History
NHK's earliest forerunner was the , founded in 1924 under the leadership of CountRadio broadcasting
NHK began shortwave radio, shortwave broadcasting on an experimental basis in the 1930s, and began regular English- and Japanese-language shortwave broadcasts in 1935 under the name NHK World-Japan#Radio Japan, Radio Japan, initially aimed at ethnic Japanese listeners in Hawaii and the west coast of North America. By the late 1930s, NHK's overseas broadcasts were known as Radio Tokyo, which became an official name in 1941. In November 1941, the Imperial Japanese Army nationalised all public news agencies and coordinated their efforts via the Information Liaison Confidential Committee. All published and broadcast news reports became official announcements of the Imperial Army General Headquarters in Tokyo for the duration of World War II. The famous Tokyo Rose wartime programs were broadcasts by NHK. NHK also broadcast the ''Hirohito surrender broadcast, Gyokuon-hōsō'', the surrender speech made by Emperor Hirohito, in August 1945. Following the war, in September 1945, the Allied occupation administration under General Douglas MacArthur banned all international broadcasting by NHK, and repurposed several NHK facilities and frequencies for use by the Far East Network (now American Forces Network). Japanese-American radio broadcaster Frank Shozo Baba joined NHK during this time and led an early post-war revamp of its programming. Radio Japan resumed overseas broadcasts in 1952. A new was enacted in 1950, which made NHK a listener-supported independent corporation and simultaneously opened the market for commercial broadcasting in Japan. NHK started television broadcasting in 1953, followed by its educational TV channel in 1959 and color television broadcasts in 1960. NHK opened the first stage of NHK Broadcasting Center, its current headquarters in Tokyo, Japan's capital city's special wards of Tokyo, special ward Shibuya as an international broadcasting center for the 1964 Summer Olympics, the first widely televised Olympic Games. The complex was gradually expanded through 1973, when it became the headquarters for NHK. The previous headquarters adjacent to Hibiya Park was redeveloped as the Hibiya City high-rise complex.Satellite broadcasting
NHK began experimental satellite broadcasting with the NHK BS 1 channel in 1984, followed by NHK BS 2 in 1985. Both channels began regular broadcasts in 1989. In April 2011, BS 1 was rebranded while BS 2 channel ceased broadcasting and was replaced by "BS Premium" which broadcasts on the channel formerly used by BShi. International satellite broadcasts to North America and Europe began in 1995, which led to the launch of NHK World in 1998. It became free-to-air over the Astra 19.2°E (Astra 1L) and Eurobird satellites in Europe in 2008.Digital television
NHK began digital television broadcasting in December 2000 through BS Digital, followed by terrestrial digital TV broadcasts in three major metropolitan areas in 2003. NHK's digital television coverage gradually expanded to cover almost all of Japan by 24 July 2011, when analog transmissions were discontinued (except in three prefectures that were heavily affected by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami – Iwate Prefecture, Iwate, Miyagi Prefecture, Miyagi, Fukushima Prefecture, Fukushima – where it was discontinued on 31 March 2012).''Studies of Broadcasting''
From 1963 to 1999, NHK published the journal ''Studies of broadcasting: an international annual of broadcasting science''.Organization
NHK is a dependent corporation chartered by the Japanese Broadcasting Act (Japan), Broadcasting Act and primarily funded by license fees. NHK World broadcasting (for overseas viewers/listeners) is funded by the Japanese government. The annual budget of NHK is subject to review and approval by the National Diet, Diet of Japan. The Diet also appoints the twelve-member board of governors (経営委員会 ''keiei iinkai'') that oversees NHK. NHK is managed on a full-time basis by an consisting of a president, vice president and seven to ten managing directors who oversee the areas of NHK operations. The executive board reports to the board of governors.Subsidiaries
