![Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising BW](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_BW.jpg)
The
government
A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, generally a state.
In the case of its broad associative definition, government normally consists of legislature, executive, and judiciary. Government i ...
s of the
German Empire
The German Empire (),Herbert Tuttle wrote in September 1881 that the term "Reich" does not literally connote an empire as has been commonly assumed by English-speaking people. The term literally denotes an empire – particularly a hereditary ...
and
Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany (lit. "National Socialist State"), ' (lit. "Nazi State") for short; also ' (lit. "National Socialist Germany") (officially known as the German Reich from 1933 until 1943, and the Greater German Reich from 1943 to 1945) was ...
(under
Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler (; 20 April 188930 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was dictator of Germany from 1933 until his death in 1945. He rose to power as the leader of the Nazi Party, becoming the chancellor in 1933 and the ...
) ordered, organized and condoned a substantial number of
war crimes, first in the
Herero and Namaqua genocide
The Herero and Namaqua genocide or the Herero and Nama genocide was a campaign of ethnic extermination and collective punishment waged by the German Empire against the Herero (Ovaherero) and the Nama in German South West Africa (now Namibia). I ...
and then in the
First and
Second
The second (symbol: s) is the unit of time in the International System of Units (SI), historically defined as of a day – this factor derived from the division of the day first into 24 hours, then to 60 minutes and finally to 60 seconds ea ...
World Wars. The most notable of these is
the Holocaust
The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europ ...
in which millions of
Jews
Jews ( he, יְהוּדִים, , ) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The ...
and
Romani
Romani may refer to:
Ethnicities
* Romani people, an ethnic group of Northern Indian origin, living dispersed in Europe, the Americas and Asia
** Romani genocide, under Nazi rule
* Romani language, any of several Indo-Aryan languages of the Roma ...
were systematically murdered. Millions of civilians and prisoners of war also died as a result of German abuse, mistreatment, and deliberate starvation policies in those two conflicts. Much of the evidence was deliberately destroyed by the perpetrators, such as in
Sonderaktion 1005
' 1005 (, 'Special Action 1005'), also called ''Aktion'' 1005 or ' (, 'Exhumation Action'), was a top-secret Nazi operation conducted from June 1942 to late 1944. The goal of the project was to hide or destroy any evidence of the mass murder ...
, in an attempt to conceal the crimes.
Pre-World War I
Considered to have been the first
genocide
Genocide is the intentional destruction of a people—usually defined as an ethnic, national, racial, or religious group—in whole or in part. Raphael Lemkin coined the term in 1944, combining the Greek word (, "race, people") with the ...
of the 20th century, the Herero and Namaqua Genocide was perpetrated by the German Empire between 1904 and 1907 in
German South West Africa
German South West Africa (german: Deutsch-Südwestafrika) was a colony of the German Empire from 1884 until 1915, though Germany did not officially recognise its loss of this territory until the 1919 Treaty of Versailles. With a total area of ...
(modern-day
Namibia
Namibia (, ), officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in Southern Africa. Its western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Zambia and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and ea ...
), during the
Scramble for Africa
The Scramble for Africa, also called the Partition of Africa, or Conquest of Africa, was the invasion, annexation, division, and colonization of most of Africa by seven Western European powers during a short period known as New Imperialism ...
.
On January 12, 1904, the
Herero people
The Herero ( hz, Ovaherero) are a Bantu ethnic group inhabiting parts of Southern Africa. There were an estimated 250,000 Herero people in Namibia in 2013. They speak Otjiherero, a Bantu language. Though the Herero primarily reside in Namibia, t ...
, led by
Samuel Maharero
Samuel Maharero (1856 – 14 March 1923) was a Paramount Tribal chief, Chief of the Herero people in German South West Africa (today Namibia) during their revolts and in connection with the events surrounding the Herero and Namaqua Genocide, He ...
, rebelled against
German colonialism. In August, General
Lothar von Trotha
General Adrian Dietrich Lothar von Trotha (3 July 1848 – 31 March 1920) was a German military commander during the European new colonial era. As a brigade commander of the East Asian Expedition Corps, he was involved in suppressing the Boxe ...
of the
Imperial German Army
The Imperial German Army (1871–1919), officially referred to as the German Army (german: Deutsches Heer), was the unified ground and air force of the German Empire. It was established in 1871 with the political unification of Germany under the l ...
defeated the Herero in the
Battle of Waterberg
The Battle of Waterberg (Battle of Ohamakari) took place on August 11, 1904 at the Waterberg, German South West Africa (modern day Namibia), and was the decisive battle in the German campaign against the Herero.
Armies
The German Imperial For ...
and drove them into the desert of
Omaheke
Omaheke ( hz, Sandveld) is one of the fourteen regions of Namibia, the least populous region. Its capital is Gobabis. It lies in eastern Namibia on the border with Botswana and is the western extension of the Kalahari desert. The self-governed vi ...
, where most of them died of thirst. In October, the
Nama people
Nama (in older sources also called Namaqua) are an African ethnic group of South Africa, Namibia and Botswana. They traditionally speak the Nama language of the Khoe-Kwadi language family, although many Nama also speak Afrikaans. The Nama Pe ...
also rebelled against the Germans only to suffer a similar fate.
In total, from 24,000 up to 100,000 Herero and 10,000 Nama died.
[Walter Nuhn: ''Sturm über Südwest. Der Hereroaufstand von 1904.'' Bernard & Graefe-Verlag, Koblenz 1989. .] The genocide was characterized by widespread death by starvation and thirst because the Herero who fled the violence were prevented from returning from the
Namib Desert
The Namib ( ; pt, Namibe) is a coastal desert in Southern Africa. The name is of Khoekhoegowab origin and means "vast place". According to the broadest definition, the Namib stretches for more than along the Atlantic coasts of Angola, Nami ...
. Some sources also claim that the German colonial army systematically
poisoned wells in the desert.
[Dan Kroll, "Securing our water supply: protecting a vulnerable resource", PennWell Corp/University of Michigan Press, pg. 22]
World War I
![Bundesarchiv Bild 183-F0313-0208-007, Gaskrieg (Luftbild)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-F0313-0208-007%2C_Gaskrieg_%28Luftbild%29.jpg)
Documentation regarding German war crimes in World War I was seized and destroyed by Nazi Germany during World War II, after
occupying France, along with monuments commemorating their victims.
Chemical weapons in warfare
Poison gas
Many gases have toxic properties, which are often assessed using the LC50 (median lethal dose) measure. In the United States, many of these gases have been assigned an NFPA 704 health rating of 4 (may be fatal) or 3 (may cause serious or perma ...
was first introduced as a weapon by Imperial Germany, and subsequently used by all major belligerents, in violation of the
1899 Hague Declaration Concerning Asphyxiating Gases and the
1907 Hague Convention on Land Warfare, which explicitly forbade the use of "poison or poisoned weapons" in warfare.
Belgium
![L'exécution des notables de Blégny, 1914 (par Evariste Carpentier)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/L%27ex%C3%A9cution_des_notables_de_Bl%C3%A9gny%2C_1914_%28par_Evariste_Carpentier%29.jpg)
In August 1914, as part of the
Schlieffen Plan
The Schlieffen Plan (german: Schlieffen-Plan, ) is a name given after the First World War to German war plans, due to the influence of Field Marshal Alfred von Schlieffen and his thinking on an invasion of France and Belgium, which began on ...
, the German Army
invaded and occupied the neutral nation of Belgium without explicit warning, which violated a
treaty of 1839 that the German chancellor dismissed as a "scrap of paper" and the
1907 Hague Convention on Opening of Hostilities. Within the first two months of the war, the German occupiers terrorized the Belgians, killing thousands of civilians and looting and burning scores of towns, including
Leuven
Leuven (, ) or Louvain (, , ; german: link=no, Löwen ) is the capital and largest city of the province of Flemish Brabant in the Flemish Region of Belgium. It is located about east of Brussels. The municipality itself comprises the historic c ...
, which housed the country's preeminent university, mainly in retaliation for Belgian guerrilla warfare, (see ''
francs-tireurs
(, French for "free shooters") were irregular military formations deployed by France during the early stages of the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71). The term was revived and used by partisans to name two major French Resistance movements set ...
''). This action was in violation of the 1907 Hague Convention on Land Warfare provisions that prohibited
collective punishment
Collective punishment is a punishment or sanction imposed on a group for acts allegedly perpetrated by a member of that group, which could be an ethnic or political group, or just the family, friends and neighbors of the perpetrator. Because ind ...
of civilians and looting and destruction of civilian property in
occupied territories
Military occupation, also known as belligerent occupation or simply occupation, is the effective military control by a ruling power over a territory that is outside of that power's sovereign territory.Eyāl Benveniśtî. The international law ...
.
Bombardment of English coastal towns
The raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby, which took place on December 16, 1914, was an attack by the
Imperial German Navy
The Imperial German Navy or the Imperial Navy () was the navy of the German Empire, which existed between 1871 and 1919. It grew out of the small Prussian Navy (from 1867 the North German Federal Navy), which was mainly for coast defence. Wilhel ...
on the
British
British may refer to:
Peoples, culture, and language
* British people, nationals or natives of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories, and Crown Dependencies.
** Britishness, the British identity and common culture
* British English, ...
seaport towns of
Scarborough,
Hartlepool
Hartlepool () is a seaside and port town in County Durham, England. It is the largest settlement and administrative centre of the Borough of Hartlepool. With an estimated population of 90,123, it is the second-largest settlement in County D ...
,
West Hartlepool, and
Whitby
Whitby is a seaside town, port and civil parish in the Scarborough borough of North Yorkshire, England. Situated on the east coast of Yorkshire at the mouth of the River Esk, Whitby has a maritime, mineral and tourist heritage. Its East Cl ...
. The attack resulted in 137 fatalities and 592 casualties. The raid was in violation of the ninth section of the 1907 Hague Convention which prohibited naval bombardments of undefended towns without warning, because only Hartlepool was protected by
shore batteries. Germany was a signatory of the 1907 Hague Convention. Another attack followed on 26 April 1916 on the coastal towns of
Yarmouth and Lowestoft but both were important naval bases and defended by shore batteries.
Unrestricted submarine warfare
Unrestricted submarine warfare
Unrestricted submarine warfare is a type of naval warfare in which submarines sink merchant ships such as freighters and tankers without warning, as opposed to attacks per prize rules (also known as "cruiser rules") that call for warships to s ...
was instituted in 1915 in response to the
British naval blockade of Germany.
