''Mangifera'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants th ...

s in the

cashew The cashew tree (''Anacardium occidentale'') is a tropical evergreen tree native to South America in the genus ''Anacardium'' that produces the cashew seed and the cashew apple accessory fruit. The tree can grow as tall as , but the dwarf cult ...

family,

Anacardiaceae The Anacardiaceae, commonly known as the cashew family or sumac family, are a family of flowering plants, including about 83 genera with about 860 known species. Members of the Anacardiaceae bear fruits that are drupes and in some cases produce ...

. It contains approximately 69 species, with the best-known being the Common

Mango A mango is an edible stone fruit produced by the tropical tree ''Mangifera indica''. It is believed to have originated in the region between northwestern Myanmar, Bangladesh, and northeastern India. ''M. indica'' has been cultivated in South a ...

(''

Mangifera indica ''Mangifera indica'', commonly known as mango, is a species of flowering plant in the family Anacardiaceae. It is a large fruit tree, capable of growing to a height of . There are two distinct genetic populations in modern mangoesthe "Indian type ...

''). The center of diversity of the genus is in the

Malesia Malesia is a biogeographical region straddling the Equator and the boundaries of the Indomalayan and Australasian realms, and also a phytogeographical floristic region in the Paleotropical Kingdom. It has been given different definitions. The ...

n ecoregion of

Southeast Asia Southeast Asia, also spelled South East Asia and South-East Asia, and also known as Southeastern Asia, South-eastern Asia or SEA, is the geographical United Nations geoscheme for Asia#South-eastern Asia, south-eastern region of Asia, consistin ...

; particularly in

Sumatra Sumatra is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as the sixth-largest island in the world at 473,481 km2 (182,812 mi.2), not including adjacent i ...

Borneo Borneo (; id, Kalimantan) is the third-largest island in the world and the largest in Asia. At the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia, in relation to major Indonesian islands, it is located north of Java, west of Sulawesi, and eas ...

, and the

Malay peninsula The Malay Peninsula (Malay: ''Semenanjung Tanah Melayu'') is a peninsula in Mainland Southeast Asia. The landmass runs approximately north–south, and at its terminus, it is the southernmost point of the Asian continental mainland. The area ...

. They are generally

canopy Canopy may refer to: Plants * Canopy (biology), aboveground portion of plant community or crop (including forests) * Canopy (grape), aboveground portion of grapes Religion and ceremonies * Baldachin or canopy of state, typically placed over an a ...

tree In botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, usually supporting branches and leaves. In some usages, the definition of a tree may be narrower, including only woody plants with secondary growth, plants that are ...

s in lowland

rainforests Rainforests are characterized by a closed and continuous tree canopy, moisture-dependent vegetation, the presence of epiphytes and lianas and the absence of wildfire. Rainforest can be classified as tropical rainforest or temperate rainforest ...

, reaching a height of .

Uses

''Mangifera'' species are widely cultivated in Asia and elsewhere. More than 27 species in the genus bear edible, fleshy

fruit In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants that is formed from the ovary after flowering. Fruits are the means by which flowering plants (also known as angiosperms) disseminate their seeds. Edible fruits in particu ...

s, especially the Common

('' M. indica''). Others, such as '' M. foetida'', yield astringent fruits that can be eaten

pickled Pickling is the process of preserving or extending the shelf life of food by either anaerobic fermentation in brine or immersion in vinegar. The pickling procedure typically affects the food's texture and flavor. The resulting food is called ...

. Mango wastes, such as the seed kernel and peel, have high functional and nutritional potential. Mango seed contains important bioactive compounds that have high

antioxidant Antioxidants are compounds that inhibit oxidation, a chemical reaction that can produce free radicals. This can lead to polymerization and other chain reactions. They are frequently added to industrial products, such as fuels and lubricant ...

activity, lipids that have acceptable physical and chemical characteristics (free of trans fatty acids), and a high

protein Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, respo ...

content. The mango peel contains considerable amounts of

antioxidants Antioxidants are compounds that inhibit oxidation, a chemical reaction that can produce free radicals. This can lead to polymerization and other chain reactions. They are frequently added to industrial products, such as fuels and lubricant ...

and

dietary fiber Dietary fiber (in British English fibre) or roughage is the portion of plant-derived food that cannot be completely broken down by human digestive enzymes. Dietary fibers are diverse in chemical composition, and can be grouped generally by the ...