*NHK Enterprises, Inc. (NHKエンタープライズ, abbreviated NEP): Established on April 1, 2005. *NHK Educational Corporation (株式会社 NHKエデュケーショナル): Established on May 30, 1989. *NHK ART, Inc. (株式会社ＮＨＫアート): Established on July 10, 1961. *NHK Publishing, Inc. (NHK出版): Established on April 1, 1931. *Japan International Broadcasting Inc. (株式会社日本国際放送)/JIB: Established on April 4, 2008. *NHK International, Inc. (一般財団法人NHKインターナショナル): Established on July 1, 1980. *NHK Global Media Services, Inc. (株式会社NHKグローバルメディアサービス): Established on April 1, 2009, by merging NHK Joho Network, Inc. ((株)NHK情報ネットワーク) (established on January 1, 1989) and Japan Teletex Co. Ltd. (日本文字放送) (established in 1985). *NHK Cosmomedia America, Inc.: Created by merging Japan Network Group (Media International Corporation) and NHK Enterprises America, Inc. on April 1, 2010, but its licence was granted on November 12, 2008. The company's logo was filed on March 23, 2010, and registered on December 13, 2011. *NHK Cosmomedia (Europe) Limited: Created by merging JSTV (company founded on November 8, 1989) and NHK Enterprises Europe in April 2010. *NHK Technologies, Inc. (株式会社ＮＨＫテクノロジーズ): Established on April 1, 2019, by merging NHK Integrated Technology Inc. (株式会社ＮＨＫアイテック) and NHK Media Technology, Inc. (株式会社NHKメディアテクノロジー). *Broadcasting Satellite System Corporation (株式会社 放送衛星システム)/B-SAT: Established on April 13, 1993. *NHK Engineering System, Inc. (一般財団法人ＮＨＫエンジニアリングシステム): Established on December 22, 1981. *NHK GAKUEN (学校法人 NHK学園): Established in 1962-10-01 (学校法人日本放送協会学園). It was renamed to the current name on April 1, 2018. *NHK Symphony Orchestra, Tokyo (公益財団法人 NHK交響楽団): Established on April 27, 1942, as Japan Symphony Orchestra (財団法人日本交響楽団). On August 1, 1951, it was renamed to NHK Symphony Orchestra (財団法人NHK交響楽団). It became a public interest incorporated foundation, and was renamed to current name on April 1, 2010. *NHK Public Welfare Organization/NHK HEARTS (社会福祉法人NHK厚生文化事業団): Established on August 31, 1960. *NHK Promotions Inc. (株式会社NHKプロモーション)/(株式会社エヌエイチケイプロモーション): Established on October 1, 1977, as NHK Promote Service Inc. (株式会社NHKプロモートサービス). It was renamed to current name in October 1989. *NHK CULTURE CENTER (株式会社エヌエイチケイ文化センター)/(NHKカルチャー): Established on December 1, 1978. *NHK SERVICE CENTER, INC. (一般財団法人 NHK サービスセンター): Established on February 28, 1951. *NHK BUSINESS SERVICES INC. (NHK営業サービス株式会社): Established on January 17, 1990. *BS Conditional Access Systems Co., Ltd. (株式会社 ビーエス・コンディショナルアクセスシステムズ)/B-CAS (ビーキャス): Established on February 22, 2000. *NHK Business Create Inc. (株式会社 ＮＨＫビジネスクリエイト): Established on April 1, 2009, by merger (株式会社NHKオフィス企画), (株式会社NHK共同サービス). *NHK-Communications Training Institute (一般財団法人NHK放送研修センター): Established on August 8, 1985.Former subsidiaries
*NHK Integrated Technology Inc. (株式会社ＮＨＫアイテック): Established on July 23, 1969, as NHK Integrated Technology Inc. (全日本テレビサービス株式会社). It was merged into NHK Technologies, Inc. on April 1, 2019. *NHK Media Technology, Inc. (株式会社NHKメディアテクノロジー): Established in April 2008 by merging NHK Technical Service (株式会社NHKテクニカルサービス) (established October 9, 1984) and NHK Computer Service (株式会社NHKコンピューターサービス). It was merged into NHK Technologies, Inc. on April 1, 2019.License fee
NHK is funded by , a system analogous to the television licence, license fee used in some English-speaking countries. The Broadcasting Act which governs NHK's funding stipulates anyone with equipment able to receive NHK must pay. The fee is standardized, with discounts for office workers and students who commute, as well a discount for residents of Okinawa prefecture. For viewers making annual payments by credit card with no special discounts, the reception fee is 13,600 yen per year for terrestrial reception only, and 24,090 yen per year for both terrestrial and broadcast satellite reception. However, the Broadcasting Act (Japan), Broadcasting Act specifies no punitive actions for nonpayment; as a result, after a rash of NHK-related scandals including an accounting scandals, accounting one, the number of people who had not paid the license fee surpassed one million watchers. This incident sparked debate over the fairness of the fee system. In 2006, the NHK opted to take legal action against those most flagrantly in violation of the law. This fee and how it is charged is unpopular with some citizens. This led to the formation of The Party to Protect the People from NHK ( ja, NHKから国民を守る党, ''NHK kara Kokumin wo Mamoru Tō''), also known as , a single-issue political party, which has protested this fee with representatives in the House of Councillors (Japan), upper house.TV programming