Prize rules
In admiralty law prizes are equipment, vehicles, vessels, and cargo captured during armed conflict. The most common use of ''prize'' in this sense is the capture of an enemy ship and her cargo as a prize of war. In the past, the capturing force ...
, which were codified under the 1907 Hague Convention—such as those that required
commerce raider
Commerce raiding (french: guerre de course, "war of the chase"; german: Handelskrieg, "trade war") is a form of naval warfare used to destroy or disrupt logistics of the enemy on the open sea by attacking its merchant shipping, rather than enga ...
s to warn their targets and allow time for the crew to board lifeboats—were disregarded and
commercial vessel
A merchant ship, merchant vessel, trading vessel, or merchantman is a watercraft that transports cargo or carries passengers for hire. This is in contrast to pleasure craft, which are used for personal recreation, and naval ships, which are us ...
s were sunk regardless of nationality, cargo, or destination. Following the sinking of the on 7 May 1915 and subsequent public outcry in various neutral countries, including the
United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country Continental United States, primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 U.S. state, states, a Washington, D.C., ...
, the practice was withdrawn. However, Germany resumed the practice on 1 February 1917 and declared that all merchant ships regardless of nationalities would be sunk without warning. This outraged the U.S. public, prompting the U.S. to break diplomatic relations with Germany two days later, and, along with the
Zimmermann Telegram, led the
U.S. entry into the war two months later on the side of the
Allied Powers.
World War II
Chronologically, the first German World War II crime, and also the very first act of the war, was the
bombing of Wieluń
The bombing of Wieluń is considered by many to be the first major act of World War II, and the September Campaign. After Luftwaffe air units moved into Polish airspace in the early morning of 1 September, they reached the town of Wieluń by ...
, a town where no targets of military value were present.
More significantly,
The Holocaust
The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europ ...
of the Jews, the
Action T4
(German, ) was a campaign of mass murder by involuntary euthanasia in Nazi Germany. The term was first used in post-war trials against doctors who had been involved in the killings. The name T4 is an abbreviation of 4, a street address of t ...
killing of the
disabled
Disability is the experience of any condition that makes it more difficult for a person to do certain activities or have equitable access within a given society. Disabilities may be cognitive, developmental, intellectual, mental, physical, ...
and the
Porajmos of the
Romani
Romani may refer to:
Ethnicities
* Romani people, an ethnic group of Northern Indian origin, living dispersed in Europe, the Americas and Asia
** Romani genocide, under Nazi rule
* Romani language, any of several Indo-Aryan languages of the Roma ...
are the most notable war crimes committed by Nazi Germany during World War II. Not all of the crimes committed during the Holocaust and similar mass atrocities were war crimes.
Telford Taylor (The U.S. prosecutor in the German
High Command case at the
Nuremberg Trials
The Nuremberg trials were held by the Allies of World War II, Allies against representatives of the defeated Nazi Germany, for plotting and carrying out invasions of other countries, and other crimes, in World War II.
Between 1939 and 1945 ...
and Chief Counsel for the twelve trials before the U.S.
Nuremberg Military Tribunals
The subsequent Nuremberg trials were a series of 12 military tribunals for war crimes against members of the leadership of Nazi Germany between December 1946 and April 1949. They followed the first and best-known Nuremberg trial before the In ...
) explained in 1982:
*
German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war
During World War II, Nazi Germany engaged in a policy of deliberate maltreatment of Soviet prisoners of war (POWs), in contrast to their general treatment of British and American POWs. This policy, which amounted to deliberately starving and wor ...
– at least 3.3 million Soviet POWs died in German custody, out of 5.7 million captured; this figure represents 57% POW casualty rate.
*
Le Paradis massacre, May 1940, British soldiers of the
Royal Norfolk Regiment
The Royal Norfolk Regiment was a line infantry regiment of the British Army until 1959. Its predecessor regiment was raised in 1685 as Henry Cornwall's Regiment of Foot. In 1751, it was numbered like most other British Army regiments and named ...
, were captured by the SS and subsequently murdered.
Fritz Knoechlein was tried, found guilty and hanged.
*
Wormhoudt massacre, May 1940, British and French soldiers captured by the SS and subsequently murdered. No one was found guilty of the crime.
*
Lidice massacre
The Lidice massacre was the complete destruction of the village of Lidice in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, now the Czech Republic, in June 1942 on orders from Adolf Hitler and the successor of the '' Reichsführer-SS'' Heinrich Himml ...
after assassination of
Reinhard Heydrich
Reinhard Tristan Eugen Heydrich ( ; ; 7 March 1904 – 4 June 1942) was a high-ranking German SS and police official during the Nazi era and a principal architect of the Holocaust.
He was chief of the Reich Security Main Office (inclu ...
in 1942, when the Czech village was utterly destroyed, and inhabitants murdered.
*
Normandy Massacres
The Normandy massacres were a series of killings in which up to 156 Canadian prisoners of war were murdered by soldiers of the 12th SS Panzer Division (Hitler Youth) during the Battle of Normandy in World War II. The majority of the murders oc ...
, a series of killings in which up to 156 Canadian prisoners of war were murdered by soldiers of the
12th SS Panzer Division (Hitler Youth) during the Battle of Normandy
**
Ardenne Abbey massacre, one of the Normandy massacres; June 1944 Canadian soldiers captured by the SS and murdered by 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend. SS General
Kurt Meyer (Panzermeyer)
Kurt Meyer (23 December 1910 – 23 December 1961) was an SS commander and convicted war criminal of Nazi Germany. He served in the Waffen-SS (the combat branch of the SS) and participated in the Battle of France, Operation Barbarossa, and ot ...
sentenced to be shot 1946; sentence commuted; released 1954
*
Graignes massacre, 11 June 1944, United States POWs that had surrendered were executed by the German troops by shooting and stabbing.
*
Malmedy massacre
The Malmedy massacre was a Nazi Germany, German war crime committed by soldiers of the on 17 December 1944, at the Baugnez crossroads near the city of Malmedy, Belgium, during the Battle of the Bulge (16 December 1944 – 25 January 1945). Sol ...
, December 1944, United States POWs captured by ''
Kampfgruppe Peiper'' were murdered outside of
Malmedy
Malmedy (; german: Malmünd, ; wa, Måmdiy) is a city and municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Liège, Belgium.
On January 1, 2018, Malmedy had a total population of 12,654. The total area is 99.96 km2 which gives a popula ...
,
Belgium
Belgium, ; french: Belgique ; german: Belgien officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. The country is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeast, France to ...
.
* Wereth massacre. 17 December 1944, soldiers from 3./SS-PzAA1 LSSAH captured eleven African-American soldiers from
333rd Artillery Battalion in the hamlet of Wereth, Belgium. Subsequently, the prisoners were tortured, shot, and had their fingers cut off, legs broken, eyes gouged out, jaw broken and at least one was shot while trying to bandage a comrade's wounds.
* Wahlhausen massacre, December 1944, United States Pows from the 28th Infantry Division captured by German troops were summarily executed.
*
Gardelegen (war crime) of April 1945 when
Nazi concentration camp
From 1933 to 1945, Nazi Germany operated more than a thousand concentration camps, (officially) or (more commonly). The Nazi concentration camps are distinguished from other types of Nazi camps such as forced-labor camps, as well as con ...
prisoners were herded into a barn, which was then set alight, killing all inside
*
Oradour-sur-Glane massacre
On 10 June 1944, four days after D-Day, the village of Oradour-sur-Glane in Haute-Vienne in Nazi-occupied France was destroyed when 643 civilians, including non-combatant women and children, were massacred by a German Waffen-SS company.
A ne ...
*
Massacre of Kalavryta
The Kalavryta massacre ( el, Σφαγή των Καλαβρύτων), or the Holocaust of Kalavryta (), was the near-extermination of the male population and the total destruction of the town of Kalavryta, Axis-occupied Greece, by the 117th ...
*
Unrestricted submarine warfare
Unrestricted submarine warfare is a type of naval warfare in which submarines sink merchant ships such as freighters and tankers without warning, as opposed to attacks per prize rules (also known as "cruiser rules") that call for warships to s ...
against merchant shipping.
*The intentional destruction of major medieval churches of
Novgorod
Veliky Novgorod ( rus, links=no, Великий Новгород, t=Great Newtown, p=vʲɪˈlʲikʲɪj ˈnovɡərət), also known as just Novgorod (), is the largest city and administrative centre of Novgorod Oblast, Russia. It is one of the ...
, of monasteries in the
Moscow region
Moscow Oblast ( rus, Моско́вская о́бласть, r=Moskovskaya oblast', p=mɐˈskofskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ), or Podmoskovye ( rus, Подмоско́вье, p=pədmɐˈskovʲjə, literally " under Moscow"), is a federal subject of Ru ...
(e.g., of
New Jerusalem Monastery
The Resurrection Monastery (russian: Воскресенский монастырь, ''Voskresensky Monastery'') or New Jerusalem Monastery (russian: Новоиерусалимский монастырь, ''Novoiyerusalimsky Monastery'') is a major ...
) and of the imperial palaces around
St. Petersburg
Saint Petersburg ( rus, links=no, Санкт-Петербург, a=Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg, r=Sankt-Peterburg, p=ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk), formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), i ...
(many of them were left by the post-war authorities in ruins or simply demolished).
*The campaign of extermination of Slavic population in the occupied territories. Several thousand villages were burned with their entire population (e.g.,
Khatyn massacre in
Belarus
Belarus,, , ; alternatively and formerly known as Byelorussia (from Russian ). officially the Republic of Belarus,; rus, Республика Беларусь, Respublika Belarus. is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by ...
). A quarter of the inhabitants of Belarus did not survive the German occupation.
*
Soap made from human corpses
During the 20th century, there were various alleged instances of soap being made from human body fat. During World War I the British press claimed that the Germans operated a corpse factory in which they made glycerine and soap from the bodies o ...
produced on a small-scale by German scientist
Rudolf Spanner
Rudolf Spanner (born 17 April 1895 in Metternich bei Koblenz; died 31 August 1960) was Director of the Danzig Anatomical Institute during World War II and Nazi party member (party membership ID 2733605). During the Second World War Spanner used ...
.
*
Commando Order
The Commando Order () was issued by the OKW, the high command of the German armed forces, on 18 October 1942. This order stated that all Allied commandos captured in Europe and Africa should be summarily executed without trial, even if in pro ...
, the secret order issued by Hitler in October 1942 stating that Allied combatants encountered during
commando
Royal Marines from 40 Commando on patrol in the Sangin">40_Commando.html" ;"title="Royal Marines from 40 Commando">Royal Marines from 40 Commando on patrol in the Sangin area of Afghanistan are pictured
A commando is a combatant, or operativ ...
operations were to be executed immediately without trial, even if they were properly uniformed, unarmed, or intending to surrender.
