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Mount Binuluan (also known as Ambalatungan) is a remote
volcano A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface. On Earth, volcanoes are most often found where tectonic plates are ...
in the
Kalinga Kalinga may refer to: Geography, linguistics and/or ethnology * Kalinga (historical region), a historical region of India ** Kalinga (Mahabharata), an apocryphal kingdom mentioned in classical Indian literature ** Kalinga script, an ancient writin ...
province A province is almost always an administrative division within a country or sovereign state, state. The term derives from the ancient Roman ''Roman province, provincia'', which was the major territorial and administrative unit of the Roman Empire ...
of the
Cordillera Administrative Region The Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR; ilo, Rehion/Deppaar Administratibo ti Kordiliera; fil, Rehiyong Pampangasiwaan ng Cordillera), also known as the Cordillera Region and Cordillera (), is an administrative region in the Philippines, ...
of the Philippines. The mountain is part of the Cordillera Central mountain range on
Luzon Luzon (; ) is the largest and most populous island in the Philippines. Located in the northern portion of the Philippines archipelago, it is the economic and political center of the nation, being home to the country's capital city, Manila, as ...
island, the largest island in the country. Binuluan exhibits active volcanism through numerous
fumarole A fumarole (or fumerole) is a vent in the surface of the Earth or other rocky planet from which hot volcanic gases and vapors are emitted, without any accompanying liquids or solids. Fumaroles are characteristic of the late stages of volcani ...
fields,
solfatara A fumarole (or fumerole) is a vent in the surface of the Earth or other rocky planet from which hot volcanic gases and vapors are emitted, without any accompanying liquids or solids. Fumaroles are characteristic of the late stages of volcani ...
s and
hot spring A hot spring, hydrothermal spring, or geothermal spring is a spring produced by the emergence of geothermally heated groundwater onto the surface of the Earth. The groundwater is heated either by shallow bodies of magma (molten rock) or by circ ...
s on its slope. There were reports of possible eruptions in 1952 and 1986 (or 1987), but they are unverified.


Geography

Mount Binuluan in-oo-loo-ahn (Lubuaganyen dialect)is one of the highest peaks in the area. The mountain is surrounded by the
municipalities A municipality is usually a single administrative division having corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and regional laws to which it is subordinate. The term ''municipality'' may also mean the go ...
of
Lubuagan Lubuagan, officially the Municipality of Lubuagan is a 4th class municipality in the province of Kalinga, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 9,323 people. It is north of Manila and from Tabuk. Lubuagan Municipa ...
,
Pasil Pasil is a 5th class municipality in the southwestern part of the Kalinga. It is bounded on the north by the municipality of Balbalan, on the south by the municipality of Tinglayan, on the east by Tabuk city, and on the west by the province of Abr ...
and
Tinglayan Tinglayan, officially the Municipality of Tinglayan is a 4th class municipality in the province of Kalinga, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 13,148 people. Geography Barangays Tinglayan is politically subdivided ...
in Kalinga province. Southeast of the mountain is the Chico River flowing from southwest to northeast direction, while due northwest of the mountain is Pasil River, also flowing from southwest to northeast direction merging with Chico River just past the mountain. Mount Binuluan belongs to a range of mountains situated between the two rivers, trending southwest to northeast. Just southwest of Binuluan is Mount Mosimus , followed by Mount Cauitan and Mount Alchan (Alchanon) , the 19th and 20th tallest mountain in the Philippines. South of this line of mountains are Mount Chumangil and Mount Patoc , the other volcano of the Central Cordillera Range displaying strong fumarolic activity.


Geology

The
Smithsonian Institution The Smithsonian Institution ( ), or simply the Smithsonian, is a group of museums and education and research centers, the largest such complex in the world, created by the U.S. government "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge". Founded ...
's
Global Volcanism Program The Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program (GVP) documents Earth's volcanoes and their eruptive history over the past 10,000 years. The mission of the GVP is to document, understand, and disseminate information about global volcanic a ...
list Binuluan under the Ambalatungan Group. The Bumabag and Podakan volcanoes could possibly be flank vents of Mount Binuluan."Ambalatungan Group"
Google Maps. Retrieved on December 28, 2011. The Philippines Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) lists Binuluan or Ambalatungan as an inactive volcano."Inactive volcanoes of the Philippines Part 1"
. Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology. Retrieved on December 16, 2011.


Geothermal features

Mount Binuluan exhibits a number of active geothermal features. There are a number of sites with strong steam emission, fumarolic activity, surface sulfur deposits, hot fresh water springs, hot sulfurous water springs, sulfur staining of riverine rocks, poisonous gas emissions, recent volcanic gas related deaths (>100 in last 20 years at Batong Buhay mines alone), heat destruction of vegetation, poisonous water, fumarole fields with new and shifting activity.


