Bailey & D. J. Stewart, 1977 * ''
Neolamprologus pulcher ''Neolamprologus pulcher'' is a species of cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika where it prefers locations with plenty of sedimentation. The common name for ''N. pulcher'' is the daffodil cichlid. This species can reach a length of TL. It can ...
'' Trewavas &
Poll Poll, polled, or polling may refer to: Figurative head counts * Poll, a formal election ** Election verification exit poll, a survey taken to verify election counts ** Polling, voting to make decisions or determine opinions ** Polling places o ...
, 1952 * '' Neolamprologus savoryi''
Poll Poll, polled, or polling may refer to: Figurative head counts * Poll, a formal election ** Election verification exit poll, a survey taken to verify election counts ** Polling, voting to make decisions or determine opinions ** Polling places o ...
, 1949 * '' Neolamprologus schreyeni''
Poll Poll, polled, or polling may refer to: Figurative head counts * Poll, a formal election ** Election verification exit poll, a survey taken to verify election counts ** Polling, voting to make decisions or determine opinions ** Polling places o ...
, 1974 * '' Neolamprologus sexfasciatus'' Trewavas &
Poll Poll, polled, or polling may refer to: Figurative head counts * Poll, a formal election ** Election verification exit poll, a survey taken to verify election counts ** Polling, voting to make decisions or determine opinions ** Polling places o ...
, 1952 * ''
Neolamprologus similis ''Neolamprologus similis'' is a shell-dwelling cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika in Africa, where it is only known along the shores of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Tanzania. ''N. similis'' is copper-coloured with vertical white strip ...
'' Büscher, 1992 * '' Neolamprologus splendens'' Brichard, 1989 * '' Neolamprologus tetracanthus'' Boulenger, 1899 (Fourspine cichlid) * '' Neolamprologus timidus'' S. O. Kullander, Norén, Mi. Karlsson & Ma. Karlsson, 2014 Kullander, S.O., Norén, M., Karlsson, M. & Karlsson, M. (2014)
Description of ''Neolamprologus timidus'', new species, and review of ''N. furcifer'' from Lake Tanganyika (Teleostei: Cichlidae).
''Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 24 (4) 013 301-328.'' * '' Neolamprologus toae''
Poll Poll, polled, or polling may refer to: Figurative head counts * Poll, a formal election ** Election verification exit poll, a survey taken to verify election counts ** Polling, voting to make decisions or determine opinions ** Polling places o ...
, 1949 * '' Neolamprologus tretocephalus'' Boulenger, 1899 * '' Neolamprologus variostigma'' Büscher, 1995 * '' Neolamprologus ventralis'' Büscher, 1995 * '' Neolamprologus walteri'' Verburg & I. R. Bills, 2007 * '' Neolamprologus wauthioni''
Poll Poll, polled, or polling may refer to: Figurative head counts * Poll, a formal election ** Election verification exit poll, a survey taken to verify election counts ** Polling, voting to make decisions or determine opinions ** Polling places o ...
, 1949


Footnotes


References

* (2007): Phylogenetic relationships of the Lake Tanganyika cichlid tribe Lamprologini: The story from mitochondrial DNA. '' Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.'' 45(2): 629–642. (HTML abstract) * (1998): ''Tanganyikan cichlids in their natural habitat''. Cichlid Press. * (2003): ''Neolamprologus pulcher'' "Daffodil II". ''Fincinnati'' 2003
PDF fulltext
* (1994): Mitochondrial phylogeny of the Lamprologini, the major substrate spawning lineage of cichild fishes from Lake Tanganyika in eastern Africa. '' Mol. Biol. Evol.'' 11(4): 691-703
PDF fulltext
{{Taxonbar, from=Q132743 Lamprologini * Cichlid genera