*
Commissar Order
The Commissar Order (german: Kommissarbefehl) was an order issued by the German High Command ( OKW) on 6 June 1941 before Operation Barbarossa. Its official name was Guidelines for the Treatment of Political Commissars (''Richtlinien für die Be ...
, the order from Hitler to
Wehrmacht
The ''Wehrmacht'' (, ) were the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. It consisted of the ''Heer'' (army), the '' Kriegsmarine'' (navy) and the ''Luftwaffe'' (air force). The designation "''Wehrmacht''" replaced the previo ...
troops before the invasion of the
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen nationa ...
in 1941 to shoot
Commissar
Commissar (or sometimes ''Kommissar'') is an English transliteration of the Russian (''komissar''), which means ' commissary'. In English, the transliteration ''commissar'' often refers specifically to the political commissars of Soviet and E ...
s immediately on capture.
*
Nacht und Nebel
''Nacht und Nebel'' (German: ), meaning Night and Fog, was a directive issued by Adolf Hitler on 7 December 1941 targeting political activists and resistance "helpers" in the territories occupied by Nazi Germany during World War II, who were to ...
decree of 1941 for disappearance of prisoners.
War criminals
*
List of Axis personnel indicted for war crimes
The following is a list of people who were formally indicted for committing war crimes on behalf of the Axis powers during World War II, including those who were acquitted or never received judgment. It does not include people who may have commi ...
* List of
Nazi doctors
*
Adolf Eichmann
Otto Adolf Eichmann ( ,"Eichmann"
'' Heinrich Gross
Heinrich Gross (14 November 1915 – 15 December 2005) was an Austrian psychiatrist, medical doctor and neurologist, a reputed expert as a leading court-appointed psychiatrist, ill-famed for his proven involvement in the killing of at least nine ...
*
Hans Heinze
Hans Heinze, sometimes referred to as ''Euthanasie-Heinze'' ("Euthanasia Heinze"; 18 October 1895 – 4 February 1983), was a Nazi German psychiatrist and eugenicist.
Life
Heinze was born in Elsterberg, the 13th of 14 children, and was educated ...
*
Rudolf Hoess
*
Karl Linnas
*
Josef Mengele
, allegiance =
, branch = Schutzstaffel
, serviceyears = 1938–1945
, rank = '' SS''-'' Hauptsturmführer'' (Captain)
, servicenumber =
, battles =
, unit =
, awards =
, commands =
, ...
*
Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer
*
Alfred Trzebinski
Alfred Trzebinski (29 August 1902 – 8 October 1946) was an SS-physician at the Auschwitz, Majdanek and Neuengamme concentration camps in Nazi Germany. He was sentenced to death and executed for his involvement in war crimes committed at the N ...
Massacres and war crimes of World War II by location
Austria
*Murders of disabled children by
Heinrich Gross
Heinrich Gross (14 November 1915 – 15 December 2005) was an Austrian psychiatrist, medical doctor and neurologist, a reputed expert as a leading court-appointed psychiatrist, ill-famed for his proven involvement in the killing of at least nine ...
*Recommendation of disabled children for
euthanasia
Euthanasia (from el, εὐθανασία 'good death': εὖ, ''eu'' 'well, good' + θάνατος, ''thanatos'' 'death') is the practice of intentionally ending life to eliminate pain and suffering.
Different countries have different eut ...
by
Hans Asperger
Johann Friedrich Karl Asperger (, ; 18 February 1906 – 21 October 1980) was an Austrian psychiatrist. He is remembered for his pioneering studies of autism, specifically in children. His name was given to Asperger syndrome, a form of autism ...
Belarus
*
The Holocaust in Belarus
The Holocaust in Belarus is the term that refers to the systematic discrimination and extermination of Jews living in the former Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic which was occupied by Nazi Germany after August 1941 during World War II. ...
*
Anti-partisan operations in Belarus
*
Operation Bamberg
*
Operation Cottbus
Operation Cottbus was an anti-partisan operation during the occupation of Belarus by Nazi Germany. The operation began on 20 May 1943 during the World War II occupation of northern Belarus in the areas of Begoml, Lepel and Ushachy. A number of ...
; 1941
*27 October,
Slutsk
Slutsk ( officially transliterated as Sluck, be, Слуцк; russian: Слуцк; pl, Słuck, lt, Sluckas, Yiddish/Hebrew: סלוצק ''Slutsk'') is a city in Belarus, located on the Sluch River south of Minsk. As of 2022, its population i ...
,
Slutsk Affair (4,000 people, including women and children)
*28 September – 17 October,
Pleszczenice-
Bischolin-
Szack (Šacak)-
Bobr-
Uzda
Uzda ( be, Узда; russian: link=no, Узда) is a city in the Minsk Region of Belarus. It is the administrative seat of Uzda District. As of 2009, its population was 10,000. The town's name means "bridle."
History
Uzda was first referred to ...
(
White Ruthenia
White Ruthenia ( cu, Бѣла Роусь, Bela Rous'; be, Белая Русь, Biełaja Ruś; pl, Ruś Biała; russian: Белая Русь, Belaya Rus'; ukr, Біла Русь, Bila Rus') alternatively known as Russia Alba, White Rus' or W ...
) massacre (1,126 children)
; 1942
* 26 March – 6 April,
Operation Bamberg (
Hłusk,
Bobrujsk; 4,396 people, including children)
* April 29 and August 10, 1942,
Dzyatlava massacre
, location = Zdzięcioł (now, Dzyatlava) German-occupied Poland, present-day Belarus
, date = April 30, 1942 August 10, 1942
, incident_type = Shootings by automatic and semi-automatic weapons
, perpetrators = SS, Order ...
, Diatłowo (
Dzyatlava
Dziatlava or Dyatlovo ( be, Дзятлава, lt, Zietela, pl, Zdzięcioł, russian: italic=yes, Дзенціолъ until the 1870s, thereafter ''Дятлово'', yi, זשעטל, Zhetl) is a town in Belarus in the Grodno Region, about 165&nb ...
); 3,000- 5,000 people, including women and children
*9 – 12 May,
Kliczów-
Bobrujsk massacre (520 people, including children)
*Beginning of June,
Słowodka-
Bobrujsk massacre (1,000 people, including children)
*15 June
Borki (powiat białostocki) massacre (1,741 people, including children)
*21 June
Zbyszin massacre (1,076 people, including children)
*25 June
Timkowiczi massacre (900 people, including children)
*26 June
Studenka massacre (836 people, including children)
*18 July,
Jelsk massacre (1,000 people, including children)
*15 July – 7 August,
Operation Adler
There were three events in World War II called Operation Adler (Adler means ''Eagle'' in German):
# A series of Luftwaffe attacks beginning on 13 August 1940 known as Operation Eagle Attack (''Unternehmen Adlerangriff'') set to begin on '' Adler ...
(
Bobrujsk,
Mohylew,
Berezyna
Byerazino ( be, Беразіно́, Bierazino), or Berezino (russian: Березино́, pl, Berezyna, lt, Berezinas), also known as Biarezan (Бярэзань, yi, בערעזין, Berezin), is a town on the Berezina River in Minsk Region o ...
; 1,381 people, including children)
*14 – 20 August, Operation Greif (
Orsza
Orsha ( be, О́рша, Во́рша, Orša, Vorša; russian: О́рша ; lt, Orša, pl, Orsza) is a city in Belarus in the Vitebsk Region, on the fork of the Dnieper and Arshytsa rivers.
History
Orsha was first mentioned in 1067 as Rsh ...
,
Witebsk
Vitebsk or Viciebsk (russian: Витебск, ; be, Ві́цебск, ; , ''Vitebsk'', lt, Vitebskas, pl, Witebsk), is a city in Belarus. The capital of the Vitebsk Region, it has 366,299 inhabitants, making it the country's fourth-largest ci ...
; 796 people, including children)
*22 August – 21 September,
Operation Sumpffieber (
White Ruthenia
White Ruthenia ( cu, Бѣла Роусь, Bela Rous'; be, Белая Русь, Biełaja Ruś; pl, Ruś Biała; russian: Белая Русь, Belaya Rus'; ukr, Біла Русь, Bila Rus') alternatively known as Russia Alba, White Rus' or W ...
; 10,063 people, including children)
*August,
Bereźne massacre
*22 September – 26 September (
Małoryta massacre; 4,038 people, including children)
*23 September – 3 October,
Operation Blitz
Operation or Operations may refer to:
Arts, entertainment and media
* Operation (game), ''Operation'' (game), a battery-operated board game that challenges dexterity
* Operation (music), a term used in musical set theory
* Operations (magazine ...
(
Połock,
Witebsk
Vitebsk or Viciebsk (russian: Витебск, ; be, Ві́цебск, ; , ''Vitebsk'', lt, Vitebskas, pl, Witebsk), is a city in Belarus. The capital of the Vitebsk Region, it has 366,299 inhabitants, making it the country's fourth-largest ci ...
; 567 people, including children)
*11 – 23 October,
Operation Karlsbad (
Orsza
Orsha ( be, О́рша, Во́рша, Orša, Vorša; russian: О́рша ; lt, Orša, pl, Orsza) is a city in Belarus in the Vitebsk Region, on the fork of the Dnieper and Arshytsa rivers.
History
Orsha was first mentioned in 1067 as Rsh ...
,
Witebsk
Vitebsk or Viciebsk (russian: Витебск, ; be, Ві́цебск, ; , ''Vitebsk'', lt, Vitebskas, pl, Witebsk), is a city in Belarus. The capital of the Vitebsk Region, it has 366,299 inhabitants, making it the country's fourth-largest ci ...
; 1,051 people, including children)
*23 – 29 November,
Operation Nürnberg (
Dubrowka; 2,974 people, including children)
*December,
Mirnaya massacre, Mirnaya (Мірная), Belarus ''(be)''; 147 including women and children
*10 – 21 December,
Operation Hamburg (
Niemen
The Neman, Nioman, Nemunas or MemelTo bankside nations of the present: Lithuanian: be, Нёман, , ; russian: Неман, ''Neman''; past: ger, Memel (where touching Prussia only, otherwise Nieman); lv, Nemuna; et, Neemen; pl, Niemen; ...
River-
Szczara River; 6,172 people, including children)
*22 – 29 December,
Operation Altona (
Słonim
Slonim ( be, Сло́нім, russian: Сло́ним, lt, Slanimas, lv, Sloņima, pl, Słonim, yi, סלאָנים, ''Slonim'') is a city in Grodno Region, Belarus, capital of the Slonimski rajon. It is located at the junction of the Šča ...
