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The Mills Brothers, sometimes billed the Four Mills Brothers, and originally known as the Four Kings of Harmony, were an American
jazz Jazz is a music genre that originated in the African-American communities of New Orleans, Louisiana in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with its roots in blues and ragtime. Since the 1920s Jazz Age, it has been recognized as a m ...
and traditional pop vocal quartet who made more than 2,000 recordings that sold more than 50 million copies and garnered at least three dozen gold records. The Mills Brothers were the first African-American artists to have their own show on national network radio (on
CBS CBS Broadcasting Inc., commonly shortened to CBS, the abbreviation of its former legal name Columbia Broadcasting System, is an American commercial broadcast television and radio network serving as the flagship property of the CBS Entertainm ...
in 1930); they made appearances in film; and were the first to have a No. 1 hit on the '' Billboard'' singles chart, with "
Paper Doll Paper dolls are figures cut out of paper or thin card, with separate clothes, also made of paper, that are usually held onto the dolls by paper folding tabs. They may be a figure of a person, animal or inanimate object. Paper dolls have been ine ...
" in
1943 Events Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix. January * January 1 – WWII: The Soviet Union announces that 22 German divisions have been encircled at Stalingrad, with 175,000 killed and 137,650 captured. * January 4 ...
. They were inducted into the
Vocal Group Hall of Fame The Vocal Group Hall of Fame (VGHF) is an American-based hall of fame that honors vocal groups throughout the world in every genre of music. Headquartered in the Columbia Theatre in Sharon, Pennsylvania, it includes a theater and a museum. It was ...
in 1998.


Early years

The Mills Brothers were born into a family of nine in
Piqua, Ohio Piqua ( ) is a city in Miami County, southwest Ohio, United States, 27 miles north of Dayton. The population was 20,522 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Dayton Metropolitan Statistical Area. It was founded as the village of Washington in ...
, United States. The quartet consisted of Donald (lead tenor vocals, April 29, 1915 – November 13, 1999), Herbert (tenor vocals, April 2, 1912 – April 12, 1989), Harry (baritone vocals, August 9, 1913 – June 28, 1982), and John Jr. (guitar, double bass, vocals; October 19, 1910 – January 23, 1936). Their father, John Hutchinson Mills (February 11, 1882 – December 8, 1967), was a barber with his own shop and a barbershop quartet. He was the son of William Hutchinson Mills and Cecilia Simms who lived in
Bellefonte, Pennsylvania Bellefonte is a borough in, and the county seat of, Centre County in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. It is approximately twelve miles northeast of State College and is part of the State College, Pennsylvania Metropolitan Statistical Area. The bor ...
. As the boys grew older, they began singing in the choir of the Cyrene African Methodist Episcopal Church and in the Park Avenue Baptist Church in Piqua. After lessons at the Spring Street Grammar School, they gathered in front of their father's barbershop or on the corner to perform. They entered an amateur contest at May's Opera House but while on stage Harry realized he had lost his kazoo. He improvised by cupping his hand over his mouth and mimicking the sound of trumpet. The brothers liked the idea and worked it into their act. John, the bass vocalist, would imitate the tuba. Harry, a baritone, imitated the trumpet, Herbert became the second trumpet, and Donald the trombone. John accompanied the four-part harmony on
ukulele The ukulele ( ; from haw, ukulele , approximately ), also called Uke, is a member of the lute family of instruments of Portuguese origin and popularized in Hawaii. It generally employs four nylon strings. The tone and volume of the instrumen ...
and then guitar. They practiced imitating orchestras they heard on the radio.