Fossil record

The earliest

fossil A fossil (from Classical Latin , ) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved ...

species thought to be related to ''Mangifera'' is ''Eomangiferophyllum damalgiriense'' from the upper

Paleocene The Paleocene, ( ) or Palaeocene, is a geological epoch (geology), epoch that lasted from about 66 to 56 mya (unit), million years ago (mya). It is the first epoch of the Paleogene Period (geology), Period in the modern Cenozoic Era (geology), E ...

of northeastern

India India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...

. Leaves have also been reported from the

Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ...

and the

Eocene The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch (geology), epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period (geology), Period in the modern Cenozoic Era (geology), Era. The name ''Eocene' ...

Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...

, though these have been considered questions. Leaf fossils confidently assignable to ''Mangifera'' have been collected from

Oligocene The Oligocene ( ) is a geologic epoch of the Paleogene Period and extends from about 33.9 million to 23 million years before the present ( to ). As with other older geologic periods, the rock beds that define the epoch are well identified but the ...

or early

Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and means "less recen ...

sediments in northern

Thailand Thailand ( ), historically known as Siam () and officially the Kingdom of Thailand, is a country in Southeast Asia, located at the centre of the Indochinese Peninsula, spanning , with a population of almost 70 million. The country is bo ...

Taxonomy

Subgenera

*Subgenus ''Mangifera'' **Section ''Marchandora'' Pierre **Section ''Euantherae'' Pierre **Section ''Rawa'' Kosterm. **Section ''Mangifera'' Kosterm. *Subgenus ''Limus'' (Marchand) Kosterm.

Species

The following species names have been included: *'' Mangifera acutigemma'' Kosterm.; Unresolved *''

Mangifera altissima ''Mangifera altissima'' (commonly known as pahutan, paho, or pajo), is a species of mango native to the Philippines and surrounding regions in Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. It is not grown commercially but is h ...

'' Blanco; Unresolved *'' Mangifera amba'' Forssk.; Unresolved *'' Mangifera andamanica'' King; Unresolved *'' Mangifera anisodora Blanco; Unresolved *'' Mangifera applanata Kosterm.; Unresolved *'' Mangifera austro-indica'' Kosterm.; Unresolved *'' Mangifera blommesteinii'' Kosterm.; Unresolved *'' Mangifera bullata'' Kosterm. Unresolved *''

Mangifera caesia ''Mangifera caesia'' is a species of flowering plant in the cashew family, Anacardiaceae. Known in English as jack or white mango, among other names. It belongs to the same genus as the mango and is widely cultivated in areas of Indonesia, Malay ...

'' Jack Accepted *'' Mangifera campnospermoides'' Kosterm. unresolved *'' Mangifera camptosperma'' Pierre Unresolved *'' Mangifera casturi'' Kosterm.; Accepted * '' Mangifera cochinchinensis'' Engl. Accepted (

Indo-China Mainland Southeast Asia, also known as the Indochinese Peninsula or Indochina, is the continental portion of Southeast Asia. It lies east of the Indian subcontinent and south of Mainland China and is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the west an ...

) *''

Mangifera collina ''Mangifera collina'' is a species of plant in the family Anacardiaceae. It is endemic to an area near Chiang Mai, Thailand Thailand ( ), historically known as Siam () and officially the Kingdom of Thailand, is a country in Southeast ...

'' Kosterm. Unresolved *'' Mangifera decandra'' Ding Hou; Unresolved *'' Mangifera dewildei'' Kosterm. unresolved *'' Mangifera dongnaiensis'' Pierre Accepted (Vietnam) *''

Mangifera flava ''Mangifera flava'' is a species of plant in the family Anacardiaceae. It is found in Cambodia and Vietnam Vietnam or Viet Nam ( vi, Việt Nam, ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,., group="n" is a country in Southeast Asia, ...