; 1,032 people, including children)
; 1943
![Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1970-043-52, Russland, bei Minsk, tote Zivilisten](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1970-043-52%2C_Russland%2C_bei_Minsk%2C_tote_Zivilisten.jpg)
*6 – 14 January,
Operation Franz (
Grodsjanka; 2,025 people, including children)
*10 – 11 January,
Operation Peter (
Kliczów,
Kolbcza; 1,400 people, including children)
*18 – 23 January,
Słuck
Slutsk ( officially transliterated as Sluck, be, Слуцк; russian: Слуцк; pl, Słuck, lt, Sluckas, Yiddish/Hebrew: סלוצק ''Slutsk'') is a city in Belarus, located on the Sluch River south of Minsk. As of 2022, its population is ...
-
Mińsk-
Czerwień
Czerwień was a West Slavic settlement located near the site of modern Czermno near Tyszowce. In early Middle Ages, the town was the administrative centre of the so-called Czerwień Towns, that is the region roughly correspondent to later Red ...
massacre (825 people, including children)
*28 January – 15 February,
Operation Schneehase
Operation or Operations may refer to:
Arts, entertainment and media
* ''Operation'' (game), a battery-operated board game that challenges dexterity
* Operation (music), a term used in musical set theory
* ''Operations'' (magazine), Multi-Ma ...
(
Połock,
Rossony,
Krasnopole; 2,283 people, including children); 54; 37
*Until 28 January,
Operation Erntefest I (
Czerwień
Czerwień was a West Slavic settlement located near the site of modern Czermno near Tyszowce. In early Middle Ages, the town was the administrative centre of the so-called Czerwień Towns, that is the region roughly correspondent to later Red ...
,
Osipowicze; 1,228 people, including children)
*Jaanuar,
Operation Eisbär (between
Briańsk and
Dmitriev-Lgowski)
*Until 1 February,
Operation Waldwinter
Operation or Operations may refer to:
Arts, entertainment and media
* ''Operation'' (game), a battery-operated board game that challenges dexterity
* Operation (music), a term used in musical set theory
* ''Operations'' (magazine), Multi-Ma ...
(
Sirotino-Trudy; 1,627 people, including children)
*8 – 26 February,
Operation Hornung
Operation Hornung was an anti-partisan operation during the Occupation of Belarus by Nazi Germany, carried out in February 1943. It was directed against the area Hancewicze- Morocz-Lenin-Łuniniec, a thinly populated area of about 4,000 square ...
(
Lenin
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov. ( 1870 – 21 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin,. was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as the first and founding head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 19 ...
,
Hancewicze; 12,897 people, including children)
*Until 9 February,
Operation Erntefest II
Operation or Operations may refer to:
Arts, entertainment and media
* Operation (game), ''Operation'' (game), a battery-operated board game that challenges dexterity
* Operation (music), a term used in musical set theory
* Operations (magazine ...
(
Słuck
Slutsk ( officially transliterated as Sluck, be, Слуцк; russian: Слуцк; pl, Słuck, lt, Sluckas, Yiddish/Hebrew: סלוצק ''Slutsk'') is a city in Belarus, located on the Sluch River south of Minsk. As of 2022, its population is ...
,
Kopyl
Kapyl ( be, Капы́ль, Kapyĺ, russian: Копыль, Kopyl; pl, Kopyl; lt, Kapylius; yi, קאפּוליע) is an urban settlement and the capital of Kapyl District in Belarus. It is located west-northwest of Slutsk and south-southwest o ...
; 2,325 people, including children)
*15 February – end of March,
Operation Winterzauber (
Oświeja, Latvian border; 3,904 people, including children)
*22 February – 8 March,
Operation Kugelblitz
Operation Kugelblitz ("ball lightning") was a major anti- Partisan offensive orchestrated by German forces in December 1943 during World War II in Yugoslavia. The Germans attacked Josip Broz Tito's Partisan forces in the eastern parts of the Ind ...
(
Połock,
Oświeja,
Dryssa,
Rossony; 3,780 people, including children)
*Until 19 March,
Operation Nixe
Operation or Operations may refer to:
Arts, entertainment and media
* ''Operation'' (game), a battery-operated board game that challenges dexterity
* Operation (music), a term used in musical set theory
* ''Operations'' (magazine), Multi-Ma ...
(
Ptycz,
Mikaszewicze,
Pińsk
Pinsk ( be, Пі́нск; russian: Пи́нск ; Polish: Pińsk; ) is a city located in the Brest Region of Belarus, in the Polesia region, at the confluence of the Pina River and the Pripyat River. The region was known as the Marsh of Pinsk a ...
; 400 people, including children)
*Until 21 March,
Operation Föhn (
Pińsk
Pinsk ( be, Пі́нск; russian: Пи́нск ; Polish: Pińsk; ) is a city located in the Brest Region of Belarus, in the Polesia region, at the confluence of the Pina River and the Pripyat River. The region was known as the Marsh of Pinsk a ...
; 543 people, including children)
![Khatyn Memorial, Belarus](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Khatyn_Memorial%2C_Belarus.jpg)
*21 March – 2 April,
Operation Donnerkeil
Unternehmen Donnerkeil (Operation Thunderbolt) was the codename for a German military operation of the Second World War. ''Donnerkeil'' was an air superiority operation to support the '' Kriegsmarine'' (German Navy) Operation Cerberus, also know ...
(
Połock,
Witebsk
Vitebsk or Viciebsk (russian: Витебск, ; be, Ві́цебск, ; , ''Vitebsk'', lt, Vitebskas, pl, Witebsk), is a city in Belarus. The capital of the Vitebsk Region, it has 366,299 inhabitants, making it the country's fourth-largest ci ...
; 542 people, including children)
*March 22,
Khatyn massacre,
Khatyn
Khatyn ( be, Хаты́нь, Chatyń, ; russian: Хаты́нь, ) was a village of 26 houses and 157 inhabitants in Belarus, in Lahoysk Raion, Minsk Region, 50 km away from Minsk. On 22 March 1943, almost the entire population of the vil ...
; 149 people including women and children
*1 – 9 May,
Operation Draufgänger II
Operation or Operations may refer to:
Arts, entertainment and media
* Operation (game), ''Operation'' (game), a battery-operated board game that challenges dexterity
* Operation (music), a term used in musical set theory
* Operations (magazine ...
(
Rudnja and
Manyly forest; 680 people, including children)
*17 – 21 May,
Operation Maigewitter
Operation or Operations may refer to:
Arts, entertainment and media
* Operation (game), ''Operation'' (game), a battery-operated board game that challenges dexterity
* Operation (music), a term used in musical set theory
* Operations (magazine ...
(
Witebsk
Vitebsk or Viciebsk (russian: Витебск, ; be, Ві́цебск, ; , ''Vitebsk'', lt, Vitebskas, pl, Witebsk), is a city in Belarus. The capital of the Vitebsk Region, it has 366,299 inhabitants, making it the country's fourth-largest ci ...
,
Suraż
Suraż ( be, Сураж) is a town in north-eastern Poland situated in the Podlaskie Voivodeship, seat of Gmina Suraż in the Białystok County.
Suraż, which has a long and rich history, and was a royal town in the Kingdom of Poland, currently ...
,
Gorodok; 2,441 people, including children)
*20 May – 23 June,
Operation Cottbus
Operation Cottbus was an anti-partisan operation during the occupation of Belarus by Nazi Germany. The operation began on 20 May 1943 during the World War II occupation of northern Belarus in the areas of Begoml, Lepel and Ushachy. A number of ...
(
Lepel
Lyepyel ( be, Ле́пель, Liepieĺ; pl, Lepel; russian: Ле́пель, Lepel, ; yi, ליעפּליע, Li'epli'e) is a town located in the center of the Lyepyel Raion (district) in the Vitebsk Province of Belarus near Lyepyel Lake. Lyepye ...
,
Begomel,
Uszacz; 11,796 people, including children)
*27 May – 10 June,
Operation Weichsel
Operation or Operations may refer to:
Arts, entertainment and media
* ''Operation'' (game), a battery-operated board game that challenges dexterity
* Operation (music), a term used in musical set theory
* ''Operations'' (magazine), Multi-Ma ...
(
Dniepr
}
The Dnieper () or Dnipro (); , ; . is one of the major transboundary rivers of Europe, rising in the Valdai Hills near Smolensk, Russia, before flowing through Belarus and Ukraine to the Black Sea. It is the longest river of Ukraine and B ...
-
Prypeć triangle, South-West of
Homel
Gomel (russian: Гомель, ) or Homiel ( be, Гомель, ) is the administrative centre of Gomel Region and the second-largest city in Belarus with 526,872 inhabitants (2015 census).
Etymology
There are at least six narratives of the ori ...
; 4,018 people, including children)
*13 – 16 June,
Operation Ziethen
The Battle of Livno is the name of several battles fought over the town of Livno during World War II, which changed hands between the Independent State of Croatia and Partisan forces several times.
Operation Beta
Operation Beta followed on the h ...
(
Rzeczyca; 160 people, including children)
*25 June – 27 July,
Operation Seydlitz
The Battles of Rzhev (russian: Ржевская битва, Rzhevskaya bitva) were a series of Red Army offensives against the Wehrmacht between January 8, 1942, and March 31, 1943, on the Eastern Front of World War II. The battles took place ...
(
Owrucz
Ovruch ( uk, Овруч, pl, Owrucz, yi, , russian: О́вруч) is a city in Korosten Raion, in the Zhytomyr Oblast (province) of northern Ukraine. Prior to 2020, it was the administrative center of the former Ovruch Raion (district). It has ...
-
Mozyrz russian: Мозырь
, nickname =
, image_skyline = Mazyr Montage (2017).jpg
, imagesize = 250px
, image_flag =
, image_shield = Coat of Arms of Mazyr, Belarus.svg
, image_map =
, map_caption ...
; 5,106 people, including children)
*30 July,
Mozyrz russian: Мозырь
, nickname =
, image_skyline = Mazyr Montage (2017).jpg
, imagesize = 250px
, image_flag =
, image_shield = Coat of Arms of Mazyr, Belarus.svg
, image_map =
, map_caption ...
massacre (501 people, including children)
*Until 14 July,
Operation Günther
Operation or Operations may refer to:
Arts, entertainment and media
* ''Operation'' (game), a battery-operated board game that challenges dexterity
* Operation (music), a term used in musical set theory
* ''Operations'' (magazine), Multi-Ma ...