Rise to stardom

In 1928, after playing May's Opera House in Piqua between Rin Tin Tin features, the brothers accompanied the Harold Greenameyer Band to Cincinnati for an audition with radio station
WLW WLW (700 AM) is a commercial news/talk radio station licensed to Cincinnati, Ohio. Owned by iHeartMedia, WLW is a clear-channel station, often identifying itself as The Big One. WLW operates with around the clock. Its daytime signal provides ...
. The station did not hire the band, but did hire the Mills brothers. With the help of Seger Ellis, a WLW Cincinnati DJ, they became local radio stars, and got their major break when Duke Ellington and his Orchestra played a date in Cincinnati. When the youngsters sang for Duke, he called Tommy Rockwell at Okeh Records, who signed them and brought the group to New York City. In September 1930, Ralph Wonders urged broadcasting executive William S. Paley, at CBS Radio in New York, to turn on his office speaker and listen to an audition of four young men. For the audition they were "The Mills Brothers", but they had been known by many other names. They were billed as "The Steamboat Four" when they sang for Sohio. They had been called the "Four Boys and a Guitar" on their Sunday shows. When Paley heard their performance, he immediately went downstairs and put them on the air. The next day, the Mills Brothers signed a three-year contract and became the first African-Americans to have a network show on radio. Their first recording for
Brunswick Records Brunswick Records is an American record label founded in 1916. History From 1916 Records under the Brunswick label were first produced by the Brunswick-Balke-Collender Company, a company based in Dubuque, Iowa which had been manufacturing prod ...
, a cover of the
Original Dixieland Jass Band The Original Dixieland Jass Band (ODJB) was a Dixieland jazz band that made the first jazz recordings in early 1917. Their " Livery Stable Blues" became the first jazz record ever issued. The group composed and recorded many jazz standards, the ...
standard Standard may refer to: Symbols * Colours, standards and guidons, kinds of military signs * Standard (emblem), a type of a large symbol or emblem used for identification Norms, conventions or requirements * Standard (metrology), an object th ...
"
Tiger Rag "Tiger Rag" is a jazz standard that was recorded and copyrighted by the Original Dixieland Jass Band in 1917. It is one of the most recorded jazz compositions. In 2003, the 1918 recording of "Tiger Rag" was entered into the U.S. Library of Cong ...
", became a nationwide best-seller and a no. 1 hit on the charts in a version with lyrics by Harry DaCosta. It sold over one million copies, and was awarded a
gold disc Music recording certification is a system of certifying that a music recording has shipped, sold, or streamed a certain number of units. The threshold quantity varies by type (such as album, single, music video) and by nation or territory (see ...
by the RIAA. Other hits followed – "Goodbye Blues", their theme song, "Nobody's Sweetheart", " Ole Rockin' Chair", " Lazy River", "How'm I Doin'", and others. They remained on Brunswick until late 1934, when they signed with Decca, where they stayed well into the 1950s. On all of their Brunswick records, as well as the early Deccas, the label stated, "No musical instruments or mechanical devices used on this recording other than one guitar". They were a hit on CBS in 1930–1931, particularly when they co-starred on the popular ''
The Fleischmann's Yeast Hour ''The Fleischmann's Yeast Hour'' (also known as ''The Rudy Vallée Show'', ''The Fleischmann Yeast Hour'', and ''The Fleischmann Hour'') was a pioneering musical variety radio program broadcast on NBC from 1929 to 1936, when it became ''The Roya ...
'' hosted by
Rudy Vallee Rudy or Rudi is a masculine given name, sometimes short for Rudolf, Rudolph, Rawad, Rudra, Ruairidh, or variations thereof, a nickname and a surname which may refer to: People Given name or nickname *Rudolf Rudy Andeweg (born 1952), Dutch poli ...
. From 1932 to 1933 they had a radio series in which they were billed as the "Four Boys and a Guitar". Before their show announcers explained to listeners that the only instrument was a guitar, as the vocal effects made many listeners think they were brass instruments. The brothers were sponsored by Standard Oil,
Procter & Gamble The Procter & Gamble Company (P&G) is an American multinational consumer goods corporation headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio, founded in 1837 by William Procter and James Gamble. It specializes in a wide range of personal health/consumer he ...
, Crisco, and
Crosley Radio Crosley Radio is an audio electronic manufacturing company headquartered in Louisville, Kentucky. It is a modern incarnation of the original Crosley Corporation which existed from 1921 to 1956. Modern Marketing Concepts resurrected the Crosle ...
. They began appearing in films. Their first, '' The Big Broadcast'' ( Paramount Pictures, 1932) was an all-star radio revue that included Bing Crosby, Cab Calloway, and the Boswell Sisters. They also made three "bouncing ball" cartoon shorts for the Fleischer Brothers. Between 1933 and 1935, the Brothers starred with Crosby for Woodbury Soap in '' Bing Crosby Entertains'', making 27 appearances in all on the CBS radio show. They also recorded their classics "Lazy Bones", "Sweet Sue", "
Lulu's Back In Town "Lulu's Back in Town" is a popular song and jazz standard written in 1935 by Al Dubin (words) and Harry Warren (music). First performances "Lulu's Back in Town" was performed in the 1935 film ''Broadway Gondolier'', directed by Lloyd Bacon, where ...
", "Bye-Bye Blackbird", "Sleepy Head", and "Shoe Shine Boy". Their film appearances included ''Twenty Million Sweethearts'' (
Warner Brothers Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. (commonly known as Warner Bros. or abbreviated as WB) is an American film and entertainment studio headquartered at the Warner Bros. Studios complex in Burbank, California, and a subsidiary of Warner Bros. D ...
, 1934), ''Operator 13'' (
MGM Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc., also known as Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Pictures and abbreviated as MGM, is an American film, television production, distribution and media company owned by Amazon through MGM Holdings, founded on April 17, 1924 a ...
, 1934) and ''Broadway Gondolier'' (Warner Brothers, 1935). In 1934, The Mills Brothers became the first African-Americans to give a command performance before British royalty. They performed at the Regal Theatre for a special audience:
King George V George V (George Frederick Ernest Albert; 3 June 1865 – 20 January 1936) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 until his death in 1936. Born during the reign of his grandmother Qu ...
and Queen Mary. While performing in England, John Jr. became ill. He died in the beginning of 1936. Their father, John Sr. replaced John Jr. as the bass and tuba. At this time, Bernard Addison joined the Brothers as their guitar player.