'' Evrard Accepted (

) *'' Mangifera foetida'' Lour. Accepted *''

Mangifera gedebi ''Mangifera gedebe'' is a species of plant in the family Anacardiaceae. In Javanese it is known as ''kedepir'', in Malay ''repeh'', in Sumatra it has been called ''gedepir'', and in Kalimantan ''kepi''. It is a tree, and can grow up to 30 met ...

'' Miq. unresolved *'' Mangifera gracilipes'' Hook.f. Unresolved *''

Mangifera griffithii ''Mangifera griffithii'' is a species of flowering plant, a fruit tree in the mango family, that is native to Southeast Asia. Description The tree grows to 30–40 m in height with a 20 m bole. The oval leaves are smooth and leathe ...

'' Hook.f. Unresolved *''

'' L. Accepted: the common mango (type sp.) (synonym '' M. austroyunnanensis'' Hu) *'' Mangifera kemanga'' Blume Unresolved *'' Mangifera lalijiwa'' Kosterm. Unresolved *'' Mangifera laurina'' Blume Accepted *''

Mangifera linearifolia ''Mangifera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the cashew family, Anacardiaceae. It contains approximately 69 species, with the best-known being the Common Mango (''Mangifera indica''). The center of diversity of the genus is in the Malesian ...

'' (Mukh.) Kosterm. Accepted *'' Mangifera macrocarpa'' Blume Unresolved *'' Mangifera magnifica'' Kochummen Unresolved *'' Mangifera merrllii'' Mukherji Unresolved *'' Mangifera minutifolia'' Evrard Accepted (Vietnam) *'' Mangifera monandra'' Merr. Unresolved *'' Mangifera nicobarica'' Kosterm. Unresolved *'' Mangifera odorata'' Griff. Accepted *'' Mangifera orophila'' Kosterm. Unresolved *''

Mangifera pajang ''Mangifera pajang,'' commonly know as wild mango, is a species of tree in the family Anacardiaceae. It is endemic to Borneo, where it is known by the various native names: ''buah'' ''bambangan, buah mawang and buah embang''. Description It is ...

'' Kosterm. Unresolved *'' Mangifera paludosa'' Kosterm. Unresolved *'' Mangifera parvifolia'' Boerl. & Koord. Unresolved *''

Mangifera pedicellata ''Mangifera pedicellata'' is a species of plant in the family Anacardiaceae. It is Endemism, endemic to Java in Indonesia. References

Mangifera, pedicellata Endemic flora of Java Vulnerable plants Taxonomy articles created by Polbot Taxa ...

'' Kosterm. Unresolved *'' Mangifera pentandra'' Hook.f. Unresolved *''

Mangifera persiciformis ''Mangifera persiciformis'' is a species of plant in the family Anacardiaceae. It is Endemism, endemic to southwestern China, where it is found in Funing County, Yunnan; southwestern Guizhou; and southern Guangxi. References

Mangifera, p ...

'' C.Y. Wu & T.L. Ming; Accepted (synonyms: ''M. persiciforma'' C.Y. Wu & T.L. Ming, '' Mangifera hiemalis'' J.Y. Liang ) *'' Mangifera pseudoindica'' Kosterm. Unresolved *''

Mangifera quadrifida ''Mangifera quadrifida'' is a species of plant in the family Anacardiaceae. It is a tree native to Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and Borneo Borneo (; id, Kalimantan) is the third-largest island in the world and the largest in Asia. At th ...

'' Jack ex Wall. unresolved *'' Mangifera reba'' Pierre. Accepted *''

Mangifera rubropetala ''Mangifera rubropetala'' was a species of plant in the family Anacardiaceae. It was found in possibly Indonesia and Malaysia Malaysia ( ; ) is a country in Southeast Asia. The federation, federal constitutional monarchy consists of Stat ...