(
Woloszyn,
Lagoisk; 3,993 people, including children)
*13 July – 11 August,
Operation Hermann Operation Hermann was a German anti-partisan action in the Naliboki forest area carried out between 13 July 1943 and 11 August 1943. The German battle groups destroyed settlements in the area. During the operation, German troops burned down over 60 ...
(
Iwie
Iwie is a human settlement, settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Rzeczenica, within Człuchów County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately west of Rzeczenica, north-west of Człuchów, and south-west ...
,
Nowogródek
Novogrudok ( be, Навагрудак, Navahrudak; lt, Naugardukas; pl, Nowogródek; russian: Новогрудок, Novogrudok; yi, נאַוואַראַדאָק, Novhardok, Navaradok) is a town in the Grodno Region, Belarus.
In the Middle A ...
,
Woloszyn,
Stołpce
Stowbtsy ( be, Стоўбцы, ''Stoŭbcy'', ) or Stolbtsy ( rus, Столбцы, , stɐlˈptsɨ; pl, Stołpce; yi, סטויבץ ''Steibtz'', lt, Stolpcai) is a town in Minsk Region, Belarus, the administrative center of the Stowbtsy District. ...
; 4,280 people, including children)
*24 September – 10 October,
Operation Fritz
Operation or Operations may refer to:
Arts, entertainment and media
* ''Operation'' (game), a battery-operated board game that challenges dexterity
* Operation (music), a term used in musical set theory
* ''Operations'' (magazine), Multi-Ma ...
(
Głębokie; 509 people, including children)
*9 October – 22 October,
Stary Bychów massacre (1,769 people, including children)
*1 November – 18 November,
Operation Heinrich (
Rossony,
Połock,
Idrica; 5,452 people, including children)
*December,
Spasskoje massacre (628 people, including children)
*December,
Biały massacre (1,453 people, including children)
*20 December – 1 January 1944,
Operation Otto
Operation Otto (also known as Plan Otto) was the code name for two independent plans by Nazi Germany. The 1938 plan was to occupy Austria; the second envisaged an attack on the Soviet Union and was developed from late July 1940.
The Two Plans
The ...
(
Oświeja; 1,920 people, including children)
; 1944
*14 January,
Oła massacre (1,758 people, including children)
*22 January,
Baiki massacre (987 people, including children)
*3 – 15 February,
Operation Wolfsjagd (
Hłusk,
Bobrujsk; 467 people, including children)
*5 – 6 February, (near
Buczacz) massacre (126 people, including children; see
:pl:Zbrodnie w Baryszu)
*Until 19 February,
Operation Sumpfhahn (
Hłusk,
Bobrujsk; 538 people, including children)
*Beginning of March,
Berezyna
Byerazino ( be, Беразіно́, Bierazino), or Berezino (russian: Березино́, pl, Berezyna, lt, Berezinas), also known as Biarezan (Бярэзань, yi, בערעזין, Berezin), is a town on the Berezina River in Minsk Region o ...
-
Bielnicz massacre (686 people, including children)
*7 – 17 April,
Operation Auerhahn
Operation or Operations may refer to:
Arts, entertainment and media
* ''Operation'' (game), a battery-operated board game that challenges dexterity
* Operation (music), a term used in musical set theory
* ''Operations'' (magazine), Multi-Man ...
(
Bobrujsk; c. 1,000 people, including children)
*17 April – 12 May,
Operation Frühlingsfest (
Połock,
Uszacz; 7,011 people, including children)
*25 May – 17 June,
Operation Kormoran; (
Wilejka
Vileyka (Instruction on transliteration of Belarusian geographical names with letters of Latin script, officially transliterated as Viliejka, be, Віле́йка , also ''Вялейка''; russian: Вилейка; lt, Vileika; pl, Wilejka) is a ...
,
Borysów,
Minsk
Minsk ( be, Мінск ; russian: Минск) is the capital and the largest city of Belarus, located on the Svislach and the now subterranean Niamiha rivers. As the capital, Minsk has a special administrative status in Belarus and is the admi ...
; 7,697 people, including children)
*2 June – 13 June,
Operation Pfingsrose
Operation or Operations may refer to:
Arts, entertainment and media
* ''Operation'' (game), a battery-operated board game that challenges dexterity
* Operation (music), a term used in musical set theory
* ''Operations'' (magazine), Multi-Man ...
(
Talka; 499 people, including children)
*June,
Operation Pfingstausnlug (
Sienno; 653 people, including children)
*June,
Operation Windwirbel
Operation or Operations may refer to:
Arts, entertainment and media
* Operation (game), ''Operation'' (game), a battery-operated board game that challenges dexterity
* Operation (music), a term used in musical set theory
* Operations (magazine ...
(
Chidra; 560 people, including children)
Belgium
; 1940
*May 25,
Vinkt Massacre (
Vinkt,
East Flanders
, native_name_lang =
, settlement_type = Province of Belgium
, image_flag = Flag of Oost-Vlaanderen.svg
, flag_size =
, image_shield = Wapen van O ...
; 86-140 people, including children)
;1944
*August 18,
Courcelles Massacre (
Courcelles Courcelles may refer to:
Places Belgium
* Courcelles, Belgium, a municipality located in the province of Hainaut
Canada
* Courcelles-Saint-Évariste, a municipality
France
* Courcelles, Charente-Maritime
* Courcelles, Doubs
* Courcelles, Meur ...
,
Hainaut Province
Hainaut (, also , , ; nl, Henegouwen ; wa, Hinnot; pcd, Hénau), historically also known as Heynowes in English, is a province of Wallonia and Belgium.
To its south lies the French department of Nord, while within Belgium it borders (clock ...
; 20 People, including children)
*December,
Malmedy massacre
The Malmedy massacre was a Nazi Germany, German war crime committed by soldiers of the on 17 December 1944, at the Baugnez crossroads near the city of Malmedy, Belgium, during the Battle of the Bulge (16 December 1944 – 25 January 1945). Sol ...
s (
Malmedy
Malmedy (; german: Malmünd, ; wa, Måmdiy) is a city and municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Liège, Belgium.
On January 1, 2018, Malmedy had a total population of 12,654. The total area is 99.96 km2 which gives a popula ...
and surrounding region; at least 373 American POWS)
*Dec 17,
Baugnez crossroads massacre (
Baugnez
Baugnez is a hamlet of Wallonia in the municipality of Malmedy, district of Bévercé, located in the province of Liège, Belgium.
It is notable as being the site of a notorious massacre during the Second World War.
Baugnez is situated two m ...
(near Malmedy),
Liège Province
Liège (; wa, Lîdje ; nl, Luik ; german: Lüttich ) is the easternmost province of the Wallonia region of Belgium.
Liège Province is the only Belgian province that has borders with three countries. It borders (clockwise from the north) the Du ...
; 81 American POWS)
*Dec 17,
Wereth massacre (
Wereth
Amel (; french: Amblève, ) is a Belgian municipality in the Walloon province of Liège, and is part of the German-speaking Community of Belgium (german: Deutschsprachige Gemeinschaft Belgiens). On January 1, 2013, the municipality of Amel had ...
,
Liège Province
Liège (; wa, Lîdje ; nl, Luik ; german: Lüttich ) is the easternmost province of the Wallonia region of Belgium.
Liège Province is the only Belgian province that has borders with three countries. It borders (clockwise from the north) the Du ...
; 11 American POWS)
*Dec 24, (
Bande,
Luxembourg Province; 34 People aged between 20 and 31 years old)
Croatia
;1943
*30 November 1943,
Ivanci massacre
The Ivanci massacre was the complete destruction of the Serb village of Ivanci in eastern Croatia (south of Ilača) on 30 November 1943 by Nazi German forces.
During World War II, Syrmia was a part of The Independent State of Croatia led by th ...
(73 killed)
;1944
*26-30 March 1944,
Massacre of villages under Kamešnica
The Massacre Of Villages Under Kamešnica (Croatian language, Croatian: ''Pokolj u potkamešničkim selima'') was the mass murder of Croat inhabitants from several villages in the Dalmatian Hinterland, between the Kamešnica (mountain), Kamešnic ...
(1,525 killed, including children)
* 30 April 1944,
Lipa massacre (269 killed, including 96 children)
Czechoslovakia
![Koncentracni tabor Mauthausen Praha 2012 7934](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Koncentracni_tabor_Mauthausen_Praha_2012_7934.JPG)
*
17 November Raid against universities and colleges
* First Martial Law (First
Heydrichiada in Prague)
* First Martial Law (First
Heydrichiada in Brno)
*
Lidice massacre
The Lidice massacre was the complete destruction of the village of Lidice in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, now the Czech Republic, in June 1942 on orders from Adolf Hitler and the successor of the '' Reichsführer-SS'' Heinrich Himml ...
*
Ležáky
Ležáky (german: Ležak, from 1939: ''Lezaky''), in the Miřetice municipality, was a village in Czechoslovakia. During the German occupation of Czechoslovakia, it was razed by Nazi forces as reprisal for Reich Protector Reinhard Heydrich's ass ...
massacre
* Liquidation of the
Theresienstadt concentration camp
Theresienstadt Ghetto was established by the Schutzstaffel, SS during World War II in the fortress town of Terezín, in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (German occupation of Czechoslovakia, German-occupied Czechoslovakia). Theresienstad ...
* "Transport of Death" in Brandýs nad Orlicí
* "Transport of Death" in Stod (Czech Republic)
* Jablunkov Massacre
* "Transport of Death" in Nýřany
* Killing in the
Mikulov
Mikulov (; german: Nikolsburg; yi, ניקאלשבורג, ''Nikolshburg'') is a town in Břeclav District in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 7,400 inhabitants. The historic centre of Mikulov is well preserved and i ...
clay pit
* Murder in Gästehaus
* Ploština Massacre
* Zákřov Massacre
* Court-martial in Medlánky
* Prlov Massacre
* Salaš Massacre
* Suchý Massacre
* Letovice Massacre
* Last execution in Theresienstadt
* Execution in Lazce
* Execution in Fort XIII
* "Transport of Death" in Olbramovice
*
Podbořany
Podbořany (; german: Podersam) is a town in Louny District in the Ústí nad Labem Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 6,200 inhabitants. The town is known for producing hops.
Administrative parts
Town parts and villages of Buškovice, Do ...
-Kaštice Death march
* Javoříčko Massacre
* Brandýs Tragedy
*
Volary
Volary (; german: Wallern) is a town in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 3,700 inhabitants. It is located in the Bohemian Forest, close to the border with Germany. An area in the northern part of the town with timber-f ...