War years

Through 1939 the group enjoyed remarkable success in Europe. Herbert recalled,
We left England for the last time just three days before war was declared on Germany and the only boat we could get was to Australia. We were overseas from then on except for two months in 1940 and then we went back to South America. We didn't get back until 1941. In the meantime the Ink Spots were coming up, and people had sort of forgotten us.
In the period between John Jr.'s death and their return to the States, they re-recorded " Lazy River". It was followed by "
Someday You'll Want Me to Want You "Someday You'll Want Me to Want You" is a popular song published in 1944 by Jimmie Hodges. The song became a standard, recorded by many pop and country music singers. Background In April 1951, Hugh O. Starr, an inventor from Steubenville, Ohio, ...
", "Swing Is the Thing", "Long About Midnight", " Organ Grinder's Swing", and "The Song is Ended". They honored Duke Ellington with a swing version of his " Caravan," and then produced a series of classic recordings; " South of the Border", which they performed in a tour of South America, along with " Ain't Misbehavin'", "
It Don't Mean a Thing "It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing)" is a 1931 composition by Duke Ellington with lyrics by Irving Mills. It is now accepted as a jazz standard, and jazz historian Gunther Schuller characterized it as "now legendary" and "a prophe ...
", " Jeepers Creepers", "Three Little Fishies", and " Basin Street Blues". During this era, there was also a brief time when the group performed with a non‑family singer. Gene Smith served as a stand-in for one year when Harry was drafted into the Army. Although Smith's solo singing did not particularly resemble the group's usual sound, he was able to harmonize well until the fourth brother's return. Smith is noticeable in a number of the Mills Brothers' film appearances. Returning to the States, the Brothers were anxious for a hit and recorded " I'll be Around" in 1943. Donald Mills chose "
Paper Doll Paper dolls are figures cut out of paper or thin card, with separate clothes, also made of paper, that are usually held onto the dolls by paper folding tabs. They may be a figure of a person, animal or inanimate object. Paper dolls have been ine ...
" as the B-side of the record. "I'll Be Around" became a hit, then a disk jockey turned the record over. "Paper Doll", recorded in fifteen minutes, sold six million copies and became the group's biggest hit.


