The Monimiaceae is a

family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants th ...

s in the

magnoliid Magnoliids (or Magnoliidae or Magnolianae) are a clade of flowering plants. With more than 10,000 species, including magnolias, nutmeg, bay laurel, cinnamon, avocado, black pepper, tulip tree and many others, it is the third-largest group of angio ...

order Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to: * Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood * Heterarchy, a system of organization wherein the elements have the potential to be ranked a number of d ...

Laurales The Laurales are an order of flowering plants. They are magnoliids, related to the Magnoliales. The order includes about 2500-2800 species from 85-90 genera, which comprise seven families of trees and shrubs. Most of the species are tropical and ...

.Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). "Monimiaceae" At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. At: Botanical Databases At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see ''External links'' below) It is closely

related ''Related'' is an American comedy-drama television series that aired on The WB from October 5, 2005, to March 20, 2006. It revolves around the lives of four close-knit sisters of Italian descent, raised in Brooklyn and living in Manhattan. The ...

to the families Hernandiaceae and

Lauraceae Lauraceae, or the laurels, is a plant family that includes the true laurel and its closest relatives. This family comprises about 2850 known species in about 45 genera worldwide (Christenhusz & Byng 2016 ). They are dicotyledons, and occur ma ...

.Susanne S. Renner and Andre S. Chanderbali. 2000. "What is the relationship among Hernandiaceae, Lauraceae and Monimiaceae, and why is this question so difficult to answer?" ''International Journal of Plant Sciences'' 161(6 supplement):S109-119. It consists of shrubs, small trees, and a few

liana A liana is a long- stemmed, woody vine that is rooted in the soil at ground level and uses trees, as well as other means of vertical support, to climb up to the canopy in search of direct sunlight. The word ''liana'' does not refer to a ta ...

s of the

tropics The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator. They are defined in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere at N and the Tropic of Capricorn in the Southern Hemisphere at S. The tropics are also referred to ...

and

subtropics The subtropical zones or subtropics are geographical and climate zones to the north and south of the tropics. Geographically part of the temperate zones of both hemispheres, they cover the middle latitudes from to approximately 35° north and ...

, mostly in the southern hemisphere.Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. ''Flowering Plant Families of the World''. Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. (2007). . The largest center of diversity is

New Guinea New Guinea (; Hiri Motu Hiri Motu, also known as Police Motu, Pidgin Motu, or just Hiri, is a language of Papua New Guinea, which is spoken in surrounding areas of Port Moresby (Capital of Papua New Guinea). It is a simplified version of ...

, with about 75 species. Lesser centres of diversity are

Madagascar Madagascar (; mg, Madagasikara, ), officially the Republic of Madagascar ( mg, Repoblikan'i Madagasikara, links=no, ; french: République de Madagascar), is an island country in the Indian Ocean, approximately off the coast of East Africa ...

Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...

, and the neotropics. Africa has one species, ''

Xymalos monospora ''Xymalos monospora'' (plant family Monimiaceae), commonly known as lemonwood, is a species of evergreen tree native to Africa, the only species in the genus ''Xymalos''. It is an Afromontane endemic, and can be found from 900 to 2700 meters elev ...

'', as does Southern Chile (''

Peumus boldus ''Peumus boldus'', the only species in the genus ''Peumus'', is commonly known as boldo (from the Mapuche name ''foḻo''). This tree of the family Monimiaceae is natively endemic to the central region of Chile, occurring from 33° to 40° sou ...

''). Several species are distributed through

Malesia Malesia is a biogeographical region straddling the Equator and the boundaries of the Indomalayan and Australasian realms, and also a phytogeographical floristic region in the Paleotropical Kingdom. It has been given different definitions. The ...

and the southwest Pacific.Susanne S. Renner, Joeri S. Strijk, Dominique Strasberg, and Christophe Thébaud. 2010. "Biogeography of the Monimiaceae (Laurales): a role for East Gondwana and long-distance dispersal, but not West Gondwana". ''Journal of Biogeography'' 37(7):1227-1238. The Monimiaceae are underrepresented in herbaria and other plant collections. Variation within the family has not been understood, resulting in an unusual proportion of monospecific genera. As of 2010, these 11 genera were considered monospecific: ''

Peumus ''Peumus boldus'', the only species in the genus ''Peumus'', is commonly known as boldo (from the Mapuche name ''foḻo''). This tree of the family Monimiaceae is natively endemic to the central region of Chile, occurring from 33° to 40° sou ...