NHK broadcasts a variety of programming. The following are noteworthy.News
NHK offers local, national, and world news reports. ''NHK News 7'' airs daily and is broadcast bilingually with both Japanese and English audio tracks on NHK General TV and NHK's international channels TV Japan andEmergency reporting
Under the Broadcasting Act, NHK is under the obligation to broadcast early warning emergency reporting in times of natural disasters such as earthquakes and tsunamis. Their national network of seismometers in cooperation with the Japan Meteorological Agency makes NHK capable of delivering Earthquake Early Warning (Japan), earthquake early warnings seconds after detection, as well as a more detailed report with Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale, Shindo intensity measurements within two-to-three minutes after the quake. They also broadcast air attack warnings in the event of war, using the J-Alert system. All warnings are broadcast in Japanese, with tsunami warnings also delivered in four foreign languages: English, Mandarin Chinese, Korean and Portuguese (Japan has small Chinese people in Japan, Chinese, Koreans in Japan, Korean and Brazilians in Japan, Brazilian populations). The warnings were broadcast in these languages during the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, 11 March 2011 earthquake and tsunami.Sports
NHK broadcasts Sumo, sumo wrestling, baseball games, Olympic Games, Association football, soccer games, and a range of other sports. Their broadcast of the last two days of October 1952's autumn honbasho, sumo tournament became the first ever televised sports broadcast in Japan.Music
The NHK Symphony Orchestra, financially sponsored by NHK, was formerly (until 1951) the Japanese Symphony Orchestra. Its website details the orchestra's history and ongoing concert programme. Since 1953, NHK has broadcast the ''Kōhaku Uta Gassen'' song contest on New Year's Eve, ending shortly before midnight.Drama
A Asadora, sentimental morning show, a weekly jidaigeki and a year-long show, the ''Taiga drama'', spearhead the network's fiction offerings. NHK is also making efforts at broadcasting dramas made in foreign countries as .Children
The longest running children's show in Japan, started broadcasting in 1959 and still airs to this day Monday-Friday 17:36-18:00 JST, Sunday 17:30-17:54 JST with rebroadcasts Tuesday-Sunday 5:00-5:24 JST on NHK World Premium.Employee and internal issues
Insider trading ban
In 2007, three employees of NHK were fined and fired for insider trading. They had profited by trading shares based on exclusive NHK knowledge. On 11 July 2008, NHK introduced a ban prohibiting stock trading by employees, numbering around 5,700, who had access to its internal news information management system. The employees were required to pledge in writing that they would not trade in stocks, and were required to gain approval from senior staff in order to sell shares they already held. NHK banned short-term stock trading completed in periods of six months or less for all other employees. The ban did not extend to employees' families, nor did NHK request any reports on their transactions.Overwork death
On 24 July 2013, a reporter at NHK Metropolitan Broadcasting Center died of congestive heart failure. In May 2014, Shibuya Labor Standards Inspection Office of the Tokyo Labor Bureau certified it as a ''karōshi'' (overwork death). Although NHK did not report on this matter, it was announced in October 2017. Ryōichi Ueda, the chairman of NHK, visited the reporter's parents' home and apologized to them.On-air issues
Criticism over comments about Japanese wartime history