Postwar years

The rise of
rock and roll Rock and roll (often written as rock & roll, rock 'n' roll, or rock 'n roll) is a genre of popular music that evolved in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s. It originated from African-American music such as jazz, rhythm a ...
did little to decrease the Mills Brothers popularity. "
Glow Worm Glowworm or glow-worm is the common name for various groups of insect larvae and adult larviform females that glow through bioluminescence. They include the European common glow-worm and other members of the Lampyridae, but bioluminescence also o ...
" jumped to number two on the pop charts in 1952. " Opus One", an updated version to the
Tommy Dorsey Thomas Francis Dorsey Jr. (November 19, 1905 – November 26, 1956) was an American jazz trombonist, composer, conductor and bandleader of the big band era. He was known as the "Sentimental Gentleman of Swing" because of his smooth-toned trombo ...
hit, was soon on the charts as well, followed by "
You're Nobody till Somebody Loves You "You're Nobody till Somebody Loves You" is a popular song written by Russ Morgan, Larry Stock, and James Cavanaugh and published in 1944. The song was first recorded by Morgan and was a hit for him in 1946, reaching the No. 14 spot in the char ...
", "The Jones Boy", " Yellow Bird", " Standing on the Corner", and " If I Had My Way". The track also peaked at No. 10 in the
UK Singles Chart The UK Singles Chart (currently titled Official Singles Chart, with the upper section more commonly known as the Official UK Top 40) is compiled by the Official Charts Company (OCC), on behalf of the British record industry, listing the top-s ...
in January 1953. It was the fifth million selling record for the Mills Brothers. In 1956, John Sr., when he was 68, stopped touring with the group. As a trio, the Mills Brothers were frequent guests on television talk shows and variety shows. After leaving Decca for
Dot Records Dot Records was an American record label founded by Randy Wood (record producer), Randy Wood and Gene Nobles that was active between 1950 and 1978. The original headquarters of Dot Records were in Gallatin, Tennessee. In 1956, the company moved ...
, they had a hit in 1958 with a cover version of " Get a Job" by The Silhouettes. They reached the charts with "Yellow Bird" two years before Arthur Lyman's version was a Top Ten hit. " Cab Driver", written by Carson Parks and recorded in 1968, was their last hit (No. 23 Pop, No. 3 Easy Listening).


