Assyrian_cuneiform_U1203E_or_U12369_MesZL_548_or_U12451_MesZL_549

— (Right part of sign) — (Left part of sign) ---- Mur (cuneiform), and Har (cuneiform), most common uses in

Epic of Gilgamesh The ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' () is an epic poem from ancient Mesopotamia, and is regarded as the earliest surviving notable literature and the second oldest religious text, after the Pyramid Texts. The literary history of Gilgamesh begins with ...

; also Hur (cuneiform) ---- B046ellst

The

cuneiform Cuneiform is a logo-syllabic script that was used to write several languages of the Ancient Middle East. The script was in active use from the early Bronze Age until the beginning of the Common Era. It is named for the characteristic wedge-sh ...

sign mur, (also the har, hur, hír sign), is a common-use sign of the Amarna letters, the ''

,'' and other cuneiform texts (for example Hittite texts). Linguistically, it has the alphabetical usage, for consonants in texts for ''h'', ''r'', or ''m'', and also a replacement for the four vowels of ''a'', ''e'', ''i'', or ''u''. The sign can also be used syllabically for the ''h-r'' variants, or for ''mur'' (used especially for Akkadian amāru, for "to see"), and an example letter of the Amarna letters being Amarna letter EA 289.

''Epic of Gilgamesh'' usage

The ''mur'' sign usage in the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' is as follows: (''har'', 40 times, ''hír'', 1 time, ''hur'', 18 times, and mur, 27 times. And for the

logogram In a written language, a logogram, logograph, or lexigraph is a written character that represents a word or morpheme. Chinese characters (pronounced '' hanzi'' in Mandarin, ''kanji'' in Japanese, ''hanja'' in Korean) are generally logograms, ...

HUR, 2 times.

Jerusalem scribe usage, EA 287, EA 288, EA 289

The Jerusalem scribe used mur (cuneiform) in EA 287-289. The usage is an exclamatory, at sentence starts (an

interjection An interjection is a word or expression that occurs as an utterance on its own and expresses a spontaneous feeling or reaction. It is a diverse category, encompassing many different parts of speech, such as exclamations ''(ouch!'', ''wow!''), curse ...

). The spelling in the

Akkadian language Akkadian (, Akkadian: )John Huehnergard & Christopher Woods, "Akkadian and Eblaite", ''The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages''. Ed. Roger D. Woodard (2004, Cambridge) Pages 218-280 is an extinct East Semitic language th ...

, for the scribe is ''

a (cuneiform) The cuneiform sign 𒀀 ( DIŠ, DIŠ OVER DIŠ) for a, and in the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' the sumerogram A, Akkadian for ''mû'', "water", which is used in the ''Gilgamesh flood myth'', Chapter XI of the Epic, or other passages. The sign is ...

-(mur (cuneiform))'', as the Akkadian word being referenced as an "Exclamation", and is "Amāru–!", (for "to see"), and in the

English language English is a West Germanic language of the Indo-European language family, with its earliest forms spoken by the inhabitants of early medieval England. It is named after the Angles, one of the ancient Germanic peoples that migrated to the ...

is approximately — "Look (here)–!". In some cases, like EA 288, the Jerusalem scribe uses it two lines apart, lines 41 and 43, of the letter ''Reverse''. The lines: (EA 288, ''Reverse'') 41. a-mur ^{1= diš}tu-ur-ba-zu gaz(GAZ^#) d ₄-k-(dâku) ___ amāru–! — ^{1= diš}Turbazu gaz(GAZ^#) d ₄-k-(dâku) ___Look (here)–! — Turbazu "killed"-! 42. i- na abul(KÁ.GAL) alu( IRI^#) sí-lu-ú^ki qa-al šarru(LUGAL)^ru ___ i na abullu ālu Silu^ki ga-al šarru(LUGAL)^ru ___in city-gate city Silu^ki, "tragedy"?,

King King is the title given to a male monarch in a variety of contexts. The female equivalent is queen, which title is also given to the consort of a king. *In the context of prehistory, antiquity and contemporary indigenous peoples, the tit ...

^ru (Phar.) 43. a-mur ^{1=m(male)= diš} zi- im- ri- da alu( IRI) la^#- ki^#- si^ki ___ amāru–! — ^{1=m(male)= diš}Zimredda ālu( IRI) Lachish^ki ___Look (here)–! — ^m Zimredda city

Lachish Lachish ( he, לכיש; grc, Λαχίς; la, Lachis) was an ancient Canaanite and Israelite city in the Shephelah ("lowlands of Judea") region of Israel, on the South bank of the Lakhish River, mentioned several times in the Hebrew Bible. Th ...

References

{{reflist * Parpola, 1971. ''The Standard Babylonian

'', Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I thru Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, Cuneiform signs