NARG1
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N-alpha-acetyltransferase 15, NatA auxiliary subunit also known as gastric cancer antigen Ga19 (GA19), NMDA receptor-regulated protein 1 (NARG1), and Tbdn100 is a
protein Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, respo ...
that in humans is encoded by the ''NAA15''
gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or ''birth'' or ''gender'') can have several different meanings. The Mendelian gene is a ba ...
. NARG1 is the auxiliary subunit of the NatA ( Nα-acetyltransferase A) complex. This NatA complex can associate with the
ribosome Ribosomes ( ) are macromolecular machines, found within all cells, that perform biological protein synthesis (mRNA translation). Ribosomes link amino acids together in the order specified by the codons of messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules to ...
and catalyzes the transfer of an
acetyl group In organic chemistry, acetyl is a functional group with the chemical formula and the structure . It is sometimes represented by the symbol Ac (not to be confused with the element actinium). In IUPAC nomenclature, acetyl is called ethanoyl, ...
to the Nα-terminal amino group of proteins as they emerge from the exit tunnel.


Gene and transcripts

Human NAA15 is located on chromosome 4q31.1 and contains 23
exon An exon is any part of a gene that will form a part of the final mature RNA produced by that gene after introns have been removed by RNA splicing. The term ''exon'' refers to both the DNA sequence within a gene and to the corresponding sequen ...
s. Initially, 2 mRNA species were identified, of size 4.6 and 5.8 kb, both harboring the same
open reading frame In molecular biology, open reading frames (ORFs) are defined as spans of DNA sequence between the start and stop codons. Usually, this is considered within a studied region of a prokaryotic DNA sequence, where only one of the six possible readin ...
encoding a putative protein of 866 amino acids (~105 kDa) protein that can be detected in most human adult tissues. According to RefSeq/NCBI, only one human transcript variant exists, although 2 more
isoforms A protein isoform, or "protein variant", is a member of a set of highly similar proteins that originate from a single gene or gene family and are the result of genetic differences. While many perform the same or similar biological roles, some isof ...
are predicted. In addition to full length Naa15, an N-terminally truncated variant of Naa15 (named tubedown-1), Naa15273-865 has been described; however, in mouse only full length Naa15 is widely expressed, whereas smaller transcripts seem to visualized only in heart and testis. In addition to this, a NAA15 gene duplication, NAA16, has been identified, and the encoded protein shares 70% sequence identity to hNaa15 and is expressed in a variety of human cell lines, but is generally less abundant as compared to hNaa15. Three isoforms of Naa16 are validated so far (NCBI RefSeq). Mouse NAA15 is located on chromosome 2 D and contains 20 exons, whereas mouse NAA16 is located on chromosome 14 D3 and consists of 21 exons. In principle, NatA can assemble from all the Naa10 and Naa15 isoforms in human and mouse, creating a more complex and flexible system for Nα-terminal acetylation as compared to lower eukaryotes.


Structure

The X-ray crystal structure of the holo-NatA complex (Naa10/Naa15) from S. pombe revealed that Naa15 is composed of 13 conserved helical bundle tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) motifs and adopts a ring-like topology that wraps around the catalytic subunit of NatA, Naa10. This interaction induces conformational changes in the catalytic center of Naa10 that allows the acetylation of conventional NatA substrates. The crystal structure of human NatA bound to the protein HYPK has also been solved. Because TPR motifs mediate protein–protein interactions, it has been postulated that this domain may facilitate the interaction with other NatA-binding partners such as the ribosome and Naa50/NatE. Naa15 harbors a putative NLS between residues 612-628 (KKNAEKEKQQRNQKKKK); however, analysis of the nuclear localization of Naa15 revealed discrepant results.


Function

Naa15, together with its catalytic subunit Naa10, constitutes the evolutionarily conserved NatA (Nα-acetyltransferase A) complex, which acetylates the α-amino group of the first amino acid residue of proteins starting with small side chains like serine, glycine, alanine, threonine and cysteine, after the initiator methionine has been cleaved by methionine aminopeptidases. Both Naa15 and Naa16 interact with the ribosome in yeast (via the ribosomal proteins, uL23 and uL29), humans and rat, thereby linking the NatA/Naa10 to the ribosome and facilitating co-translational acetylation of nascent polypeptide chains as they emerges from the exit tunnel. Furthermore, Naa15 might act as a scaffold for other factors, including the chaperone like protein HYPK (Huntingtin Interacting Protein K) and Naa50, the catalytic acetyltransferase subunit of NatE In ''
S. cerevisiae ''Saccharomyces cerevisiae'' () (brewer's yeast or baker's yeast) is a species of yeast (single-celled fungus microorganisms). The species has been instrumental in winemaking, baking, and brewing since ancient times. It is believed to have bee ...
'', NAA15Δ and NAA10Δ knockout cells exhibit the same phenotype, and biochemical data indicate that uncomplexed Naa15 is unstable and gets degraded. Therefore, Naa15 function has been closely linked to the acetyltransferase activity of Naa10 as part of the NatA complex. NatA may also regulate co-translational protein folding and protein targeting to the
endoplasmic reticulum The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is, in essence, the transportation system of the eukaryotic cell, and has many other important functions such as protein folding. It is a type of organelle made up of two subunits – rough endoplasmic reticulum ( ...
, possibly through competition with SRP and NAC for the same ribosomal binding sites or through yet unknown interference with other ribosome-associated protein biogenesis factors, such as the MetAPs, the chaperones
Hsp70 The 70 kilodalton heat shock proteins (Hsp70s or DnaK) are a family of conserved ubiquitously expressed heat shock proteins. Proteins with similar structure exist in virtually all living organisms. Intracellularly localized Hsp70s are an importa ...
/
Hsp40 In molecular biology, chaperone DnaJ, also known as Hsp40 (heat shock protein 40 kD), is a molecular chaperone protein. It is expressed in a wide variety of organisms from bacteria to humans. Function Molecular chaperones are a diverse family o ...
, SRP and NAC, which act on newly synthesized proteins as soon as they emerge from the ribosome exit tunnel. However, the exact mechanism of such action is obscure. Apart from this, Naa15 has been linked to many cellular processes, including the maintenance of a healthy retina, endothelial cell permeability, tumor progression, generation and differentiation of neurons apoptosis and transcriptional regulation; however, it is not well understood whether these are NatA-independent or -dependent functions of Naa15.


Disease

Two damaging de novo NAA15 mutations were reported by exome sequencing in parent-offspring trios with congenital heart disease. Patient 1 harbors a frameshift mutation (p. Lys335fs) and displays heterotaxy (
dextrocardia Dextrocardia (from Latin ''dextro'', meaning "right hand side," and Greek ''kardia'', meaning "heart") is a rare congenital condition in which the apex of the heart is located on the right side of the body, rather than the more typical placement t ...
, total anomalous pulmonary venous return, left superior vena cava, hypoplastic TV, double outlet right ventricle, hypoplastic RV, D-transposition of the great arteries, pulmonic stenosis) and hydronephrosis,
asplenia Asplenia refers to the absence of normal spleen function and is associated with some serious infection risks. Hyposplenism is used to describe reduced ('hypo-') splenic functioning, but not as severely affected as with asplenism. ''Functional'' a ...
, malrotation and abnormal neuro-development, the second patient harbors a nonsense mutation (p.S761X) and displays conotruncal defects ( tetralogy of Fallot, single left coronary artery).


Notes


References


Further reading

* * * * * * * {{refend Human proteins