Nambu Domain

300px, Ruins of Morioka Castle

was a '' tozama'' feudal domain of Edo period Japan. It was ruled throughout its history by the Nanbu clan. It was called during the early part of its history. It was located in northern Mutsu Province, Honshū, covering the eastern half of what is now Aomori Prefecture and the northern two-thirds of what is now Iwate Prefecture and the Kazuno District of what is now Akita Prefecture. The domain was centered at Morioka Castle in the city of Morioka. For most of its history, Morioka Domain had an official ''kokudaka'' of 100,000 ''koku'', although its actual revenues were much higher. Towards the end of the Edo period, the domain’s status was raised to 200,000 ''koku''.

History

The Nanbu clan was a branch of the Seiwa Genji originally from Kai Province, who settled in what is now the town of Nanbu, Aomori after the conquest of the Hiraizumi Fujiwara by Minamoto no Yoritomo. Along with the Shimazu clan of Satsuma Province, the Nanbu clan has the distinction of being one of the two clans which held onto their territories for over 700 years, from the Kamakura period to the Meiji Restoration.

In July 1590, the 26th chieftain of the Nanbu clan, Nanbu Nobunao, made an oath of fealty to Toyotomi Hideyoshi at the Siege of Odawara, and was officially confirmed as '' daimyō'' of seven districts of northern Mutsu province (Nukanobu, Hei, Kazuno, Kuji, Iwate, Shiwa and Tōno). Hideyoshi assisted in the suppression of the Kunohe Rebellion of 1591 which secured Nobunao's position as head of all the branches of the Nanbu clan. However, Hideyoshi also recognised the independence of the Tsugaru clan, former Nanbu retainers, and their control over the three districts of Tsugaru Peninsula, but gave the Nanbu clan the additional districts of Hienuki and Waga as compensation. Nanbu Nobunao relocated his seat from Sannohe Castle to the more central location of Morioka, and began work on Morioka Castle and its surrounding castle town in 1592.

In 1600, following the Battle of Sekigahara, Nanbu Nobunao's son Nanbu Toshinao was confirmed by Tokugawa Ieyasu as ''daimyō'' with an assessed ''kokudaka'' of 100,000 ''koku''. This marks the official start of Morioka Domain under the Tokugawa shogunate.

In 1627, in order to strengthen its southern border against the Date clan of Sendai Domain, a branch of the Nanbu clan from Ne Castle near Hachinohe was relocated to Tōno, forming a subsidiary line.

In 1634, Nukanobu District was divided into the four districts of Sannohe, Ninohe, Kunohe and Kita by order of the '' shōgun'' Tokugawa Iemitsu, giving the Nanbu clan control over a total of 10 districts of Mutsu province.

In 1664, the 20,000 ''koku'' Hachinohe Domain was split from Morioka Domain as a nominally subsidiary domain."Hachinohe-han" on Edo 300 HTML
(accessed 15 August 2008) However, relations between Morioka and Hachinohe were often strained and Hachinohe was considered independent, rather than a subsidiary. Morioka Domain was thus reduced to 80,000 ''koku'', but was able to develop new rice lands, and reverted to 100,000 ''koku'' status in 1683. The 5th ''daimyō'', Nanbu Yukinobu, reduced the domain to 92,000 ''koku'' by setting up his two younger brothers as '' hatamoto'' with 5000 ''koku'' and 3000 ''koku'' each.

In 1808, the Tokugawa shogunate assigned the Nanbu clan responsibility for the defence of a portion of southern Ezo. The nominal ''kokudaka'' for Morioka clan was raised to 200,000 ''koku''"Morioka-han" on Edo 300 HTML
(accessed 15 August 2008) and their status from "castle-holding ''daimyō''" to "province-holding ''daimyō''". However, this increase in status came without any actual increase in territory, and the additional actual revenues from trading posts established in Ezo was small. The result was to plunge the domain’s finances, already suffering from repeated crop failures due to inclement weather and reduction in output from its copper mines, into the red.

In 1819, the subsidiary Shichinohe Domain was created out of 6000 ''koku'' of new rice land combined with a 5000-''koku'' ''hatamoto'' holding."Shichinohe-han" on Edo 300 HTML
(accessed 15 August 2008)

In 1821, the Sōma Daisaku incident, in which a retainer of the Nanbu clan attempted to assassinate the ''daimyō'' of Tsugaru Domain occurred. The Nanbu clan and the Tsugaru clan had been enemies for centuries. This was the same year during which the domain faced its most serious crisis. The 11th ''daimyō'', Nanbu Toshimochi, died at the age of 13 before he could be formally received in audience by '' shōgun'' Tokugawa Ienari. Fearing that this could be used by the shogunate as a cause for attainder, the domain leaders substituted a cousin of similar age and appearance to take his place.

In 1840, a han school was established, and began promoting studies in '' rangaku'' (western science), especially western medicine.

During the Bakumatsu period, in 1857 the 14th ''daimyō'' of Morioka, Nanbu Toshihisa, married the third daughter of Tokugawa Nariaki of Mito Domain. With the start of the Boshin War, the domain initially attempted to remain neutral, but bowed to pressure from Sendai Domain and joined the Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei. Morioka forces attacked the pro-Imperial Tsugaru Domain and Akita Domain.Onodera, ''Boshin nanboku sensō to Tōhoku seiken'', p. 149. As a result, the new Meiji government treated Nanbu clan harshly at the end of the war by seizing the territory and expelling the Nanbu clan to the vacant Shiroishi Castle, where a new 130,000 ''koku'' domain was created out of former Sendai Domain lands in early 1868.

