''Marco Polo'' was a three-
masted wooden
clipper ship
A ship is a large watercraft that travels the world's oceans and other sufficiently deep waterways, carrying cargo or passengers, or in support of specialized missions, such as defense, research, and fishing. Ships are generally distinguished ...
, launched in 1851 at
Saint John,
New Brunswick
New Brunswick (french: Nouveau-Brunswick, , locally ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. It is one of the three Maritime provinces and one of the four Atlantic provinces. It is the only province with both English and ...
. She was named after
Venetian traveler
Marco Polo. The ship carried emigrants and passengers to Australia and was the first vessel to make the round trip from Liverpool in under six months. Later in her career, the ship was used as a cargo ship before
running aground off
Cavendish, Prince Edward Island
Cavendish is an unincorporated rural community in the township of Lot 23, Queens County, Prince Edward Island, Canada.
The community's primary industries are tourism and agriculture supporting a very small year-round population. Cavendish is t ...
, in 1883.
Design and description
The vessel was initially designed as a cargo ship. The ship was of a medium
clipper design which had an unusually sharp
bow, tall masts and was broad amidships. The design was considered stable and able to withstand the punishment of the open sea.
[Hollenberg, pp. 13–14] ''Marco Polo'' was a long with a
beam
Beam may refer to:
Streams of particles or energy
*Light beam, or beam of light, a directional projection of light energy
**Laser beam
*Particle beam, a stream of charged or neutral particles
**Charged particle beam, a spatially localized grou ...
of and a
draught of .
The ship had a hold depth of .
''Marco Polo'' weighed 1,625 tons. The ship was
square rig
Square rig is a generic type of sail and rigging arrangement in which the primary driving sails are carried on horizontal spars which are perpendicular, or square, to the keel of the vessel and to the masts. These spars are called '' yards'' ...
ged and fitted with the
roller reefing system that allowed the sails to be reefed from the
deck rather than have the crew go up into the sails. The vessel had three
masts and carried up to of sail. ''Marco Polo'' was later reduced to
barque
A barque, barc, or bark is a type of sailing vessel with three or more masts having the fore- and mainmasts rigged square and only the mizzen (the aftmost mast) rigged fore and aft. Sometimes, the mizzen is only partly fore-and-aft rigged, b ...
rig in 1874.
The clipper had three decks with a height between decks of .
After conversion to a
passenger ship in 1852, the vessel's hull was coated with a layer of felt and tar and then sheathed in copper to prevent
fouling
Fouling is the accumulation of unwanted material on solid surfaces. The fouling materials can consist of either living organisms ( biofouling) or a non-living substance (inorganic or organic). Fouling is usually distinguished from other sur ...
. The vessel had three classes of travel;
steerage
Steerage is a term for the lowest category of passenger accommodation in a ship. In the nineteenth and early twentieth century considerable numbers of persons travelled from their homeland to seek a new life elsewhere, in many cases North America ...
,
intermediate and
cabin class. Those in steerage were placed in berths of 6 feet square (36 square feet) with four to six people per berth. The passengers were divided up between single male, female and families over three decks, with single men given berths forward, single women aft and families placed in between. The berths usually contained double bunks and separate lavatories were maintained for each sex. Intermediate passengers had quarters placed between the decks and received better fare than the steerage class and took their meals separately. They too were berthed four to six per berth, but had access to steward service.
[Hollenberg, p. 66] The cabin class passengers had individual cabins 6 feet square (36 square feet) located aft around the sides of the ship. The cabin class passengers had access to the
poop deck
In naval architecture, a poop deck is a deck that forms the roof of a cabin built in the rear, or " aft", part of the superstructure of a ship.
The name originates from the French word for stern, ''la poupe'', from Latin ''puppis''. Thus ...
for exercise. The cabins were furnished by the passengers with the aid of the ship's carpenters to prevent their movement during rough seas. For meals, the cabin class passengers ate in the dining saloon which lay at the end of the central corridor onto which all the cabins opened on to.
Service history
The vessel was constructed at Marsh Creek in
Saint John,
New Brunswick
New Brunswick (french: Nouveau-Brunswick, , locally ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. It is one of the three Maritime provinces and one of the four Atlantic provinces. It is the only province with both English and ...
by James Smith.