Xymalos ''Xymalos monospora'' (plant family Monimiaceae), commonly known as lemonwood, is a species of evergreen tree native to Africa, the only species in the genus ''Xymalos''. It is an Afromontane endemic, and can be found from 900 to 2700 meters elev ...

Kibaropsis ''Kibaropsis'' is a monotypic taxon, monotypic genus of plant in the Monimiaceae family (biology), family. It is endemic to New Caledonia. Its only species is ''Kibaropsis caledonica''. Phylogenetic studies suggest that it is nested in the more wi ...

Austromatthaea ''Austromatthaea'' is a genus of plants in the family Monimiaceae. As of 2010, it is considered monospecific. The sole species, ''Austromatthaea elegans'', is found in Queensland. References External links * ''Austromatthaea elegans''at ...

Hemmantia ''Hemmantia'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Monimiaceae. The only species is ''Hemmantia webbii''. Its native range is Queensland ) , nickname = Sunshine State , image_map = Queensland in Australia.svg , ...

, " Endressia", Hennecartia, Macrotorus, Macropeplus,

Grazielanthus ''Grazielanthus'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Monimiaceae. The only species is ''Grazielanthus arkeocarpus''. It is native to south-eastern Brazil. The genus name of ''Grazielanthus'' is in honour of Graziela ...

,'' and '' Faika''. ''

Kairoa ''Kairoa'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Monimiaceae. Its native range is New Guinea. Species: *''Kairoa cromeana'' *''Kairoa endressiana'' *''Kairoa suberosa'' *''Kairoa villosa'' References

{{Taxonbar, from ...

'' was thought to be monospecific until 2009.Susanne S. Renner and Wayne N. Takeuchi. 2009. "A phylogeny and revised circumscription for ''Kairoa'' (Monimiaceae), with the description of a new species from Papua New Guinea". ''Harvard Papers in Botany'' 14(1):71-81. The Monimiaceae include 24 genera with a total of about 217 known species. The largest genera and the number of their constituent species is: ''

Tambourissa ''Tambourissa'' is a genus of plant in family Monimiaceae. Its range includes Madagascar, the Comoro Islands, Réunion, and Mauritius Mauritius ( ; french: Maurice, link=no ; mfe, label= Mauritian Creole, Moris ), officially the Republic ...

'' (50), ''

Mollinedia ''Mollinedia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Monimiaceae. There are about 90 species distributed in the forests of the Neotropics. They are mainly shrubs and trees.Morales, J. F., & Jiménez, Q. (1996)A new species of ''Mollinedia'' ...

'' (20-90), '' Kibara'' (43), ''

Steganthera ''Steganthera'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Monimiaceae. Its native range is Papuasia Papuasia is a Level 2 botanical region defined in the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions (WGSRPD). It l ...

'' (17), '' Palmeria'' (14), and ''

Hedycarya ''Hedycarya'' is a genus of dioecious trees and shrubs of the family Monimiaceae. Species occur in South East Asia, New Caledonia, Australia and Polynesia including New Zealand. The genus was named and formerly described in 1776 by botanists Jo ...

'' (11). The type genus, ''

Monimia ''Monimia'' is a genus of trees of the family Monimiaceae. It is endemic to the Mascarene Islands The Mascarene Islands (, ) or Mascarenes or Mascarenhas Archipelago is a group of islands in the Indian Ocean east of Madagascar consisting of t ...

'', is

endemic Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsew ...

to the Mascarenes. The number of species in the Monimiaceae has been variously estimated from about 200 to about 270.William R. Philipson. 1993. "Monimiaceae". pages 426-437. In: Klaus Kubitski (editor); Jens G. Rohwer and Volker Bittrich (volume editors). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume II. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany. Most of this difference results from uncertainty over species limits in the tropical

American American(s) may refer to: * American, something of, from, or related to the United States of America, commonly known as the "United States" or "America" ** Americans, citizens and nationals of the United States of America ** American ancestry, pe ...

genus ''

''. Estimates of the number of species in ''Mollinedia'' have ranged from 20 to 90.