Later years

The Mills Brothers' fiftieth anniversary in show business was celebrated in 1976 with a tribute at the
Dorothy Chandler Pavilion The Dorothy Chandler Pavilion is one of the halls in the Los Angeles Music Center, which is one of the largest performing arts centers in the United States. The Music Center's other halls include the Mark Taper Forum, Ahmanson Theatre, and Walt ...
in Los Angeles, hosted by Bing Crosby. At the time, Harry was now almost blind because of diabetes. As a trio, Herbert, Harry and Donald continued performing on the oldies circuit until Harry's death in 1982. Herbert and Donald continued until Herbert's death in 1989. Then, Donald began performing with his son, John II. In 1998 the
Recording Academy The Recording Academy (formally the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences; abbreviated NARAS) is an American learned academy of musicians, producers, recording engineers, and other musical professionals. It is famous for its Grammy Aw ...
recognized the Mills family's contributions to popular music when it presented Donald, as the sole surviving member, with a Grammy Award for Lifetime Achievement. After Donald's death of pneumonia on November 13, 1999, John II became the next family member to tour under the name "The Mills Brothers" with Elmer Hopper, who had previously sung lead with Paul Robi's
Platters The Platters was an American vocal group formed in 1952. They are one of the most successful vocal groups of the early rock and roll era. Their distinctive sound bridges the pre-rock Tin Pan Alley tradition and the new burgeoning genre. The ac ...
. They were at times joined by John II's eldest brother, Don Mills, Jr. Following Hopper's death on May 5, 2019, John II started performing with Randy Taylor as a featured vocalist. Image:WIKI_MILLS_BROTHERS_1.jpg, The Mills Brothers in concert, March 2005 Image:WIKI_MILLS_BROTHERS_2.jpg, John Mills, son, grandson and nephew of the original group's members Image:WIKI_MILLS_BROTHERS_3.jpg, Elmer Hopper, who spent 21 years with
The Platters The Platters was an American vocal group formed in 1952. They are one of the most successful vocal groups of the early rock and roll era. Their distinctive sound bridges the pre-rock Tin Pan Alley tradition and the new burgeoning genre. The a ...
The Mills Brothers were among hundreds of artists who reportedly had material destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire.


Discography

* ''Famous Barber Shop Ballads Volume One'' ( Decca, 1946) * ''Famous Barber Shop Ballads Volume Two'' (Decca, 1949) * ''Souvenir Album'' (Decca, 1950) * ''Wonderful Words'' (Decca, 1951) * ''Meet the Mills Brothers'' (Decca, 1953) * ''Four Boys and a Guitar'' (Decca, 1954) * ''Louis Armstrong and the Mills Brothers'' (Decca, 1954) * ''Singin' and Swingin' '' (Decca, 1956) * ''Memory Lane'' (Decca, 1956) * "Ninety-Eight Cents" and "I'm the Guy" ingle, 45 RPM(Decca, 1956) * ''One Dozen Roses'' (Decca, 1957) * ''The Mills Brothers in Hi-Fi: Barbershop Ballads'' (Decca, 1958) * ''In a Mellow Tone'' (
Vocalion Vocalion Records is an American record company and label. History The label was founded in 1916 by the Aeolian Company, a maker of pianos and organs, as Aeolian-Vocalion; the company also sold phonographs under the Vocalion name. "Aeolian" was ...
, 1958) * ''Mmmm...The Mills Brothers'' (Dot, 1958) * ''Great Hits'' (Dot, 1958) * ''Sing'' (London, 1959) * ''Merry Christmas'' ( Dot, 1959) * ''Greatest Barbershop Hits'' (Dot, 1959) * ''Let Me Call You Sweetheart'' (Dot, 1959) * ''Great Hits'' (Dot, 1958) * ''Glow with the Mills Brothers'' (Decca, 1959) * ''Harmonizin' With'' (Decca, 1959) * ''Barbershop Harmony'' (Decca, 1960) * ''San Antonio Rose'' (Dot, 1961) * ''Yellow Bird'' (Dot, 1961) * ''Great Hawaiian Hits'' (Dot, 1961) * ''Sing Beer Barrel Polka and Other Golden Hits'' (Dot, 1962) * ''The End of the World'' (Dot, 1963) * ''Say Si Si'' (Dot, 1964) * ''Gems by the Mills Brothers'' (Dot, 1964) * ''Sing for You'' (Hamilton, 1964) * ''The Mills Brothers Today!'' (Dot, 1965) * ''The Mills Brothers in Tivoli'' (Dot, 1966) * ''These Are the Mills Brothers'' (Dot, 1966) * ''Anytime!'' ( Pickwick, 1967) * ''The Board of Directors'' with Count Basie (Dot, 1967) * ''London Rhythm'' (Ace of Clubs, 1967) * ''The Board of Directors Annual Report'' with Count Basie (Dot, 1968) * ''My Shy Violet'' (Dot, 1968) * ''Fortuosity'' with Sy Oliver (Dot, 1968) * ''Dream a Little Dream of Me'' (Pickwick, 1968) * ''Till We Meet Again'' (Pickwick, 1968) * ''Dream'' (Dot, 1969) * ''The Mills Brothers in Motion'' (Dot, 1969) * ''Cab Driver, Paper Doll, My Shy Violet'' (Pickwick, 1969) * ''No Turnin' Back'' ( Paramount, 1970) * ''What a Wonderful World'' (Paramount, 1972) * ''A Donut and a Dream'' (Paramount, 1972) * ''Louis and the Mills Brothers'' (MCA Coral, 1973) * ''Half a Sixpence'' with Count Basie ( Vogue, 1973) * ''Opus One'' (Rediffusion, 1973) * ''Cab Driver'' (
Ranwood Ranwood Records was an American record label started in 1968 by Randy Wood (after he left Dot Records) and Lawrence Welk. Lawrence Welk owned all of the recordings that he released on Dot as they were produced and manufactured by Teleklew Produc ...
, 1974) * ''Inspiration'' (ABC Songbird, 1974) * ''50th Anniversary'' (Ranwood, 1976) * ''The Mills Brothers'' (Pickwick, 1976) * ''Command Performance!'' (Ranwood, 1981) * ''Copenhagen '81'' (51 West, 1981)