Bu-ot Fumarole Field

The Bu-ot Fumarole Field (Balatoc dialect) is located on Balatoc tribal land, along the Pasil River on the steep western valley slope, with the path going up to Balatoc village immediately to the right of the fumarole field. Bu-ot80420cga.jpg, Bu-ot Fumarole Field Bu-ot80420cgb.jpg, Steep-sided Bu-ot Fumarole Field PasilRiver80420acg.jpg, Heavily sulfur-stained Pasil River, upstream from Bu-ot Fumarole Field


Bum-bag Fumarole Fields

Djumag1898.jpg, Bum-bag Fumarole Fields from a distance Bum-bagRiceTerraces80420acg.jpg, Bum-bag Rice Terraces Bum-bagFumarole-1Field80420acg.jpg, Bum-bag Fumarole Field #1 Bum-bag1stFumaroleFieldacg80420.jpg, A closer look of Bum-bag Fumarole Field #1 *Field 1, located about north of Field 2 has about 11 separate fumarole vents, and covers about , and was the most active of Fields 1, 2 and 3 as of 2008. *Field 2, (approximate location ) has 16 separate fumarole vents, and covers about in 2008. Djumag1932.jpg, Bum-bag Fumarole Field #2 Djumag1929.JPG, Armed private guards at Bum-bag Fumarole Field #2 Bum-bag3rdFumaroleField80420acg.jpg, Bum-bag Fumarole Field #3 *Field 3 is located about south of field 2. *Field 4, located about SE of Field 2 is believed to have the largest surface deposit of sulfur among the fields and is the most active. Field May 4 be consistent with the GVP's 'Podakan Volcano'.


Sugo-oc fumarole field


Hot Springs


Sun-ut hot spring


Bunog Falls and hot springs


Possible eruptions

A possible
phreatic ''Phreatic'' is a term used in hydrology to refer to aquifers, in speleology to refer to cave passages, and in volcanology to refer to a type of volcanic eruption. Hydrology The term phreatic (the word originates from the Greek , meaning "well" ...
or steam eruption was reported from Mount Binuluan in 1952, during which a sulfur-rich debris flow killed a dozen people. Details about the eruption in 1952 are still scant. In 2007 and 2008, some 90- and 100-year-old elders in Brgy. Tulgao in
Tinglayan Tinglayan, officially the Municipality of Tinglayan is a 4th class municipality in the province of Kalinga, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 13,148 people. Geography Barangays Tinglayan is politically subdivided ...
said the loss of life in 1952 was caused by an eruption during a
typhoon A typhoon is a mature tropical cyclone that develops between 180° and 100°E in the Northern Hemisphere. This region is referred to as the Northwestern Pacific Basin, and is the most active tropical cyclone basin on Earth, accounting for a ...
followed with the collapse of a natural earth bank below Sugo-oc fumarole field, high on the northern side of the Bunog River. The consequent mudslide buried a few houses below near the villages of Dananao and Sumadel, Tinglayan, killing maybe 12 people or thereabouts. In 2007 and 2008, people in southern Kalinga around Binuluan spoke of an 'eruption' at Sugo-oc in 1986 or 1987. During the Abra earthquake at 20:16 hours on Sunday, January 13, 2008, buildings in Tinglayan shook and windows rattled for about 10 seconds. There were reports about that earthquake of 1986, which was felt also felt throughout the
municipality A municipality is usually a single administrative division having corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and regional laws to which it is subordinate. The term ''municipality'' may also mean the go ...
of
Lubuagan Lubuagan, officially the Municipality of Lubuagan is a 4th class municipality in the province of Kalinga, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 9,323 people. It is north of Manila and from Tabuk. Lubuagan Municipa ...
, was simultaneous with an eruption at Sugo-oc resulting in the ejection of ash and rock. Three people in Dananao village were killed by the ejected rocks. Because of these, there was a large migration out of the village with the Dananao people taking possession of a land along the Tubuk-to-Aurora Road in eastern Kalinga and resettling there.


See also

*
List of active volcanoes in the Philippines This is a list of active volcanoes in the Philippines, as categorized by the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS). Volcanoes in the country have erupted within the last 600 years, with accounts of these eruptions document ...
*
List of potentially active volcanoes in the Philippines This is a list of potentially active volcanoes in the Philippines, as classified by the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology. List See also * List of active volcanoes in the Philippines * List of inactive volcanoes in th ...
*
List of inactive volcanoes in the Philippines This is a list of inactive volcanoes in the Philippines. Volcanoes with no record of eruptions are considered as extinct or inactive. Their physical form since their last activity has been altered by agents of weathering and erosion with the for ...


References


External links


Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS), List of Inactive VolcanoesPHIVOLCS classification of volcanoes
{{DEFAULTSORT:Binuluan Active volcanoes of the Philippines Landforms of Kalinga (province) Subduction volcanoes Volcanoes of Luzon Mountains of the Philippines Stratovolcanoes of the Philippines