Janet Russell Perkins Janet Russell Perkins (March 20, 1853 – 1933) was an American-born botanist. Perkins authored 191 land plant species names, the tenth-highest number of such names authored by any female scientist. Born in Lafayette, Indiana, Janet was the daug ...

and Ernest Friedrich Gilg described 71 species of ''Mollinedia'' in '' Das Pflanzenreich'' in 1901,Janet Russell Perkins and Ernest Friedrich Gilg. 1901. "Monimiaceae". pages 1-122. In: ''Das Pflanzenreich: Regni vegetabilis conspectus''. volume IV, family 101. Wilhelm Engelmann. Reprinted by H.R. Engelmann in 1959. (See ''External links'' below). but many

authors An author is the writer of a book, article, play, mostly written work. A broader definition of the word "author" states: "''An author is "the person who originated or gave existence to anything" and whose authorship determines responsibility f ...

today regard this as an example of overdescription. The wood of ''

'' and '' Hedycarya arborescens'' is used locally, in Chile and New Zealand, respectively, but is of no commercial importance. Both of these species are grown in their

native Native may refer to: People * Jus soli, citizenship by right of birth * Indigenous peoples, peoples with a set of specific rights based on their historical ties to a particular territory ** Native Americans (disambiguation) In arts and entert ...

regions as ornamentals. An herbal tea is made from ''Peumus''. The

phytochemistry Phytochemistry is the study of phytochemicals, which are chemicals derived from plants. Phytochemists strive to describe the structures of the large number of secondary metabolites found in plants, the functions of these compounds in human and ...

of a few of the genera has been studied.Gilda G. Leitão, Naomi K. Simas, Simone S.V. Soares, Ana Paula P. de Brito, Boris M.G. Claros, Thelma B.M. Brito, Franco Delle Monache. 1999. "Chemistry and pharmacology of Monimiaceae: a special focus on ''Siparuna'' and ''Mollinedia''". ''Journal of Ethnopharmacology'' 65(2):87-102. . Fossil wood attributed to the Monimiaceae has been found in the Eastern Cape Province of

South Africa South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded to the south by of coastline that stretch along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans; to the north by the neighbouring countri ...

and on James Ross Island,

Antarctica Antarctica () is Earth's southernmost and least-populated continent. Situated almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle and surrounded by the Southern Ocean, it contains the geographic South Pole. Antarctica is the fifth-largest contine ...

. Both of these fossil sites are roughly 83 million years old, from the Campanian stage of the

Cretaceous The Cretaceous ( ) is a geological period that lasted from about 145 to 66 million years ago (Mya). It is the third and final period of the Mesozoic Era, as well as the longest. At around 79 million years, it is the longest geological period of th ...

period. Fossil leaves of the Monimiaceae are known from the

Paleocene The Paleocene, ( ) or Palaeocene, is a geological epoch (geology), epoch that lasted from about 66 to 56 mya (unit), million years ago (mya). It is the first epoch of the Paleogene Period (geology), Period in the modern Cenozoic Era (geology), E ...

of King George Island of the

South Shetland Islands The South Shetland Islands are a group of Antarctic islands with a total area of . They lie about north of the Antarctic Peninsula, and between southwest of the nearest point of the South Orkney Islands. By the Antarctic Treaty of 195 ...

, near the

Antarctic peninsula The Antarctic Peninsula, known as O'Higgins Land in Chile and Tierra de San Martín in Argentina, and originally as Graham Land in the United Kingdom and the Palmer Peninsula in the United States, is the northernmost part of mainland Antarctic ...

and from the

Eocene The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch (geology), epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period (geology), Period in the modern Cenozoic Era (geology), Era. The name ''Eocene' ...

of Patagonia.Cassandra L. Knight and Peter Wilf. 2013. "Rare leaf fossils of Monimiaceae and Atherospermataceae (Laurales) from Eocene Patagonian rainforests and their biogeographic significance". ''Palaeontologia Electronica'' 16(3):paper 26A. 39 pages. (See ''External links'' below).