Six months later, the Nanbu petitioned to return to Morioka, to which the government agreed provided that they paid a penalty of 700,000 gold '' ryō''. Although this sum proved impossible amount to raise, the Nanbu were allowed to return shortly before the abolition of the han system. The lands of former Morioka Domain became Morioka Prefecture, which subsequently became part of Iwate Prefecture in January 1872.

List of ''daimyōs''

* Nanbu clan ('' tozama'') 1599–1871

Genealogy

* 15px I. Nanbu Toshinao, 1st ''daimyō'' of Morioka (cr. 1599) (1576–1632; r. 1599–1632)
** 15px II. Shigenao, 2nd ''daimyō'' of Morioka (1606–1664; r. 1632–1664)
** 15px III. Shigenobu, 3rd ''daimyō'' of Morioka (1616–1702; r. 1664–1692)
*** 15px IV. Yukinobu, 4th ''daimyō'' of Morioka (1642–1702; r. 1692–1702)
**** 15px V. Nobuoki, 5th ''daimyō'' of Morioka (1678–1707; r. 1702–1705)
***** 15px VII. Toshimi, 7th ''daimyō'' of Morioka (1708–1752; r. 1725–1752)
****** 15px IX. Toshimasa, 9th ''daimyō'' of Morioka (1751–1784; r. 1780–1784)
******* 15px X. Toshitaka, 10th ''daimyō'' of Morioka (1782–1820; r. 1784–1820)
******son
******* Nobusuke
******** 15px XI (a). Toshimichi I, 11th ''daimyō'' of Morioka (1808–1821; r. 1820–1821)
******son
******* Nobutoro
******** 15px XI (b). Toshimichi II, 12th ''daimyō'' of Morioka (1803–1825; r. 1821–1825)
**** 15px VI. Toshitomo, 6th ''daimyō'' of Morioka (1689–1725; r. 1705–1725)
***** VIII. Toshikatsu, 8th ''daimyō'' of Morioka (1724–1780; r. 1752–1779)
****** Toshinori (1746–1814)
******* 15px XII. Toshitada, 12th ''daimyō'' of Morioka (1797–1855; r. 1825–1847)
******** 15px XIII. Toshitomo, 13th ''daimyō'' of Morioka (1824–1888; r. 1847–1848)
******** 15px XIV. Toshihisa, 14th ''daimyō'' of Morioka (1827–1896; r. 1848–1868)
********* 15px XV. Toshiyuki, 15th ''daimyō'' of Morioka, 41st family head, 1st Count (1855–1903; Lord: 1868–1869; Governor: 1869–1871; 41st family head: 1868–1903; Count: cr. 1884)
**********Toshinaga, 2nd Count, 42nd family head (1882 – k.i.a. in Manchuria, 1905; 42nd family head and 2nd Count: 1903–1905)
********** Toshiatsu, 3rd Count, 43rd family head (1884–1930; 43rd family head and 3rd Count: 1905–1930)
*********** Mizuko (1908–1980), m. Nanbu (Ichijō) Toshihide, 4th Count, 44th family head (1907–1980; 44th family head: 1930–1980; 4th Count: 1930–1947)
************Toshihisa (1932–1980)
************* Toshifumi, 46th family head (b. 1970; 46th family head: 2009–)
************ Toshiaki, 45th family head (1935–2009; 45th family head: 1980–2009)

Bakumatsu period holdings

Like most domains in the han system, Morioka Domain consisted of discontinuous territories calculated to provide the assigned ''kokudaka'', based on periodic cadastral surveys and projected agricultural yields.Elison, George and Bardwell L. Smith (1987)
''Warlords, Artists, & Commoners: Japan in the Sixteenth Century,'' p. 18
At the end of the Tokugawa shogunate, the domain consisted of the following holdings:

*Mutsu Province
** 68 villages in Ninohe District
** all of Kita District
*Mutsu Province ( Rikuchū Province)
** 85 villages in Iwate District
** 68 villages in Hienuki District
** 69 villages in Waga District
** 138 villages in Hei District
** 70 villages in Kakuno District
** 71 villages in Shiwa District
** 11 villages in Kunohe District
*Mutsu Province ( Iwashiro Province)
** 8 villages in Date District
* Ezo ( Iburi Province)
** southeastern Muroran District
** Horobetsu District
**southwest Abuta District

In popular culture

In fiction, the Morioka domain is the setting for sections of the novel '' Mibugishiden'', as well as the film '' The Twilight Samurai''.

See also

* List of Han
* ''When the Last Sword is Drawn''

Notes

References

*''The content of this article was largely derived from that of the corresponding article on Japanese Wikipedia.''
*
*Sasaki Suguru 佐々木克 (1977). ''Boshin sensō: haisha no Meiji ishin'' 戊辰戦争: 敗者の明治維新. Tokyo: Chūōkōronsha 中央公論社.
*Noguchi, Shin'ichi (2005). ''Aizu-han''. Tokyo: Gendai shaken

External links

Morioka on "Edo 300 HTML"

{{Authority control

Domains of Japan
History of Aomori Prefecture
History of Iwate Prefecture
History of Akita Prefecture
Nanbu clan
Mutsu Province