Deat march
* Velké Meziříčí Massacre
*
Leskovice Massacre
* Úsobská street Massacre
* Psáry Massacre
* Lednice Massacre
* Kolín massacre
* Třešť massacre
* Velké Popovice massacre
* Lahovice massacre
*
Masarykovo nádraží massacre
*
Massacre in Trhová Kamenice
* Malín tragedy
*
Kobylisy Shooting Range
Kobylisy Shooting Range () is a former military shooting range located in Kobylisy, a northern suburb of Prague, Czech Republic.
The shooting range was established in 1889–1891, on a site that was at the time far outside the city, as a train ...
, a site of execution for primarily political prisoners
*
Životice massacre
*
War crimes during the Prague uprising included using civilians as human shields,
summary execution
A summary execution is an execution in which a person is accused of a crime and immediately killed without the benefit of a full and fair trial. Executions as the result of summary justice (such as a drumhead court-martial) are sometimes include ...
s and massacres
*
Massacre in Trhová Kamenice
Estonia
*
The Holocaust in Estonia
The Holocaust in Estonia refers to the Nazi crimes during the occupation of Estonia by Nazi Germany, 1941-1944 occupation of Estonia by Nazi Germany.
Prior to the war, there were approximately 4,300 Estonian Jews. During the Occupation of the ...
*Murders of children by
Karl Linnas
; 1941
*2 November,
Mass murder of children in Pärnu
Pärnu () is the fourth largest city in Estonia. Situated in southwest Estonia, Pärnu is located south of the Estonian capital, Tallinn, and west of Estonia's second largest city, Tartu. The city sits off the coast of Pärnu Bay, an inlet o ...
synagogue
A synagogue, ', 'house of assembly', or ', "house of prayer"; Yiddish: ''shul'', Ladino: or ' (from synagogue); or ', "community". sometimes referred to as shul, and interchangeably used with the word temple, is a Jewish house of worshi ...
(34 children)
; 1942
*27 March
Murder of Pliner children (
Holocaust in Estonia
The Holocaust in Estonia refers to the Nazi crimes during the occupation of Estonia by Nazi Germany, 1941-1944 occupation of Estonia by Nazi Germany.
Prior to the war, there were approximately 4,300 Estonian Jews. During the Occupation of the ...
; 3 children)
France
![Car in Oradour-sur-Glane4](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Car_in_Oradour-sur-Glane4.jpg)
*Affair of 27 martyrs 25 August 1945
*
Ascq massacre
The Ascq massacre was a massacre of 86 men on 1 April 1944 in Ascq, France, by the Waffen-SS during the Second World War.
The 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend set out by rail for Normandy at the end of March, 1944. On 1 April, their train wa ...
April 1944
*
Ardenne Abbey massacre of British and Canadian troops by
Waffen-SS
The (, "Armed SS") was the combat branch of the Nazi Party's ''Schutzstaffel'' (SS) organisation. Its formations included men from Nazi Germany, along with Waffen-SS foreign volunteers and conscripts, volunteers and conscripts from both occup ...
*
Drancy internment camp
Drancy internment camp was an assembly and detention camp for confining Jews who were later deported to the extermination camps during the German occupation of France during World War II. Originally conceived and built as a modernist urban commu ...
murders
*
Dortan Massacre
*
Dun-les-Places
Dun-les-Places () is a commune in the Nièvre department in central France. It is one of the martyred villages of the Liberation in 1944.
Demographics
On 1 January 2019, the estimated population was 353.
History
During World War II, British ...
massacre
*First
Saint-Julien massacre
*
Graignes massacre (Graignes, 17 American prisoners were massacred.)
*
Izieu
Izieu () is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France.
It lies on the river Rhône, between the cities of Lyon and Chambéry.
Site of World War II Jewish orphanage
Izieu was the site of a Jewish orphanage during the Second World War ...
orphanage deportations to Auschwitz, 6 April 1944
*
Karl Hotz reprisals
*
Le Paradis massacre
*
Massacre of the Bois d'Eraine
*
Maillé massacre
The Maillé Massacre refers to the murder on 25 August 1944 of 124 of the 500 residents of the commune of Maillé, Indre-et-Loire, Maillé in the department of the Indre-et-Loire. Following an ambush a few days before and in reprisals against ac ...
*
Penguerec massacre
*
Massacre de la vallée de la Saulx
*
Saint-Genis-Laval massacre
The Saint-Genis-Laval Massacre or Fort de Côte-Lorette Massacre was the execution of about 120 prisoners of war at Fort de Côte-Lorette, Saint-Genis-Laval, on 20 August 1944.
Context
After the Normandy landings
The Normandy landings we ...
*Second
Saint-Julien massacre
*
Tragedy of the Guerry's wells The tragedy of the Guerry's wells designates the massacre of 36 Jews during the summer 1944 in Savigny-en-Septaine in France. It is located at .
History
On July 21, 1944, men from the French milice led by Joseph Lécussan, and the Gestapo arre ...
*
Tulle massacre
The Tulle massacre was the roundup and summary execution of civilians in the French town of Tulle by the 2nd SS Panzer Division ''Das Reich'' in June 1944, three days after the D-Day landings in World War II.
After a successful offensive by ...
, 9 June 1944
*
Oradour-sur-Glane massacre
On 10 June 1944, four days after D-Day, the village of Oradour-sur-Glane in Haute-Vienne in Nazi-occupied France was destroyed when 643 civilians, including non-combatant women and children, were massacred by a German Waffen-SS company.
A ne ...
(642 men, women and children) 10 June 1944
*
Wormhoudt massacre
Germany
![Alkoven Schloss Hartheim 2005-08-18 3589](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Alkoven_Schloss_Hartheim_2005-08-18_3589.jpg)
*
Action T4
(German, ) was a campaign of mass murder by involuntary euthanasia in Nazi Germany. The term was first used in post-war trials against doctors who had been involved in the killings. The name T4 is an abbreviation of 4, a street address of t ...
*Murders of children in the
Hadamar Clinic
The Hadamar killing centre (german: NS-Tötungsanstalt Hadamar) was a killing facility involved in the Nazi "involuntary euthanasia" programme known as ''Aktion T4''. It was housed within a psychiatric hospital located in the German town of Had ...
(NS-Tötungsanstalt Hadamar) mostly by
Irmgard Huber
*Murders of children by
Hans Heinze
Hans Heinze, sometimes referred to as ''Euthanasie-Heinze'' ("Euthanasia Heinze"; 18 October 1895 – 4 February 1983), was a Nazi German psychiatrist and eugenicist.
Life
Heinze was born in Elsterberg, the 13th of 14 children, and was educated ...
*
Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer#Involvement in Nazi human experimentation
; 1945
*8 April -
The Celle Massacre
*13 April -
Gardelegen Massacre
The Gardelegen massacre was a massacre perpetrated by the local population (Volkssturm, Hitlerjugend and local firefighters) of the northern German town of Gardelegen, with minor direction from the SS, near the end of World War II. On April ...
*20 April - Murder of 20 children by
Alfred Trzebinski
Alfred Trzebinski (29 August 1902 – 8 October 1946) was an SS-physician at the Auschwitz, Majdanek and Neuengamme concentration camps in Nazi Germany. He was sentenced to death and executed for his involvement in war crimes committed at the N ...
Greece
![Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-166-0527-02A, Kreta, Kondomari, Erschießung von Zivilisten](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-166-0527-02A%2C_Kreta%2C_Kondomari%2C_Erschie%C3%9Fung_von_Zivilisten.jpg)
*
Massacre of Kleisoura (
Macedonia, 270 women and children)
*
Massacre of Kondomari
The Massacre of Kondomari ( el, Σφαγή στο Κοντομαρί) was the execution of male civilians from the village of Kondomari in Crete by an ad hoc firing squad consisting of German paratroopers on 2 June 1941 during World War II.Heato ...
(
Crete
Crete ( el, Κρήτη, translit=, Modern: , Ancient: ) is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the 88th largest island in the world and the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily, Sardinia, Cyprus, and ...
, 60 men, mainly elder)
*
Massacre of Pikermi (
Pikermi
Pikermi ( el, Πικέρμι) is a suburb of Athens and a former community of East Attica regional unit, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Rafina-Pikermi, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal u ...
, 54, including women and children)
*
Pyrgoi (former Katranitsa) massacre (
Pyrgoi
Pyrgoi ( el, Πύργοι, before 1927: Κατράνιτσα - ''Katranitsa'') is a village and a Communities and Municipalities of Greece, community of the Eordaia, Eordaia municipality. It is located in Northern Greece, in the region of Western ...
, 346, including women and children)
*
Razing of Kandanos
The Razing of Kandanos ( el, Καταστροφή της Καντάνου) refers to the complete destruction of the village of Kandanos in Western Crete (Greece) and the killing of about 180 of its inhabitants on 3 June 1941 by German occupying ...
(
Crete
Crete ( el, Κρήτη, translit=, Modern: , Ancient: ) is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the 88th largest island in the world and the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily, Sardinia, Cyprus, and ...
, 180, including women and children)
*
Holocaust of Viannos
The Viannos massacres ( el, Σφαγές της Βιάννου / Ολοκαύτωμα της Βιάννου) were a mass extermination campaign launched by German forces against the civilian residents of around 20 villages located in the areas of ...
(
Crete
Crete ( el, Κρήτη, translit=, Modern: , Ancient: ) is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the 88th largest island in the world and the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily, Sardinia, Cyprus, and ...
, 500+, including women and children)
*
Distomo massacre
The Distomo massacre ( el, Σφαγή του Διστόμου; german: Massaker von Distomo or ''Distomo-Massaker'') was a Nazi war crime perpetrated by members of the Waffen-SS in the village of Distomo, Greece, in 1944, during the German occu ...
(
Central Greece
Continental Greece ( el, Στερεά Ελλάδα, Stereá Elláda; formerly , ''Chérsos Ellás''), colloquially known as Roúmeli (Ρούμελη), is a traditional geographic region of Greece. In English, the area is usually called Central ...
, 218, including women and children)
*
Drakeia massacre
The Drakeia massacre ( el, Η σφαγή της Δράκειας) refers to the mass execution of 115 men by SS soldiers in the village of Drakeia, located on Mount Pelion, in Thessaly, on 18 December 1943. It was part of the multiple Nazi re ...
(
Thessaly
Thessaly ( el, Θεσσαλία, translit=Thessalía, ; ancient Thessalian: , ) is a traditional geographic and modern administrative region of Greece, comprising most of the ancient region of the same name. Before the Greek Dark Ages, Thes ...