Film appearances

* '' The Big Broadcast'' (1932) * ''I Ain't Got Nobody'' (1932) * ''Dinah'' (1933) * ''When Yuba Plays the Rhumba on the Tuba'' (1933) * ''
Operator 13 ''Operator 13'' is a 1934 American pre-Code romance film directed by Richard Boleslawski and starring Marion Davies, Gary Cooper, and Jean Parker. Based on stories written by Robert W. Chambers, the film is about a Union spy who impersonates a ...
'' (1934) with
Marion Davies Marion Davies (born Marion Cecilia Douras; January 3, 1897 – September 22, 1961) was an American actress, producer, screenwriter, and philanthropist. Educated in a religious convent, Davies fled the school to pursue a career as a chorus girl ...
and
Gary Cooper Gary Cooper (born Frank James Cooper; May 7, 1901May 13, 1961) was an American actor known for his strong, quiet screen persona and understated acting style. He won the Academy Award for Best Actor twice and had a further three nominations, ...
* '' Strictly Dynamite'' (1934) * '' Twenty Million Sweethearts'' (1934) * ''
Broadway Gondolier ''Broadway Gondolier '' ( 1935) is a musical film directed by Lloyd Bacon. The film was released by Warner Bros., and featured Dick Powell, Joan Blondell and Adolphe Menjou. Plot Richard "Dick" Purcell ( Dick Powell), a taxi driver, aspires to ...
'' (1935) * '' Sing as You Swing'' (1937) * ''Chatterbox'' (1943) * ''He's My Guy'' (1943) * ''Hit Tune Jamboree'' (1943) * '' Reveille with Beverly'' (1943) * '' Rhythm Parade'' (1943) * '' Cowboy Canteen'' (1944) * ''Lazy River'' (1944) * '' The Fight Never Ends'' (1947) * '' Daddy's Little Girl'' (1950) * ''When You're Smiling'' (1950) * ''The Mills Brothers on Parade'' (1956)


References


External links


Official siteDonald Mills Interview
NAMM Oral History Library (1994)
Mills Brothers recordings
at the Discography of American Historical Recordings. {{DEFAULTSORT:Mills Brothers African-American musical groups American jazz singers American vocal groups Articles containing video clips Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills) Decca Records artists Dot Records artists Family musical groups Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners Musical groups from Ohio People from Piqua, Ohio Traditional pop music singers Vocal quartets Jazz musicians from Ohio