[ Construction began in Fall 1850. While under construction the ship's frame was scattered about the shipyard by a storm and the skeleton had to be reassembled. The construction was completed in April 1851 and the vessel was launched at Marsh Creek. The launch was disastrous, as ''Marco Polo'' touched the bank of the creek while sliding down the slipway. The vessel went over on her side and became stuck in the mud of Marsh Creek. The uneven pressure from the weight of the ship caused the ]keel
The keel is the bottom-most longitudinal structural element on a vessel. On some sailboats, it may have a hydrodynamic and counterbalancing purpose, as well. As the laying down of the keel is the initial step in the construction of a ship, in Br ...
to become curved so it was higher in the middle than at the ends. ''Marco Polo'' was refloated two weeks after launching and was registered on May 26, 1851 under the ownership of James Smith and his son, James Thomas Smith.
Cargo trade
On May 31, 1851 ''Marco Polo'' sailed from Saint John to Liverpool, England
Liverpool is a city and metropolitan borough in Merseyside, England. With a population of in 2019, it is the 10th largest English district by population and its metropolitan area is the fifth largest in the United Kingdom, with a populat ...
with a cargo of timber, making the crossing in 15.3 days. The vessel's maiden voyage under William Thomas was a success and upon arrival, was offered for sale by James Smith. ''Marco Polo'' did not sell and the clipper was sent in ballast
Ballast is material that is used to provide stability to a vehicle or structure. Ballast, other than cargo, may be placed in a vehicle, often a ship or the gondola of a balloon or airship, to provide stability. A compartment within a boat, ship ...
to Mobile, Alabama to pick up a cargo of cotton. The clipper made a second voyage to Liverpool, this time under the command of Amor Crosby. In February 1852, James Smith transferred all his shares in the clipper to his son, James Thomas Smith who then sold the vessel to Paddy McGee. McGee then flipped ''Marco Polo'' for profit to James Baines of James Baines & Co.
Emigrant ship
In 1852, the ship was purchased by James Baines for the Black Ball Line and converted for passenger service between England and Australia to take advantage of the growing emigrant movement following the Australian gold rush. On ''Marco Polo''s first voyage to Australia, the clipper carried over 900 people. Of them, 138 were Cabin or Intermediate class and 750 steerage and 60 crew. Of them 327 were children and 661 were Highland
Highlands or uplands are areas of high elevation such as a mountainous region, elevated mountainous plateau or high hills. Generally speaking, upland (or uplands) refers to ranges of hills, typically from up to while highland (or highlands) is ...
Scots.[ At the time of the clipper's departure, ''Marco Polo'' was the largest ship to travel to Australia.][Lubbock, p. 34] ''Marco Polo'' sailed from Liverpool under the command of James Forbes on July 4, 1852 and arrived at Port Phillip
Port Phillip ( Kulin: ''Narm-Narm'') or Port Phillip Bay is a horsehead-shaped enclosed bay on the central coast of southern Victoria, Australia. The bay opens into the Bass Strait via a short, narrow channel known as The Rip, and is com ...
, Australia in 68 days, on September 18.[ After spending three weeks in port, the ship returned to Liverpool in another 76 days. The total trip time was 5 months 21 days, making this the first recorded round trip in less than six months. During the first voyage, 52 children died from measles, which led to new rules about the age of young children allowed aboard on subsequent voyages. On her return voyage the ship carried £100,000 in gold dust and a 340-ounce gold nugget that was a gift to ]Queen Victoria
Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death in 1901. Her reign of 63 years and 216 days was longer than that of any previo ...
from the colonial government. Upon the vessel's return to Liverpool, the ship carried a banner claiming "Fastest Ship in the World".
On the clipper's second voyage, ''Marco Polo'' sailed with 648 passengers and £90,000 of specie. ''Marco Polo'' departed on March 13, 1853 and arrived at Melbourne
Melbourne ( ; Boonwurrung/Woiwurrung: ''Narrm'' or ''Naarm'') is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in both Australia and Oceania. Its name generally refers to a met ...
on May 29. At the end of the second voyage, James Forbes was replaced as captain of the vessel by Charles McDonald. He commanded the clipper for her third voyage, leaving in November 1853 with 666 passengers on board.[Lubbock, p. 40]
McDonald was replaced as captain by W. Wild, who sailed on the fourth voyage, taking 95 days from Liverpool to Australia and 85 days for the return trip. He was replaced by Captain Clarke for the fifth voyage to Australia, taking a total of 167 days, round-trip. The fifth voyage transported 520 emigrants to Australia and returned with 125,000 ounces of gold.[ It has been asserted, "One in every twenty Australians can trace his or her roots to ''Marco Polo''." In total, ''Marco Polo'' made roughly 25 round trip voyages to Australia and averaged between 80 and 90 days each way. The clipper made her final Melbourne to Liverpool voyage in 76 days, beating the passenger steamship by 8 days. In 1867, ''Marco Polo'' failed the passenger survey and was returned to service as a cargo ship.