, 118 men)
*
Holocaust of Kedros
The Holocaust of Kedros ( el, Ολοκαύτωμα του Κέντρους/Κέδρους), also known as the Holocaust of Amari ( el, Ολοκαύτωμα του Αμαρίου), was the mass murder of the civilian residents of nine villages lo ...
(
Crete
Crete ( el, Κρήτη, translit=, Modern: , Ancient: ) is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the 88th largest island in the world and the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily, Sardinia, Cyprus, and ...
, 164, including women and children)
*
Massacre of Kommeno (
Epirus
sq, Epiri rup, Epiru
, native_name_lang =
, settlement_type = Historical region
, image_map = Epirus antiquus tabula.jpg
, map_alt =
, map_caption = Map of ancient Epirus by Heinrich ...
, 317, including women and children)
*
Massacre of Kalavryta
The Kalavryta massacre ( el, Σφαγή των Καλαβρύτων), or the Holocaust of Kalavryta (), was the near-extermination of the male population and the total destruction of the town of Kalavryta, Axis-occupied Greece, by the 117th ...
(
Peloponnese
The Peloponnese (), Peloponnesus (; el, Πελοπόννησος, Pelopónnēsos,(), or Morea is a peninsula and geographic regions of Greece, geographic region in southern Greece. It is connected to the central part of the country by the Isthmu ...
, 1,200+, including women and children)
*
Burnings of Kali Sykia (
Crete
Crete ( el, Κρήτη, translit=, Modern: , Ancient: ) is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the 88th largest island in the world and the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily, Sardinia, Cyprus, and ...
, 13, women)
*
Lyngiades massacre (
Epirus
sq, Epiri rup, Epiru
, native_name_lang =
, settlement_type = Historical region
, image_map = Epirus antiquus tabula.jpg
, map_alt =
, map_caption = Map of ancient Epirus by Heinrich ...
), 92, mostly infants, children, women and elderly
*
Massacre of the Acqui Division
The massacre of the Acqui Division, also known as the Cephalonia massacre, was the mass execution of the soldiers of the Italian 33rd Infantry Division "Acqui" by German soldiers on the island of Cephalonia, Greece, in September 1943, following t ...
(
Kefalonia
Kefalonia or Cephalonia ( el, Κεφαλονιά), formerly also known as Kefallinia or Kephallenia (), is the largest of the Ionian Islands in western Greece and the 6th largest island in Greece after Crete, Euboea, Lesbos, Rhodes and Chios. It ...
, 5,000, Italian anti-fascist troops)
*
Mesovouno massacre The Mesovouno massacre ( el, Οι σφαγές του Μεσόβουνου) refers to two massacres perpetrated by members of the Wehrmacht in the village of Mesovouno in Ptolemaida, Greece, during the Axis occupation of Greece during World War II, ...
(
Macedonia, 268, including women and children)
*
Paramythia executions
The Paramythia executions, also known as the Paramythia massacre (19–29 September 1943) was a combined Nazi and Cham Albanian war crime perpetrated by members of the 1st Mountain Division and the Muslim Cham militia in the town of Paramythia a ...
(
Epirus
sq, Epiri rup, Epiru
, native_name_lang =
, settlement_type = Historical region
, image_map = Epirus antiquus tabula.jpg
, map_alt =
, map_caption = Map of ancient Epirus by Heinrich ...
, 201, including women and children)
*
The Massacre of Chortiatis
Chortiatis ( el, Χορτιάτης) is a suburb and a former municipality in the Thessaloniki regional unit, Greece. Since the 2011 Kallikratis local government reform it is part of the municipality Pylaia-Chortiatis, of which it is a municip ...
(
Macedonia, 146, including women and children)
*
Executions of Kaisariani (
Athens
Athens ( ; el, Αθήνα, Athína ; grc, Ἀθῆναι, Athênai (pl.) ) is both the capital and largest city of Greece. With a population close to four million, it is also the seventh largest city in the European Union. Athens dominates ...
, 200+, all civilians)
*
Massacre of Mousiotitsa
Mousiotitsa ( el, Μουσιωτίτσα) or Kato Mousiotitsa ( el, Κάτω Μουσιωτίτσα, ) is a village located in the Ioannina regional unit in the Epirus region ( el, Ήπειρος) of western Greece. Situated 33 km south of ...
(
Epirus
sq, Epiri rup, Epiru
, native_name_lang =
, settlement_type = Historical region
, image_map = Epirus antiquus tabula.jpg
, map_alt =
, map_caption = Map of ancient Epirus by Heinrich ...
, 153, including women and children)
*
Malathyros executions The Malathyros executions ( el, εκτελέσεις στη Μαλάθυρο) refer to the mass execution by firing squad of 61 male civilians from the village of Malathyros in Crete, Greece by German forces on 28 August 1944 during World War II.
...
(
Malathyros, 61, including women and children)
*
Executions of Kokkinia
The Executions of KokkiniaAlso translated as "Raid of Kokkinia" or "Roundup of Kokkinia" ( el, Μπλόκο της Κοκκινιάς) took place on the August 17, 1944, and was the largest Nazi Germany, Nazi Roundup (history), roundup and one of ...
(
Athens
Athens ( ; el, Αθήνα, Athína ; grc, Ἀθῆναι, Athênai (pl.) ) is both the capital and largest city of Greece. With a population close to four million, it is also the seventh largest city in the European Union. Athens dominates ...
, 300+, all civilians, assisted by
Security Battalions
The Security Battalions ( el, Τάγματα Ασφαλείας, Tagmata Asfaleias, derisively known as ''Germanotsoliades'' (Γερμανοτσολιάδες) or ''Tagmatasfalites'' (Ταγματασφαλίτες)) were Greek Collaboration with ...
)
*
Kallikratis executions
The Kallikratis executions ( el, εκτελέσεις στον Καλλικράτη) refer to the mass execution, by German Army (1935–1945), German Army and Friedrich_Schubert#As_a_Wehrmacht_non_commissioned_officer, Greek collaborationist para ...
(
Crete
Crete ( el, Κρήτη, translit=, Modern: , Ancient: ) is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the 88th largest island in the world and the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily, Sardinia, Cyprus, and ...
, 30, including women and children)
*
Alikianos executions
The Alikianos executions ( el, εκτελέσεις στον Αλικιανό) was the mass execution by firing squad of mostly male civilians from Alikianos and nearby villages in Crete, Greece by German paratroopers on 24 May, 2 June and 1 Au ...
(
Crete
Crete ( el, Κρήτη, translit=, Modern: , Ancient: ) is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the 88th largest island in the world and the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily, Sardinia, Cyprus, and ...
, 118, all civilians)
*
Razing of Anogeia
The Razing of Anogeia ( el, Καταστροφή των Ανωγείων) or the Holocaust of Anogeia ( el, Ολοκαύτωμα των Ανωγείων) refers to the complete destruction of the village of Anogeia in central Crete (Greece) and ...
(
Crete
Crete ( el, Κρήτη, translit=, Modern: , Ancient: ) is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the 88th largest island in the world and the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily, Sardinia, Cyprus, and ...
, unknown, including women and children)
*
Skourvoula (
Crete
Crete ( el, Κρήτη, translit=, Modern: , Ancient: ) is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the 88th largest island in the world and the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily, Sardinia, Cyprus, and ...
, at least 36, all civilians)
In addition, more than 90 villages and towns are recorded from the Hellenic network of martyr cities.
[Δήμος Λαμιέων]
Δίκτυο μαρτυρικών πόλεων & χωριών της Ελλάδος , Δήμος Λαμιέων
accessdate: 19. Oktober 2015 During the triple German, Italian and Bulgarian, occupation about 800,000 people lost their lives in
Greece
Greece,, or , romanized: ', officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the southern tip of the Balkans, and is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Greece shares land borders with ...
(see
World War II casualties
World War II was the deadliest military conflict in history. An estimated total of 70–85 million people perished, or about 3% of the 2.3 billion (est.) people on Earth in 1940. Deaths directly caused by the war (including military and civ ...
).
Italy
*
Castiglione massacre, 12–14 August 1943, Castiglione di Sicilia, 1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann Göring massacres 16 civilians and wounds 20.