Divergence In vector calculus, divergence is a vector operator that operates on a vector field, producing a scalar field giving the quantity of the vector field's source at each point. More technically, the divergence represents the volume density of the ...

of different

groups A group is a number of persons or things that are located, gathered, or classed together. Groups of people * Cultural group, a group whose members share the same cultural identity * Ethnic group, a group whose members share the same ethnic iden ...

within Monimiaceae was long believed to be explained by the

separation Separation may refer to: Films * ''Separation'' (1967 film), a British feature film written by and starring Jane Arden and directed by Jack Bond * ''La Séparation'', 1994 French film * ''A Separation'', 2011 Iranian film * ''Separation'' (20 ...

East Gondwana The South Polar region of the Cretaceous comprised the continent of East Gondwana–modern day Australia and Antarctica–a product of the break-up of Gondwana in the Cretaceous Period. The southern region, during this time, was much warmer than i ...

(

India India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...

Sri Lanka Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්‍රී ලංකා, Śrī Laṅkā, translit-std=ISO (); ta, இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai, translit-std=ISO ()), formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an ...

, Madagascar, the

Seychelles Seychelles (, ; ), officially the Republic of Seychelles (french: link=no, République des Seychelles; Creole: ''La Repiblik Sesel''), is an archipelagic state consisting of 115 islands in the Indian Ocean. Its capital and largest city, V ...

, Australia, Antarctica, and

New Caledonia ) , anthem = "" , image_map = New Caledonia on the globe (small islands magnified) (Polynesia centered).svg , map_alt = Location of New Caledonia , map_caption = Location of New Caledonia , mapsize = 290px , subdivision_type = Sovereign st ...

) from

West Gondwana A craton is an ancient part of the Earth's continental crust which has been more or less stable since Precambrian times. Cratons whose ancient rocks are widely exposed at the surface, often with relatively subdued relief, are known as Shield (geol ...

(Africa and South America), and by the later separation of Africa and South America.David H. Lorence. 1985. "A monograph of the Monimiaceae (Laurales) in the Malagasy Region (Southwest Indian Ocean)". ''Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden'' 72(1):1-165. The family Monimiaceae was long considered to be one of the best examples of

vicariance Allopatric speciation () – also referred to as geographic speciation, vicariant speciation, or its earlier name the dumbbell model – is a mode of speciation that occurs when biological populations become geographically isolated from ...

, but the dating of

clade A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, ...

s by

molecular clock The molecular clock is a figurative term for a technique that uses the mutation rate of biomolecules to deduce the time in prehistory when two or more life forms diverged. The biomolecular data used for such calculations are usually nucleoti ...

methods has shown that the presence of the Monimiaceae in Africa and South America can be explained only by

long-distance dispersal Biological dispersal refers to both the movement of individuals (animals, plants, fungi, bacteria, etc.) from their birth site to their breeding site ('natal dispersal'), as well as the movement from one breeding site to another ('breeding dis ...

. Antarctica had coastal forests as recently as the mid-

Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and means "less recen ...

, and these could have provided an intermediate phase in dispersal between Australia and South America.Thomas N. Taylor, Edith L. Taylor, and Michael Krings. 2008. ''Paleobotany: The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants'', 2nd edition. Academic Press (an imprint of Elsevier): Burlington, MA; New York, NY; San Diego, CA, USA,, London, UK. 1252 pages. .

Genera

The information on genera is from Renner ''et al.'' (2010) or, when not available there, from Philipson (1993). * Subfamily Monimioideae *** Genus ''

'' Molina, 1782 – 1 species; southern

Chile Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in the western part of South America. It is the southernmost country in the world, and the closest to Antarctica, occupying a long and narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east a ...

. *** Genus ''

'' Thouars, 1804 – 3 species;

Mauritius Mauritius ( ; french: Maurice, link=no ; mfe, label=Mauritian Creole, Moris ), officially the Republic of Mauritius, is an island nation in the Indian Ocean about off the southeast coast of the African continent, east of Madagascar. It incl ...

and

Réunion Réunion (; french: La Réunion, ; previously ''Île Bourbon''; rcf, label= Reunionese Creole, La Rényon) is an island in the Indian Ocean that is an overseas department and region of France. It is located approximately east of the island ...