]
Incidents
During the England to Australia runs, ''Marco Polo'' suffered two near mutinies. The first occurred in October 1854 after the captain beat the third mate, attacked another member of the crew and challenged all on board to a fight. 17 members of the crew deserted and the same night, the captain fired his cannon off in the port. The third mate complained to the police and the captain was fined £180. The second near mutiny took place on September 17, 1863 when some of the crew broke into the store and raided the alcohol. Some of the crew were found drunk in the morning and during the captain's investigation of the matter, the captain was challenged by the crew. In the end all use of alcohol was prohibited aboard the ship except by married persons.
On December 6, 1855, the clipper parted her tow rope while leaving the Mersey
The River Mersey () is in North West England. Its name derives from Old English and means "boundary river", possibly referring to its having been a border between the ancient kingdoms of Mercia and Northumbria. For centuries it has formed part ...
, collided with the barque
A barque, barc, or bark is a type of sailing vessel with three or more masts having the fore- and mainmasts rigged square and only the mizzen (the aftmost mast) rigged fore and aft. Sometimes, the mizzen is only partly fore-and-aft rigged, b ...
''Glasgow'' and ran aground. ''Marco Polo'' became unstuck without significant damage and sailed for Melbourne
Melbourne ( ; Boonwurrung/Woiwurrung: ''Narrm'' or ''Naarm'') is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in both Australia and Oceania. Its name generally refers to a met ...
, Victoria
Victoria most commonly refers to:
* Victoria (Australia), a state of the Commonwealth of Australia
* Victoria, British Columbia, provincial capital of British Columbia, Canada
* Victoria (mythology), Roman goddess of Victory
* Victoria, Seychelle ...
on December 7. She made another trip to Melbourne in 1856.[ On March 4, 1861 ''Marco Polo'' collided with an iceberg north of ]Cape Horn
Cape Horn ( es, Cabo de Hornos, ) is the southernmost headland of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago of southern Chile, and is located on the small Hornos Island. Although not the most southerly point of South America (which are the Diego Ramí ...
, her bowsprit
The bowsprit of a sailing vessel is a spar extending forward from the vessel's prow. The bowsprit is typically held down by a bobstay
A bobstay is a part of the rigging of a sailing boat or ship. Its purpose is to counteract the upward tensio ...
lost, her bow and foremast
The mast of a sailing vessel is a tall spar, or arrangement of spars, erected more or less vertically on the centre-line of a ship or boat. Its purposes include carrying sails, spars, and derricks, and giving necessary height to a navigation ...
damaged. The clipper arrived in Valparaiso leaking badly on May 2. After repairs the clipper continued to Liverpool where she arrived on May 22, 183 days after leaving Melbourne.[Lubbock, p. 41]
Last voyages
The clipper remained in passenger service until 1867.[ In 1867, ''Marco Polo'' was converted back to cargo use. During her career as a cargo ship, the vessel carried guano, coal and timber and visited ports from Aden to ]Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro ( , , ; literally 'River of January'), or simply Rio, is the capital of the state of the same name, Brazil's third-most populous state, and the second-most populous city in Brazil, after São Paulo. Listed by the GaWC as a ...
and around the Mediterranean Sea. In 1871, James Baines and Co. sold the vessel to Wilson and Blair of South Shields, England and used in the coal and timber trade. The vessel was altered in 1874 to a barque rig and her wooden masts were removed and the clipper was fitted with an iron mast and the yards
The yard (symbol: yd) is an English unit of length in both the British imperial and US customary systems of measurement equalling 3 feet or 36 inches. Since 1959 it has been by international agreement standardized as exactly ...
were shortened by . In the 1870s, ''Marco Polo'' waited at Callao for over 18 months for a load of guano. This was due to a dispute between the Guano Shipping Association and British shipping underwriters. In the early 1880s, the vessel's hull was deteriorating so to strengthen it, chains were wrapped around it and a windmill-driven pump was installed to counter increasing leakage. In 1881, ''Marco Polo'' was purchased by Bell and Lawes of South Shields and in 1882, the ownership was transferred to Captain A. Bull of Christiana. On June 27 a fire broke out while in port at Quebec
Quebec ( ; )According to the Canadian government, ''Québec'' (with the acute accent) is the official name in Canadian French and ''Quebec'' (without the accent) is the province's official name in Canadian English is one of the thirtee ...
with little damage. On July 19, 1883 ''Marco Polo'' departed Montmorency, Quebec for Europe with a load of timber. On July 22, the clipper encountered a gale and began to take on water. The pumps were unable to keep up with the leakage and Captain Bull ran the ship aground off Cavendish
Cavendish may refer to:
People
* The House of Cavendish, a British aristocratic family
* Margaret Cavendish (1623–1673), British poet, philosopher, and scientist
* Cavendish (author) (1831–1899), pen name of Henry Jones, English au ...