*Boves massacre, 8 September 1943, Boves, Piedmont, Boves, Mass killing of 23 citizens (with another 22 wounded) by German 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler occupation troops under Joachim Peiper
*Lake Maggiore massacres, September–October 1943, Lake Maggiore, Murder of 56 predominantly Italian Jews by the 1st SS Panzer Division despite strict German orders not to carry out any violence against civilians
*Caiazzo massacre, 13 October 1943, Caiazzo, Mass killing of 22 civilians by the German 29th Panzergrenadier Regiment occupation troops under Lt. Richard Heinz Wolfgang Lehnigk-Emden
*Ardeatine massacre (Rome, Lazio; 335 prisoners executed)
*Guardistallo massacre (Guardistallo, Tuscany; 46 civilians killed on 29 June 1944)
*Piazza Tasso massacre, 17 July 1944, Florence, 5 Italian civilians killed in massacre by Fascists and German Army
*12 August 1944, Sant'Anna di Stazzema massacre (Sant'Anna di Stazzema, Tuscany; 560 people, including children)
*San Terenzo Monti massacre (Fivizzano, Tuscany; 110 civilians and 52 political prisoners killed on 21 August 1944)
*Padule di Fucecchio massacre (Fucecchio, Tuscany; 176 civilians killed on 23 August 1944)
*Vinca massacre (Fivizzano, Tuscany; between 160
and 178
civilians executed on 24 August 1944)
*Certosa di Farneta massacre (Lucca, Tuscany; 60 civilians killed between 2 and 10 September 1944)
*29 September – 5 October 1944, Marzabotto massacre (Marzabotto, Emilia-Romagna; between 770 and 1,830 civilians killed)
*29 June 1944, Civitella Alfedena, Civitella-Cornia-San Pancrazio massacre (Abruzzo; 203 people, including children)
*Cuneo massacre (Cuneo, Piedmont; 189 civilians and partisans killed in two separate massacres)
*Cavriglia-Cavriglia, Castelnuovo dei Sabbioni massacre (Tuscany; 173 civilians killed on 4 July 1944)
*Fosse del Frigido massacre (Massa, Tuscany, Massa, Tuscany; 146-149 prisoners murdered on 10 September 1944)
*Pietransieri massacre (Roccaraso, Abruzzo; 128 civilians killed on 21 November 1943)
*Stia massacre (Stia, Tuscany; 122 civilians killed between 12 and 15 April 1944)
*Valla massacre (Fivizzano, Tuscany; 103 civilians killed on 19 August 1944)
*Serra di Ronchidoso massacre (Gaggio Montano, Emilia-Romagna; over 100 civilians killed on 28–29 September 1944)
![Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-316-1190-23, Italien, drei erhängte Männer an Galgen](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-316-1190-23%2C_Italien%2C_drei_erh%C3%A4ngte_M%C3%A4nner_an_Galgen.jpg)
*Verghereto massacre (Verghereto, Emilia-Romagna; 96 civilians killed between 22 and 25 July 1944)
*Massacre of Monchio, Susano, Italy, Susano and Costrignano (Palagano, Emilia-Romagna; between 79
and 136 civilians killed on 18 March 1944)
*Leonessa and Cumulata massacre (Leonessa, Lazio; 51 civilians killed between 2 and 7 April 1944)
*Cumiana massacre (Cumiana, Piedmont; 51 civilians killed on 3 April 1944)
*Tavolicci massacre (Verghereto, Emilia-Romagna; 64 civilians killed on 22 July 1944)
*Massa, Tuscany, Forno massacre (Massa, Tuscany, Massa, Tuscany; 72 civilians killed on 13 June 1944)
*Gubbio massacre (Gubbio, Umbria; 40 civilians executed on 22 June 1944)
*Valdine massacre (Fivizzano, Tuscany; 52 hostages executed in August 1944)
*Casaglia massacre (Marzabotto, Emilia-Romagna; 42 civilians killed on 29 September 1944)
* massacre in Carrara (Carrara, Tuscany; 72 civilians killed on 16 September 1944)
*Madonna dell'Albero massacre (Ravenna, Emilia-Romagna; 56 civilians killed on 27 November 1944)
*"La Romagna" massacre (Molina di Quosa, San Giuliano Terme, Tuscany; 75 civilians killed on 11 August 1944)
*San Polo di Arezzo massacre (Arezzo, Tuscany; 65 civilians killed on 14 July 1944)
*Massaciuccoli-Massarosa massacre (Massaciuccoli, Massarosa, Tuscany; 41 civilians killed between 2 and 5 September 1944)
*Fossoli-Carpi, Emilia-Romagna, Carpi massacre (Carpi, Emilia-Romagna; 67 civilians killed on 12 July 1944)
*Turchino Pass massacre (Fontanafredda, Liguria; 59 civilians executed on 19 May 1944)
*Pedescala massacre (Valdastico, Veneto; 82 civilians killed between 30 April and 2 May 1945)
Latvia
*The Holocaust in Latvia
; 1941
*30 November and 8 December, Rumbula massacre (25,000 people, including children)
Lithuania
![Massacre Kovno Garage 27 JUNE 1942](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Massacre_Kovno_Garage_27_JUNE_1941b.jpg)
*The Holocaust in Lithuania
; 1941
*13 July – 21 August Daugavpils massacre by Einsatzkommando 3 (9,585 people, including children)
*July–August 1944, Ponary massacre (c. 100,000 people, including children)
*18 August – 22 August, Raseiniai, Kreis Rasainiai massacre (1,020 children)
*19 August, Ukmerge massacre (88 children)
*Summer-autumn-winter, Holocaust in Estonia#Complete murder of native Jewish population, Complete murder of native Jewish population in Estonia (900 individuals, including 101 children)
*1 September, Marijampolė massacre (1,404 children)
*2 September, Wilno massacre (817 children)
*4 September, Čekiškė massacre (60 children)
*4 September, Seredžius massacre (126 children)
*4 September, Veliuona massacre (86 children)
*4 September, Zapyškis massacre (13 children)
*6 September – 8 September, Raseiniai massacre (415 children)
*6 September – 8 September, Jurbarkas, Jurbork massacre (412 people, including children)
*29 October, Kaunas massacre of 29 October 1941, Kaunas massacre (4,273 children)
*25 November, Kaunas, KauenNinth Fort, -F.IX massacre (175 children)
Netherlands
; 1940
*14 May, Rotterdam Blitz, Rotterdam bombing (nearly 1,000 people were killed and 85,000 made homeless.)
; 1944
*1 October, Putten raid (552 deaths)
*5 November, Heusden#Heusden Town Hall Massacre - a forgotten Nazi war crime, Heusden Town Hall Massacre (134 people, including 74 children)
Norway
*Attempted deportation of children of Jewish Children's Home in Oslo
Poland
![Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-695-0423-14, Warschauer Aufstand, flüchtende Zivilisten](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-695-0423-14%2C_Warschauer_Aufstand%2C_fl%C3%BCchtende_Zivilisten.jpg)
*The Holocaust in Poland
*Bombing of Wieluń
*Borów, Kraśnik County, Borów massacre (103 children)
*Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany
*German AB-Aktion in Poland
*Gmina Aleksandrów, Lublin Voivodeship
*Gmina Besko
*Gmina Gidle
*Gmina Kłecko
*Gmina Ryczywół
*Gmina Siennica
*Huta Pieniacka massacre
*Intelligenzaktion Pommern
*Jedwabne pogrom
*Jeziorko woodland cemetery
*Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany (disambiguation), Kidnapping of Polish children by Nazi Germany
*Krasowo-Częstki massacre (83 children)
*Lviv pogroms
*Massacres of Poles in Volhynia
*Michniów massacre (48 children)
*Murders of children by
Josef Mengele
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, servicenumber =
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*Pacification Operations in German occupied Poland
*Planned destruction of Warsaw
*Ponary massacre
*Operation Tannenberg
*Szczecyn massacre (71 children)
*Valley of Death (Bydgoszcz)
; 1942
*2 July, Lidice Massacre, murder of children of Lidice in the Chełmno nad Nerem, Kulmhof Kulmhof extermination camp, extermination camp (82 children)
; 1943
*12 March, Murder of Czesława Kwoka#General historical contexts of child victims of Auschwitz, Czesława Kwoka in KZ Auschwitz-Birkenau (1 child)
*23 May, Kielce cemetery massacre (45 children)
*3 August, Szczurowa massacre (93 people, including children)
*29 September, Ostrówki, Łódź Voivodeship, Ostrówki massacre (246 children)
*29 September, Wola Ostrowiecka massacre (220 children)
; 1944
![Polish civilians murdered by German-SS-troops in Warsaw Uprising Warsaw August 1944](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Polish_civilians_murdered_by_German-SS-troops_in_Warsaw_Uprising_Warsaw_August_1944.jpg)
*28 February, Huta Pieniacka massacre
*28 – 29 February, Korosciatyn Massacre (c. 150 people, including children)
*2 June, Murder of Yekusiel Yehudah Halberstam#Auschwitz, Yekusiel Yehudah Halberstam's children (9 children)
*4–August 25, Ochota massacre (c. 10,000 people, including children)
*5 – 8 August, Wola massacre (40,000
[Muzeum Powstania otwarte](_blank)
BBC Polish edition, 2 October 2004, Children accessed on 13 April 2007 up to 100,000
Gazeta Wyborcza – local Warsaw edition, 1998-08-01. Children accessed on 13 April 2007 people, including children)
Russia
*The Holocaust in Russia
*
Commissar Order
The Commissar Order (german: Kommissarbefehl) was an order issued by the German High Command ( OKW) on 6 June 1941 before Operation Barbarossa. Its official name was Guidelines for the Treatment of Political Commissars (''Richtlinien für die Be ...
*World War II German war crimes in the Soviet Union
*German war crimes during the Battle of Moscow
Serbia
; 1941
*20–21 October Kragujevac massacre (2,778–2,794 civilians killed, including 217 children)
*15-20 October Kraljevo massacre (2000 civilians killed)
Slovenia
; 1942
*22 July Celje prison massacre (Celje, 100 civilians killed)
*2 October Maribor prison massacres, Maribor prison massacre (Maribor, 143 civilians killed)
; 1945
*12 February Frankolovo crime (Frankolovo, 100 civilians killed)
Ukraine
*The Holocaust in Ukraine
*Babi Yar
**List of victims of the Babi Yar massacre
*Drobytsky Yar
*Lviv pogroms
*Massacres of Poles in Volhynia
; 1941
*June, Czechiw, Czechow massacre (6 children)
*August 27–28, Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre; 23,600 people (including women and children)
*September 5, Pavoloch massacre; 1,500 people (including women and children)
*September 16–30, Nikolaev massacre; 35,782 people (including women and children)
*29 – 30 September, Babi Jar massacre (33,771 people, including children: List of victims of the Babi Yar massacre)
*October 5, Berdychiv massacre, 20,000–38,536 people (including women and children)
*October 22–24, 1941 Odessa massacre, 125,000-134,000 people (including women and children)
*December 15, Drobitsky Yar, 16,000 people (including women and children)
; 1943
*1 – 2 March 1943, Koriukivka massacre
*19 March 1943, Ozeryany, Halych Raion, Ozerjany massacre (267 people).
*Second half of March, Kharkov massacre following the Third Battle of Kharkov (2500 people).
*29 September, Wola Ostrowiecka massacre (220 children)
*December 10, Tarassiwka massacre; 400 people (including women and children)
; 1944
*28 February, Huta Pieniacka massacre
*28 – 29 February, Korosciatyn Massacre (c. 150 people, including children)
See also
* Racial policy of Nazi Germany
* War crimes of the Wehrmacht
* Nazi crime
* Nazism
* Bombing of Guernica
* Chronicles of Terror
* Command responsibility
* Consequences of Nazism
* Einsatzgruppen
* Generalplan Ost
* Nazi concentration camps
* Italian war crimes
* Japanese war crimes
* Internment of German Americans
*
List of Axis personnel indicted for war crimes
The following is a list of people who were formally indicted for committing war crimes on behalf of the Axis powers during World War II, including those who were acquitted or never received judgment. It does not include people who may have commi ...
* List of war crimes
* Nazi crimes against the Polish nation
* Pacification actions in German-occupied Poland
* Soviet war crimes
* Nuremberg trials
* War crimes in occupied Poland during World War II
* Allied war crimes during World War II
Notes
References
*''This article incorporates text from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, and has been released under the GFDL.''
*United States Holocaust Memorial Museum – Articl
Children during the Holocaust and online exhibition
Life in the Shadows an
Give Me Your Childrenfrom Holocaust Survivors and Remembrance Project: "Forget You Not"
The War Crimes of Dr Josef MengeleThe Reich's forgotten atrocity; Media (on-line)
*
* Stills from Soviet documentary "The Atrocities committed by German Fascists in the USSR"
(1)(2)(3)
* Slide sho
"Nazi Crimes in the USSR (Graphic images!)"
{{Authority control
German war crimes,
German Empire in World War I
Germany in World War II
Military history of Germany, War crimes
War crimes committed by country
Human rights abuses in Germany, War