The Mohe, Malgal, or Mogher, or Mojie, were an East Asian Tungusic people who lived primarily in the modern geographical region of Northeast Asia. The two most powerful Mohe groups were known as the

Heishui Mohe The Heishui Mohe (; mnc, Sahaliyan i Aiman or ), also known as the , rendered in English as Blackriver Mohe or Blackwater Mohe, were a tribe of Mohe people in Outer Manchuria along the Amur River () in what is now Russia's Khabarovsk Krai, Amur O ...

, located along the Amur River, and the Sumo Mohe, named after the Songhua River. The Mohe constituted a major part of the population in the kingdom of Balhae in northeast Asia, which lasted from the late 7th century to early 10th century. After the fall of Balhae, few historical traces of the Mohe can be found, though they are considered to be the primary ethnic group from whom the Jurchen people descended. The Heishui Mohe in particular are considered to be the direct ancestors of the Jurchens, from whom the 17th century Manchu people and

Qing dynasty The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing,, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and the last orthodox dynasty in Chinese history. It emerged from the Later Jin dynasty founded by the Jianzhou Jurchens, a Tungusic-speak ...

founders originated.Huang, P.: "New Light on the origins of the Manchu," ''Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies'', vol. 50, no.1 (1990): 239-82. Retrieved from JSTOR database July 18, 2006. The Mohe practiced a sedentary agrarian lifestyle and were predominantly farmers who grew soybean, wheat, millet, and rice, supplemented by pig raising and hunting for meat. The Mohe were also known to have worn pig and dog skin coats.Gorelova 2002
pp. 13-4.

Name

The Chinese exonym ''Mohe'' (靺鞨) is a

graphic pejorative Some historical Chinese characters for non-Chinese peoples were graphically pejorative ethnic slurs, where the racial insult derived not from the Chinese word but from the character used to write it. For instance, written Chinese first transcribed ...

written with ''mo'' 靺 "socks; stockings" and ''he'' 鞨 "shoes". ''Mo'' (靺) (

Middle Chinese Middle Chinese (formerly known as Ancient Chinese) or the Qieyun system (QYS) is the historical variety of Chinese recorded in the '' Qieyun'', a rime dictionary first published in 601 and followed by several revised and expanded editions. The ...

: /muɑt̚/) is an adjective, a customary expression meaning " barbarian" or

Xiongnu The Xiongnu (, ) were a tribal confederation of nomadic peoples who, according to ancient Chinese sources, inhabited the eastern Eurasian Steppe from the 3rd century BC to the late 1st century AD. Modu Chanyu, the supreme leader after 20 ...

. Before the

Five dynasties The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (), from 907 to 979, was an era of political upheaval and division in 10th-century Imperial China. Five dynastic states quickly succeeded one another in the Central Plain, and more than a dozen conc ...

period, it was recorded as "靺羯", such as on the Honglujing Stele. ''He'' 鞨 is ''gal'' (

''gat'' or /ɦɑt̚/), meaning " stone" by Mohe/Malgal, Jie/Gal language. The Jie ruler Shi Le (石勒) takes the surname ''shi'' (石 "stone") from ''gal''. According to the History of Jin (Jin Shi), Shi Tumen ( 石土門) is the prince of the Jurchen people, whose surname ''shi'' hints to a connection with the Mohe and Jie. The ethnonym of the Mohe bears a notable resemblance to that of the later historically attested *Motgit in

(; Korean: 물길 ulgil Japanese: もつきつ otsukitsu. The name of the Mohe also appears as "Maka" in "Shin-Maka" (Japanese 新靺鞨, しんまか) or "New Mohe," which is the name of a dance and the musical piece that accompanies it; the dance and song were introduced to the Japanese court during the Nara period or around the beginning of the

Heian period The is the last division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185. It followed the Nara period, beginning when the 50th emperor, Emperor Kanmu, moved the capital of Japan to Heian-kyō (modern Kyoto). means "peace" in Japan ...

from the Balhae kingdom. In modern Japanese historical texts, the name of the Mohe is annotated with the " kana" reading Makkatsu (まっかつ), which is probably a transliteration based on the standard Sino-Japanese readings of the Chinese characters used to transcribe the ethnonym of the Mohe.

Tribes

According to some records, there were seven/eight Mohe tribes :

Notable personalities

Prefecture Mohe chieftains

* Sumo Mohe ** Tudiji (突地稽 pinyin: Tūdìjī, Manchu: Tulergi (''alien people''),

Hangul The Korean alphabet, known as Hangul, . Hangul may also be written as following South Korea's standard Romanization. ( ) in South Korea and Chosŏn'gŭl in North Korea, is the modern official writing system for the Korean language. The l ...

: 돌지계), ca. 580-620 ** Li Jinhang (李謹行 pinyin: Lǐ Jǐnháng,

: 이근행), 619-683, Tudiji's son **

Dae Joyeong Dae Joyeong (died 719) (; or in Korean) or Da Zuorong (大祚榮, 大祚荣, in Chinese), also known as King Go (; in Korean; Gao in Chinese), established the state of Balhae, reigning from 699 to 719. Life Early life Dae Joyeong wa ...

(大祚榮 pinyin: Dá Zuòróng,

: 대조영), ?-719 * Baishan Mohe ** Geolsa Biu (乞四比羽 pinyin: Qǐsì Bǐyǔ,

: 걸사비우) * Heisui Mohe ** A Tou (阿頭 pinyin: Ā Tóu, Manchu: Uju (''head, chief''),

:아두) ** Tou Fu (陁弗 pinyin: Toú fú,

: 타불) ** Su Wugai (蘇勿蓋 pinyin: Sū Wùgài, Manchu: Sotki (''crusian''),

: 소홀개) ** Gao Zhimen (高之門 pinyin: Gāo Zīemén, Manchu: Hocihon mangga (''handsome and strong''),

: 고지문) ** Wusukemeng (烏素可蒙 pinyin: Wū sù kě méng, Manchu: Osohon mangga (''small but strong''),

: 오소고몽) ** Nisuliji (倪屬利稽 pinyin:Ní shǔ lì jī, Manchu: Nisurigi (''finger ring for archery''),

: 아속리계) * Funie Mohe ** Shiyimeng (失異夢 pinyin: Shī yì mèng, Manchu: Silin mangga (''elite and strong''),

: 실이몽) **

Li Duozuo Li, li, or LI may refer to: Businesses and organizations * Landscape Institute, a British professional body for landscape architects * Leadership Institute, a non-profit organization located in Arlington, Virginia, US, that teaches "political te ...

(李多祚 pinyin: Lǐ Duōzuò,

: 이다조) * Yuexi Mohe ** Wushikemeng (烏施可蒙 pinyin: Wū shī kě méng, Manchu: Osohon mangga (''small but strong''),

Name

Tribes

Notable personalities

Prefecture Mohe chieftains

See also

References

Citations

Bibliography

See also