NHK has occasionally faced various criticisms for its treatment of Japan's wartime history. , the 21st head of NHK, caused controversy by discussing Japan's actions in World War II at his first news conference after being appointed on 20 December 2013. It was reported Momii said NHK should support the Japanese government in its territorial dispute with China and South Korea. He also caused controversy by what some describe as the playing down of the comfort women issue in World War II, according to the ''Taipei Times'', stating "[South] Korea's statements that Japan is the only nation that forced this are puzzling. 'Give us money, compensate us', they say, but since all of this was resolved by the Japan-Korea peace treaty, why are they reviving this issue? It's strange." It was subsequently reported by ''The Japan Times'' that on his first day at NHK Momii asked members of the executive team to hand in their resignation on the grounds they had all been appointed by his predecessor. At the end of April 2014, a number of civil society groups protested against Katsuto Momii's continuing tenure as director-general of NHK. One of the groups, the , issued a public letter asking for the resignation of Momii on the grounds the remarks he made at his inaugural press conference were explosive. The letter stated that if Momii did not resign by the end of April that its members would freeze their payments of the licence fee for half a year. On 17 October 2014, ''The Times'' claimed to have received internal NHK documents which banned any reference to the Nanjing Massacre, Rape of Nanking, to Japan's use of wartime sex slaves during World War II, and to its territorial dispute with China in its English-language broadcasting.Black Lives Matter video
On 10 June 2020, NHK apologized and took down an 80-second video about the Black Lives Matter, Black Lives Matter movement and George Floyd protests that was criticized for its "crude" animation of protesters and its focus on economic inequality rather than police brutality. An official statement was released through NHK's official website signed by Yuichi Tabata, head of NHK's International News Division.Olympics documentary claims
On 9 January 2022, NHK issued an apology over false allegations made in Director Naomi Kawase, Naomi Kawase's Tokyo Olympics documentary. Kawase was selected by the IOC in 2018 to cover Japanese reactions to the event and later, during the Coronavirus pandemic. Footage and captions in the documentary alleged that protesters were being paid money to attend anti-Olympics rallies. One of the men interviewed later stated he was "unsure" if he had actually attended any anti-Olympics rallies. NHK Osaka cited "editorial oversights" and "deficiencies in research," issuing an apology. Some anti-Olympic activists demanded that the documentary should be removed. Some activists were concerned that the misinformation was spread by NHK to silence those who opposed Tokyo Olympics during the pandemic. NHK denied that the footage was deliberately fabricated to mislead the public. On 13 January 2022 the NHK Osaka director Terunobu Maeda apologized during a press conference, admitting that the captions "should not have been included." Again he denied that the incident was a fabrication.Logos
See also
*Domo (NHK), Domo, the mascot of the NHK since 1998 *Hobankyo – Organization based in Japan that enforces Fuji Television copyright issues *ISDB *Japan Prize Contest (NHK) *Japanese television programs *Media of Japan *NHK Science & Technology Research Laboratories *NHK Spring Company *Takashi Tachibana *Television in Japan *TV Japan – a mixed Japanese/English-language cable network partially owned by NHK airing in the United States *Ultra-high-definition televisionReferences
Explanatory notes
Citations
General sources
*Johnston, Eric (7 July 2009)External links
* {{Authority control NHK, 1924 establishments in Japan Commercial-free television networks Government-owned companies based in Tokyo International Emmy Awards Current Affairs & News winners Japanese-language television stations Television networks in Japan Mass media companies based in Tokyo Organizations established in 1926 Peabody Award winners Publicly funded broadcasters Radio in Japan Television channels and stations established in 1953 Shibuya