. *** Genus '' Palmeria'' F.J.H. von Mueller, 1864 – 14 species;

Sulawesi Sulawesi (), also known as Celebes (), is an island in Indonesia. One of the four Greater Sunda Islands, and the world's eleventh-largest island, it is situated east of Borneo, west of the Maluku Islands, and south of Mindanao and the Sulu Ar ...

and eastern

. * Subfamily Hortonioideae *** Genus '' Hortonia''

Wight A wight (Old English: ''wiht'') is a mythical sentient being, often undead. In its original use the word ''wight'' described a living human being, but has come to be used in fictional works in the fantasy genre to describe certain immortal bein ...

ex Arnott, 1838 – 2 species;

. * Subfamily Mollinedioideae ** Tribe Hedycaryeae *** Genus ''

'' Baillon, 1887 – 1 species;

Afromontane The Afromontane regions are subregions of the Afrotropical realm, one of the Earth's eight biogeographic realms, covering the plant and animal species found in the mountains of Africa and the southern Arabian Peninsula. The Afromontane regions ...

, from 900–2700 m

elevation The elevation of a geographic location is its height above or below a fixed reference point, most commonly a reference geoid, a mathematical model of the Earth's sea level as an equipotential gravitational surface (see Geodetic datum § Vert ...

from

Sudan Sudan ( or ; ar, السودان, as-Sūdān, officially the Republic of the Sudan ( ar, جمهورية السودان, link=no, Jumhūriyyat as-Sūdān), is a country in Northeast Africa. It shares borders with the Central African Republic t ...

, and on Mount Cameroon and Bioko. *** Genus ''

Decarydendron ''Decarydendron'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Monimiaceae. Its native range is Madagascar. The genus name of ''Decarydendron'' was named after Raymond Decary (1891–1973), French botanist, ethnologist and colonial adm ...

'' Danguy, 1928 – 3 species;

. *** Genus '' Ephippiandra''

Decaisne Decaisne is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Henri Decaisne (1799–1852), Belgian historical and portrait painter * Joseph Decaisne Joseph Decaisne (7 March 1807 – 8 January 1882) was a French botanist and agronomist. He b ...

, 1858 ( syn: ''Hedycaryopsis'') – 6 species; Madagascar. *** Genus ''

'' Sonnerat, 1782 (syn: ''Phanerogamocarpus'', ''Schrameckia'') –

approximately An approximation is anything that is intentionally similar but not exactly equal to something else. Etymology and usage The word ''approximation'' is derived from Latin ''approximatus'', from ''proximus'' meaning ''very near'' and the prefix ' ...

50 species; Madagascar and the Mascarenes. *** Genus ''

'' J & G. Forster, 1776 (syn: ''Carnegieodoxa'') – 11 species; mostly of

, also

New Zealand New Zealand ( mi, Aotearoa ) is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and over 700 smaller islands. It is the sixth-largest island count ...

, and

Fiji Fiji ( , ,; fj, Viti, ; Fiji Hindi: फ़िजी, ''Fijī''), officially the Republic of Fiji, is an island country in Melanesia, part of Oceania in the South Pacific Ocean. It lies about north-northeast of New Zealand. Fiji consists ...

. *** Genus ''

'' Vieillard ex Jérémie, 1977 – 1 species; New Caledonia. *** Genus ''

Levieria ''Levieria'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Monimiaceae. They are dioecious trees or shrubs. It is native to Sulawesi, the Maluku Islands, New Guinea and Queensland (north-eastern Australia). The genus name of ''Levieria' ...

'' Beccari, 1877 – 7 species;

Queensland ) , nickname = Sunshine State , image_map = Queensland in Australia.svg , map_caption = Location of Queensland in Australia , subdivision_type = Country , subdivision_name = Australia , established_title = Before federation , established_ ...

