"Nation language" is the term coined by scholar and poet Kamau Brathwaite McArthur, Tom,
"Nation language"
''Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language'', 1998. that is now commonly preferred to describe the use of non-standard English in the work of writers from the

Caribbean The Caribbean ( , ; ; ; ) is a region in the middle of the Americas centered around the Caribbean Sea in the Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic Ocean, mostly overlapping with the West Indies. Bordered by North America to the north, Central America ...

and the

African diaspora The African diaspora is the worldwide collection of communities descended from List of ethnic groups of Africa, people from Africa. The term most commonly refers to the descendants of the native West Africa, West and Central Africans who were ...

, as opposed to the traditional designation of it as "

dialect A dialect is a Variety (linguistics), variety of language spoken by a particular group of people. This may include dominant and standard language, standardized varieties as well as Vernacular language, vernacular, unwritten, or non-standardize ...

", which Brathwaite considered carries pejorative connotations that are inappropriate and limiting. In the words of Brathwaite, considered the authority of note on nation language and a key exemplar of its use:

We in the Caribbean have a ..kind of plurality: we have English, which is the imposed language on much of the archipelago. It is an imperial language, as are French, Dutch and Spanish. We also have what we call creole English, which is a mixture of English and an adaptation that English took in the new environment of the Caribbean when it became mixed with the other imported languages. We have also what is called nation language, which is the kind of English spoken by the people who were brought to the Caribbean, not the official English now, but the language of slaves and labourers, the servants who were brought in.Brathwaite, Edward Kamau, ''History of the Voice: The Development of Nation Language in Anglophone Caribbean Poetry'' ( New Beacon Books, 1984, ), pp. 5–6.

Writers who also notably use nation language include

Samuel Selvon Samuel Dickson Selvon (20 May 1923 – 16 April 1994)"Samuel Selvon"
''Encyclop ...

, Louise Bennett, John Figueroa, Archie Markham, Linton Kwesi Johnson, Marc Matthews, John Agard, Jean Binta Breeze, as well as others of a younger generation. Poet and scholar Mervyn Morris ("one of the first academics to espouse the importance of nation language in helping to define in verse important aspects of Jamaican culture", according to Ralph Thompson) identifies V. S. Reid's 1949 novel '' New Day'' as the first literary work to use Jamaican vernacular as the language of narration. In his ''History of the Voice'' (1984), Brathwaite discusses the prominence of pentameter in English poetic tradition, claiming that since the time of

Chaucer Geoffrey Chaucer ( ; – 25 October 1400) was an English poet, author, and civil servant best known for '' The Canterbury Tales''. He has been called the "father of English literature", or, alternatively, the "father of English poetry". He ...

, and with a few notable exceptions, pentameter has been the prevailing rhythm of English poetry. Brathwaite suggests that such imported literary forms may not be suitable to express the Caribbean experience. He writes, "The hurricane does not roar in pentameters." It is here that nation language becomes of use to the Caribbean poet: Brathwaite describes reading an article by the Martinician poet and critic Édouard Glissant, in which Glissant describes nation language as a "forced poetics" because it was used strategically by slaves in order to both disguise and maintain their culture.

References

External links

"Nation Language"
LiteratureAlive Online. * * Brandon Brown

African Postcolonial Literature in English in the Postcolonial Web, 1997. English-based pidgins and creoles Sociolinguistics Diglossia Languages of the African diaspora {{sociolinguistics-stub

See also

References

External links