The Manuel de Codage (), abbreviated MdC, is a standard system for the computer-encoding of

transliterations Transliteration is a type of conversion of a text from one writing system, script to another that involves swapping Letter (alphabet), letters (thus ''wikt:trans-#Prefix, trans-'' + ''wikt:littera#Latin, liter-'') in predictable ways, such as ...

Egyptian hieroglyphic Egyptian hieroglyphs (, ) were the formal writing system used in Ancient Egypt, used for writing the Egyptian language. Hieroglyphs combined logographic, syllabic and alphabetic elements, with some 1,000 distinct characters.There were about 1,00 ...

texts.

History

In 1984 a committee was charged with the task to develop a uniform system for the encoding of hieroglyphic texts on the computer. The resulting ''Manual for the Encoding of Hieroglyphic Texts for Computer-input'' (Jan Buurman, Nicolas Grimal, Jochen Hallof, Michael Hainsworth and Dirk van der Plas, Informatique et Egyptologie 2, Paris 1988) is generally shortened to ''Manuel de Codage.'' It presents an easy to use way of encoding hieroglyphic writing as well as the abbreviated hieroglyphic transliteration. The encoding system of the ''Manuel de Codage'' has since been adopted by international

Egyptology Egyptology (from ''Egypt'' and Greek , '' -logia''; ar, علم المصريات) is the study of ancient Egyptian history, language, literature, religion, architecture and art from the 5th millennium BC until the end of its native religious ...

as the official common standard for registering hieroglyphic texts on the computer. Egyptologists have scheduled a revision for 2007 of the ''Manuel de Codage'', in order to ensure broader implementation in current and future software.

List of Gardiner's fundamental uniliteral hieroglyphs and their transliteration

The MdC specifies a method for electronically encoding complete ancient Egyptian texts, indicating many of the features characterizing hieroglyphic writing such as the placement, orientation, colour, and even size of individual hieroglyphs. Hieroglyphs not included in the list of fundamentals are referred to by their Gardiner number. This system is used (though frequently with modifications) by various software packages developed for typesetting hieroglyphic texts (such as SignWriter, WinGlyph, MacScribe, InScribe, Glyphotext, WikiHiero, and others). It is loosely based on the common representation of algebraic formulae. Some of the rules are:Hans van den Berg: Manuel de Codage
/ref> * the "-"-sign concatenates the signs or group of signs between which it is placed. * the ":"-sign places the first sign or group of signs above the second sign * the "*"-sign juxtaposes two signs or groups of signs * the rounded brackets "( )" form a compact grouping of signs arranged according to the other rules, which is treated as if it were a single sign * the "< >"-brackets mark cartouches * the "!"-sign marks an end of line * the "!!"-sign marks an end of page

Examples

* The name Amenhotep, in hieroglyphs i-mn:n-R4:t*p, would be transliterated thus: i-mn:n-R4:t*p, where mn stands for mn and R4 is the Gardiner number for the Htp hieroglyph. Instead of writing R4, one could use Htp, but not all signs in the Gardiner list can be transliterated in such a way, as there are many hieroglyphs transliterated with the same Latin character in the case of uniliterals and characters in the case of bi- and triliterals. The most frequently used hieroglyph was chosen to be represented by a certain letter or letter combination. Thus n stands for n rather than for S3, which phonetically is represented with n as well. * In order to add a

cartouche In Egyptian hieroglyphs, a cartouche is an oval with a line at one end tangent to it, indicating that the text enclosed is a royal name. The first examples of the cartouche are associated with pharaohs at the end of the Third Dynasty, but the fea ...

, as seen in < i-mn:n-R4:t*p > , one would write < i-mn:n-R4:t*p > or < i-mn:n-:t*p >

Notes

References

* Jan Buurman, ''Inventaire des signes hiéroglyphiques en vue de leur saisie informatique'', Impr. Lienhart 1988; Diffusion de Boccard

External links