. ** Tribe Mollinedieae *** Genus ''

'' L.S. Smith, 1969 – 1 species;

. *** Genus '' Endressia'' Trevor Paul Whiffin, 2007 – 1 species;

. *** Genus ''

'' Trevor Paul Whiffin, 2007 – 1 species;

. *** Genus ''

Matthaea ''Matthaea'' is a genus of plant in family Monimiaceae. Its native range is Malesia. It contains the following accepted species:"''Matthaea'' Blume". ''Plants of the World Online''. Accessed 22 August 2021 * '' Matthaea chartacea'' Merr. * '' Mat ...

'' Blume, 1856 – 5 species;

Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no), * bik, Republika kan Filipinas * ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas * cbk, República de Filipinas * hil, Republ ...

, Talaud Islands,

Malaysia Malaysia ( ; ) is a country in Southeast Asia. The federation, federal constitutional monarchy consists of States and federal territories of Malaysia, thirteen states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two r ...

, and

Sumatra Sumatra is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as the sixth-largest island in the world at 473,481 km2 (182,812 mi.2), not including adjacent i ...

. *** Genus ''

Perkins Perkins is a surname derived from the Anglo-Saxon corruption of the kin of Pierre (from Pierre kin to Pierrekin to Perkins), introduced into England by the Norman Conquest. It is found throughout mid- and southern England. Another derivation com ...

, 1898 (syn: ''Anthobembix'') – 17 species;

Solomon Islands Solomon Islands is an island country consisting of six major islands and over 900 smaller islands in Oceania, to the east of Papua New Guinea and north-west of Vanuatu. It has a land area of , and a population of approx. 700,000. Its capita ...

and Queensland. *** Genus '' Tetrasynandra'' Perkins, 1898 – 3 species; eastern Australia. *** Genus '' Hennecartia'' Poisson, 1885 – 1 species;

Paraguay Paraguay (; ), officially the Republic of Paraguay ( es, República del Paraguay, links=no; gn, Tavakuairetã Paraguái, links=si), is a landlocked country in South America. It is bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Brazil to th ...

, southern

Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...

, northeast

Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, th ...

. *** Genus '' Macropeplus'' Perkins, 1898 – 1 species; Brazil. *** Genus '' Macrotorus'' Perkins, 1898 – 1 species; Brazil. *** Genus ''

Ruiz The Spanish surname Ruiz originates from the Germanic personal name " Hrodric" which is composed of the elements "Hrōd", meaning "renown", and "rīc", meaning "power(ful)", thus "famous ruler". Ruiz is a patronymic from the personal name Ruy, a sh ...

& Pavon, 1794 – 20 to 90 species;

Central Central is an adjective usually referring to being in the center of some place or (mathematical) object. Central may also refer to: Directions and generalised locations * Central Africa, a region in the centre of Africa continent, also known as ...

and

South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the southe ...

*** Genus ''

'' Ariane Luna Peixoto & Maria Verônica Leite Pereira-Moura, 2008 – 1 species; southeast Brazil. *** Genus ''

Wilkiea ''Wilkiea'' is a genus of dioecious trees and shrubs in the Mollinedieae tribe of the family Monimiaceae. They grow in Australia and New Guinea. Mostly with toothed leaves which have short leaf stems. Leaves with many oil dots. The genus appears ...

'' F.J.H. von Mueller, 1858 – 9 species;

New South Wales ) , nickname = , image_map = New South Wales in Australia.svg , map_caption = Location of New South Wales in AustraliaCoordinates: , subdivision_type = Country , subdivision_name = Australia , established_title = Before federation , es ...

, Queensland, New Guinea. *** Genus ''

{{Taxonbar, from ...

'' Philipson, 1980 – 2 species;

Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (abbreviated PNG; , ; tpi, Papua Niugini; ho, Papua Niu Gini), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea ( tpi, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niugini; ho, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niu Gini), is a country i ...

. *** Genus '' Faika'' Philipson, 1985 – 1 species; Papua *** Genus '' Kibara''

Endlicher Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher also known as Endlicher István László (24 June 1804, Bratislava (Pozsony) – 28 March 1849, Vienna) was an Austrian botanist, numismatist and Sinologist. He was a director of the Botanical Garden of Vienna. Bio ...