'' Kosterm. Accepted *'' Mangifera rufocostata'' Kosterm. Unresolved *'' Mangifera siamensis'' Warb. ex W. G. Craib Accepted *'' Mangifera similis'' Blume Unresolved *'' Mangifera sumbawaensis'' Kosterm. Unresolved *'' Mangifera superba'' Hook.f. Unresolved *'' Mangifera swintonioides'' Kosterm. Accepted (

) *''

Mangifera sylvatica ''Mangifera sylvatica'', also known as the Himalayan mango, pickling mango, or Nepal mango, is a species of plant in the family Anacardiaceae. It is found in Bangladesh, Cambodia, China (Yunnan), India (Assam, Darjeeling, Sikkim), Myanmar, Nepal, ...

'' Roxb. Accepted *''

Mangifera taipa ''Mangifera caesia'' is a species of flowering plant in the cashew family, Anacardiaceae. Known in English as jack or white mango, among other names. It belongs to the same genus as the mango and is widely cultivated in areas of Indonesia, Malays ...

'' Buch.-Ham. Unresolved *'' Mangifera torquenda'' Kosterm. Unresolved *'' Mangifera transversalis'' Kosterm. Unresolved *''

Mangifera zeylanica ''Mangifera zeylanica'' or "Sri Lanka wild mango" is a wild species of mango tree endemic to Sri Lanka. This stately tree is the tallest member of the mango genus, ''Mangifera'', and one of the two tallest trees in the family Anacardiaceae. The ...

'' (Blume) Hook.f. Unresolved

Formerly placed here

*''

Bouea oppositifolia ''Bouea oppositifolia'', also known as plum mango, kundang, kundangan or remenia, is a species of flowering plant, a fruit tree in the mango family, that is native to Indochina and Southeast Asia. Description The tree grows to 10–20 m ...

'' (Roxb.)

Meisn. Carl Daniel Friedrich Meissner (1 November 1800 – 2 May 1874) was a Swiss botanist. Biography Born in Bern, Switzerland on 1 November 1800, he was christened Meisner but later changed the spelling of his name to Meissner. For most of his 40 ...

(as ''M. oppositifolia'' Roxb.) * ''

Buchanania ''Buchanania'' is a genus of plants in the family Anacardiaceae and subfamily Anacardioideae. Species The following are included: *''Buchanania amboinensis'' Miq. — native to Papua New Guinea *''Buchanania axillaris'' (Desr.) Ramamoort ...

cochinchinensis'' (Lour.) M.R.Almeida (as ''M. axillaris'' Desr.) * ''

Elaeodendron ''Elaeodendron'' is a genus of flowering plants in the staff vine family, Celastraceae. Selected species * ''Elaeodendron australe'' Vent. * ''Elaeodendron croceum'' (Thunb.) DC. * ''Elaeodendron curtipendulum'' Endl. * ''Elaeodendron glaucum'' ...

glaucum'' (Rottb.) Pers. (as ''M. glauca'' Rottb.) * ''

Irvingia gabonensis ''Irvingia gabonensis'' is a species of African trees in the genus ''Irvingia'', sometimes known by the common names wild mango, African mango, or bush mango. They bear edible mango-like fruits, and are especially valued for their fat- and prote ...

'' (Aubry-Lecomte ex O'Rorke) Baill. (as ''M. gabonensis'' Aubry-Lecomte ex O'Rorke) * ''

Fegimanra ''Fegimanra'' is a small genus of trees in the subfamily Anacardioideae of the cashew and sumac family Anacardiaceae. They grow naturally in west and west-central tropical Africa. Species ''The Plant List'' and ''Catalogue of Life The Catalo ...

africana'' (Oliv.) Pierre. (as ''M. africana'' Oliv.) *''

Spondias pinnata ''Spondias pinnata'', sometimes also known as hog plum, is a species of tree with edible sour fruits. It is native to the Philippines and Indonesia, but has been widely naturalized in South Asia, Mainland Southeast Asia, Southern China, and the ...

'' (J.Koenig ex L.f.) Kurz (as ''M. pinnata'' J.Koenig ex L.f.)

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q161807 Anacardiaceae genera