, Prince Edward Island
Prince Edward Island (PEI; ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. It is the smallest province in terms of land area and population, but the most densely populated. The island has several nicknames: "Garden of the Gulf", ...
.
After ''Marco Polo'' went aground, her masts were cut down to prevent the wind from blowing ''Marco Polo'' further onshore. The cargo was sold off to parties from Saint John. The timber had swollen so much that it was necessary to cut through the vessel's beams to retrieve them. In August 1883, a strong storm caused the vessel to break up
A relationship breakup, breakup, or break-up is the termination of a relationship. The act is commonly termed "dumping omeone in slang when it is initiated by one partner. The term is less likely to be applied to a married couple, where a bre ...
along the coast.
Wreck and reconstruction
The wreck site is in the waters immediately offshore from Prince Edward Island National Park
Prince Edward Island National Park (french: Parc national de l'Île-du-Prince-Édouard) is a National Park of Canada located in the province of Prince Edward Island. Situated along the island's north shore, fronting the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the ...
and is considered a National Historic Site. A ship portrait and many artifacts from the ship are on display at the New Brunswick Museum
The New Brunswick Museum, located in Saint John, New Brunswick, is Canada's oldest continuing museum. The New Brunswick Museum was incorporated as the "Provincial Museum" in 1929 and received its current name in 1930, but its history goes back muc ...
in Saint John, New Brunswick. Another ship portrait is displayed at the Yarmouth County Museum & Archives
The Yarmouth County Museum & Archives is a museum located in Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada. This museum explores the history of Yarmouth County. Located in the heart of Yarmouth's heritage residential district, the museum is housed in a former c ...
in Yarmouth, Nova Scotia
Yarmouth is a town in southwestern Nova Scotia, Canada. A port town, industries include fishing, and tourism. It is the terminus of a ferry service to Bar Harbor, Maine, run by Bay Ferries.
History
Originally inhabited by the Mi'kmaq, the regi ...
. The original half-model of ''Marco Polo'' now lies in the Mariners' Museum
The Mariners' Museum and Park is located in Newport News, Virginia, United States. Designated as America’s ''National Maritime Museum'' by Congress, it is one of the largest maritime museums in North America. The Mariners' Museum Library, cont ...
in Newport News, Virginia.
A replica, named ''Marco Polo II'', was constructed in Saint John over 30 years at the cost of over $50,000. The replica was located within the Port of Saint John in 2015.
In popular culture
* ''Marco Polo, Queen of the Seas'', a film by the National Film Board of Canada
The National Film Board of Canada (NFB; french: Office national du film du Canada (ONF)) is Canada's public film and digital media producer and distributor. An agency of the Government of Canada, the NFB produces and distributes documentary f ...
* The Marco Polo suite by composer Jim Stewart
* ''Marco Polo'', a sea shanty by British folk band The Spinners
* ''The Wreck of the Marco Polo'', a short story by author Lucy Maud Montgomery
Lucy Maud Montgomery (November 30, 1874 – April 24, 1942), published as L. M. Montgomery, was a Canadian author best known for a collection of novels, essays, short stories, and poetry beginning in 1908 with ''Anne of Green Gables''. She ...
References
Citations
Sources
*
*
*
Further reading
*
External links
Marco Polo, Queen of the Seas
The Marco Polo Suite
a song composed by Jim Stewart
“The Wreck of the Marco Polo”
a short story by Lucy Maud Montgomery
The Marco Polo Project
{{DEFAULTSORT:Marco Polo (Ship)
Clippers
Barques
Replica ships
Ships built in New Brunswick
Tall ships of Canada
Sailing ships of Canada
Victorian-era merchant ships of Canada
Tall ships of the United Kingdom
Victorian-era merchant ships of the United Kingdom
Victorian-era passenger ships of the United Kingdom
Transport in Saint John, New Brunswick
Shipwrecks of the Prince Edward Island coast
Queens County, Prince Edward Island
Ship collisions with icebergs
1851 ships
Maritime incidents in December 1855
Maritime incidents in March 1861
Maritime incidents in July 1883
Full-rigged ships
Marco Polo