, 1837 – 43 species; mostly New Guinea, but extending from the

Nicobar Islands The Nicobar Islands are an archipelagic island chain in the eastern Indian Ocean. They are located in Southeast Asia, northwest of Aceh on Sumatra, and separated from Thailand to the east by the Andaman Sea. Located southeast of the Indian s ...

and

Thailand Thailand ( ), historically known as Siam () and officially the Kingdom of Thailand, is a country in Southeast Asia, located at the centre of the Indochinese Peninsula, spanning , with a population of almost 70 million. The country is bo ...

to the Philippines and Queensland. *** Genus ''

Parakibara ''Parakibara'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Monimiaceae. The only species is ''Parakibara clavigera''. Its native range is Eastern Malesia Malesia is a biogeographical region straddling the Equator and t ...

'' Philipson, 1985 – 1 species;

Halmahera Halmahera, formerly known as Jilolo, Gilolo, or Jailolo, is the largest island in the Maluku Islands. It is part of the North Maluku province of Indonesia, and Sofifi, the capital of the province, is located on the west coast of the island. Hal ...

. *** Genus ''

Lauterbachia ''Lauterbachia'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Monimiaceae. The only species is ''Lauterbachia novoguineensis'' . It is native to New Guinea. The genus name of ''Lauterbachia'' is in honour of Carl Adolf Georg ...

'' Perkins, 1900 – 1 species; Papua New Guinea.

History

The family Monimiaceae was erected in 1809 by

Antoine Laurent de Jussieu Antoine Laurent de Jussieu (; 12 April 1748 – 17 September 1836) was a French botanist, notable as the first to publish a natural classification of flowering plants; much of his system remains in use today. His classification was based on an e ...

.''Monimiaceae'' in

International Plant Names Index The International Plant Names Index (IPNI) describes itself as "a database of the names and associated basic bibliographical details of seed plants, ferns and lycophytes." Coverage of plant names is best at the rank of species and genus. It inclu ...

. (see ''External links'' below). He called it " heorder Monimieae",James L. Reveal. 2008 onward. "A Checklist of Family and Suprafamilial Names for Extant Vascular Plants." At: Home page of James L. Reveal and C. Rose Broome. (see ''External links'' below). but the orders of that time were equivalent to what are now called families. He

defined A definition is a statement of the meaning of a term (a word, phrase, or other set of symbols). Definitions can be classified into two large categories: intensional definitions (which try to give the sense of a term), and extensional defini ...

the family broadly, to include what are now called the

Siparunaceae Siparunaceae is a family of flowering plants in the magnoliid order Laurales. It consists of two genera of woody plants, with essential oils: ''Glossocalyx'' in West Africa and ''Siparuna'' in the neotropics. ''Glossocalyx'' is monospecific (''G ...

and

Atherospermataceae The Atherospermataceae, commonly known as the southern sassafrases, are a family of broadleaf evergreen trees and shrubs. The family includes 14 species in seven genera. The atherosperms are today mostly distributed in the Southern Hemisphere, w ...

, as well as the modern Monimiaceae. This circumscription of the family prevailed until the 1990s, but some, such as Robert Brown and

John Lindley John Lindley FRS (5 February 1799 – 1 November 1865) was an English botanist, gardener and orchidologist. Early years Born in Catton, near Norwich, England, John Lindley was one of four children of George and Mary Lindley. George Lindley w ...

, recognized the Atherospermataceae as a separate family. Jussieu used the now-obsolete genus names ''Ruizia'', ''Ambora'', ''Citrosma'', and ''Pavonia'' ('' sensu''

& Pavón).page 133 In: Antoine Laurent de Jussieu. 1809. "Mémoire: Sur les Monimées, nouvel ordre de plantes". ''Annales du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle'' 14:116-135. (See External links below). These are now known as ''Peumus'', ''Tambourissa'', ''

Siparuna ''Siparuna'' is a genus of plants belonging to the family Siparunaceae. These aromatic evergreen trees and shrubs are found throughout the Neotropical realm The Neotropical realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting Earth's ...

'', and ''

Laurelia ''Laurelia'' is a genus of plant in the major group Angiosperms (flowering plants) in the family Atherospermataceae, or formerly Monimiaceae. It contains only two species, both endemic to the southern hemisphere, an example of Gondwanan distri ...

