The Nasu language, also known as the Eastern Yi language or Naisu, Luquan Yi, Wuding Yi, Guizhou Yi, Weining Yi, Guangxi Yi or Longlin Yi, is a Loloish language spoken by the Yi people of

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after ...

. Nasu and Wusa are two of six Yi languages recognized by the Government of China. Unlike most written Yi languages, Nasu uses the Pollard script. A distinct form of the Yi script was traditionally used for Wusa, though few can still read it. The Nasu language is also known as the Black Yi language, but this name is no longer used.

Names

According to the ''Guizhou Ethnic Gazetteer'' (2002),Guizhou Province Gazetteer: Ethnic Gazetteer ��州省志. 民族志(2002). Guiyang: Guizhou Ethnic Publishing House ��州民族出版社 Yi autonyms include Nasu 哪苏, Tusu 兔苏, Lagou 腊勾, Guo 果, and so forth. Most of Yi people of the Luquan area do not have the autonym Luoluo and Nasu (transliterated into Chinese as 纳苏) means "black", hence the Black Yi (黑彝 Hei Yi), though Black Yi is an aristocratic

caste A caste is a Essentialism, fixed social group into which an individual is born within a particular system of social stratification: a caste system. Within such a system, individuals are expected to marry exclusively within the same caste (en ...

distinction among the Yi People, and Black Yi Script (Heiyiwen) was a Latin script for Yi introduced by missionaries.

Classification

Chen (1985)

Chen, et al. (1985:108) recognizes 3 major varieties of ''Eastern Yi'' (i.e., Nasu) that are spoken in

Yunnan Yunnan; is an inland Provinces of China, province in Southwestern China. The province spans approximately and has a population of 47.2 million (as of 2020). The capital of the province is Kunming. The province borders the Chinese provinces ...

and

Guizhou ) , image_skyline = , image_caption = , image_map = Guizhou in China (+all claims hatched).svg , mapsize = 275px , map_alt = Map showing the location of Guizhou Province , map_caption = Map s ...

provinces, namely ''Dianqian'' 滇黔 (Yunnan-Guizhou), ''Pan'' 盘县 ( Pan County of

), and ''Diandongbei'' 滇东北 (Northeastern Yunnan). Autonyms include ' (alternatively '), ' (including ', ', and '), ', and '. *Dianqian 滇黔次方言: 4 dialects **Shuixi 水西土语: spoken in Bijie, Qianxi, Dafang, Zhijin, Nayong,

Qingzhen :''The term ''Qingzhen'' can also refer to Islam in China, Chinese Muslims, Chinese Islamic cuisine or the Hui people, Hui ethnic group.'' Qingzhen () is a county-level city under the administration of Guiyang, the capital of Guizhou, Guizhou Provi ...

, and Zhenxiong counties **Wusa 乌撒土语 ( ig: spoken in Weining, Shuicheng, Hezhang, Nayong, Yiliang, Huize, and Xuanwei counties **Mangbu 芒部土语: spoken in Zhenxiong and Hezhang counties **Wumeng 乌蒙土语 ( wu: spoken in Zhaotong and Yongshan *Pan 盘县次方言: spoken in Xingren, Pu'an, Qinglong, Shuicheng, Fuyuan, and Luoping counties *Diandongbei 滇东北次方言: 5 dialects **Luquan 武禄土语: spoken in Wuding, Luquan, Yuanmou, Xundian, Lufeng, and Huize counties **Qiaowu 巧武土语 (''Qiaojia-Wuding''): spoken in Qiaojia, Wuding, Luquan, Yuanmou, and Huize counties **Wuding 武定土语: spoken in Wuding, Yongren, and Lufeng counties **Xundian 寻甸土语: spoken in Xundian, Luquan, Huize, Songming, Luxi, Shizong, Luoping, and

Mile The mile, sometimes the international mile or statute mile to distinguish it from other miles, is a imperial unit, British imperial unit and United States customary unit of length; both are based on the older English unit of Unit of length, le ...

counties **Kun'an 昆安土语 (''Kunming-Anning''): spoken in Anning and Lufeng counties

Huang (1993)

In his description of the Yi script (not the spoken language), Huáng Jiànmíng (1993) holds that the Nasu variety of the Yi script is used by the groups speaking languages of the Nasu language cluster of Northern Yi in south-eastern Sìchuān, eastern Yúnnán, Gùizhōu, as well as in Guǎngxī. He distinguishes two sub-groups. Nasu proper used in Wuding, Luquan, and the suburbs of Kunming, and Wusa used in Guizhou and the bordering areas of Eastern Yunnan.

Bradley (1997)

David Bradley (1997) distinguishes three main dialects of Nasu: *Southeastern (Panxian): 150,000 speakers in southwestern Guizhou *Northeastern (Nesu): 300,000 speakers, comprising most of the other Nasu speakers of Guizhou, and some in extreme northeastern Yunnan and southeastern Sichuan **Shuixi subdialect 水西土语 **Wusa subdialect 乌撒土语 **Mangbu subdialect 芒部土语 **Wumeng subdialect 乌蒙土语 *Western (Nasu proper): 250,000 speakers all in north-central Yunnan; Black (more numerous) and Red subdialects

Lama (2012)

Lama (2012) determined that Nasu (Western) is more closely related to Gepo than it is to the others: *Nesu **Panxian (Nasepho, '): North and South dialects **Shuixi Nesu (Dafang Nesu) **Nesu proper ***Wumeng ***Mangbu ***Wusa (Wusa Nasu) *Nasu **Nasu proper ** Gepo ('): 100,000 speakers

Chen (2010)

Phonology

Consonants

* The phonetic sound of // is mainly heard as .

Vowels

There is distinction between tight-throat vowels and lax-throat (plain) vowels. * Sounds are heard as syllabic consonants when following alveolar sounds , and as syllabic retroflex when following retroflex sounds . *The phonetic sounds of the rhoticized vowels are mainly heard as more back .

Tones

3 tones occur as follows:

References

Bibliography

*Bradley, David (1997).
Tibeto-Burman languages and classification
. In ''Tibeto-Burman languages of the Himalayas, Papers in South East Asian linguistics''. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. *Chen Kang ��康 2010. ''A study of Yi dialects'' ��语方言研究 Beijing: China Minzu University Press. *Lama, Ziwo Qiu-Fuyuan (2012), ''Subgrouping of Nisoic (Yi) Languages'', thesis, University of Texas at Arlington. *Lu Lin 卢琳. 2017. Yiyu Shuicheng Zhichanghua yanjiu 彝语水城纸厂话研究. In ''Guizhou Minzu Yanjiu'' 贵州民族研究.

External links

283-word wordlist in Wuding Maojie Naisu dialect
available from Kaipuleohone as well a
word lists from other Nasu speakers
{{Lolo-Burmese languages Loloish languages Languages of Yunnan Languages of Guizhou Languages of Sichuan Languages of Guangxi