'', respectively. Jussieu was apparently unaware that Antonio José Cavanilles had published the name '' Pavonia'' in 1786 for a genus in the

Malvaceae Malvaceae, or the mallows, is a family of flowering plants estimated to contain 244 genera with 4225 known species. Well-known members of economic importance include okra, cotton, cacao and durian. There are also some genera containing familiar ...

. Later authors replaced the

name A name is a term used for identification by an external observer. They can identify a class or category of things, or a single thing, either uniquely, or within a given context. The entity identified by a name is called its referent. A personal ...

''Ruizia'' with ''Boldea'', until it was eventually determined that ''Peumus'' is the

correct name In botany, the correct name according to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) is the one and only botanical name that is to be used for a particular taxon, when that taxon has a particular circumscription, posit ...

for this genus. In 1855,

Louis-René Tulasne Louis René Étienne Tulasne, a.k.a. Edmond Tulasne (12 September 1815 – 22 December 1885) was a French botanist and mycologist born in Azay-le-Rideau. He originally studied law at Poitiers, but his interest later turned to botany. As a young ...

wrote two landmark papers on the Monimiaceae.Louis-René Tulasne. 1855. "Diagnoses nonnullas e Monimiacearum recensione tentata excerptas præmittit". ''Annales des sciences naturelles ..Quatrième série. Botanique''. Tome III. pages 29-144. (see External links below).Louis-René Tulasne (Ludovicus-Renatus Tulasne). 1855. "Monographia Monimiacearum, primum tentata". ''Archives du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle'', Paris. 8:273-436. (see External links below). Using current names, the genera that he recognized were: ''Peumus, Monimia, Tambourissa, Hedycarya, Mollinedia, Kibara, Siparuna, Atherosperma, Laurelia,'' and ''Doryphora''. In 1898,

began a series of articles on the Monimiaceae, but only two were ever completed. The second of these was mistitled as part III on its first page (compare to table of contents therein)Janet R. Perkins. 1901. "Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Monimiaceae. II. Monographie der Gattung ''Siparuna''". ''Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie'' 28(5):660-705. (see External links below). and covers the genus ''

'', which is now grouped with ''

Glossocalyx ''Glossocalyx'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('conta ...

'' in the family

. The first in this series covers the

tribe The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide usage of the term in English language, English is in the discipline of anthropology. This definition is contested, in p ...

Mollinedieae, but begins with an extensive discussion of the family.Janet R. Perkins. 1898. "Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Monimiaceae. I. Über die Gliederung der Gattungen der Mollinedieae". ''Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie'' 25(4):547-577. (see External links below). Perkins defined the family very broadly, to include ''

Amborella ''Amborella'' is a monotypic genus of understory shrubs or small trees endemic to the main island, Grande Terre, of New Caledonia in the southwest Pacific Ocean. The genus is the only member of the family Amborellaceae and the order Amborellale ...

'', '' Trimenia'', and ''Piptocalyx''. These are now regarded as basal angiosperms, and ''Piptocalyx'' is a segregate of ''Trimenia''. Perkins also included the genus ''Conuleum'', but it is now usually treated in ''Siparuna'' because it is monospecific and sister to ''Siparuna''.Susanne S. Renner and Gerlinde Hausner. 2005. "Siparunaceae". ''Flora Neotropica'' Monograph 95. New York Botanical Garden Press. . In this paper, Perkins named five new genera: ''Macropeplus, Macrotorus, Steganthera, Tetrasynandra,'' and ''Anthobembix''. The genus ''Anthobembix'' consisted of two species that Perkins had transferred from ''Kibara''. In 1942, these were transferred to ''Steganthera''.Ryōzō Kanehira (金平亮三) and Sumihiko Hatsushima (初島住彦). 1942. ''The Botanical Magazine'' (Tōkyō) 56:~256-~261. The genus ''Lauterbachia'' was named by Perkins in a

flora Flora is all the plant life present in a particular region or time, generally the naturally occurring (indigenous) native plants. Sometimes bacteria and fungi are also referred to as flora, as in the terms '' gut flora'' or '' skin flora''. E ...

published in 1901.Karl Moritz Schumann and Carl A.G. Lauterbach. 1901. ''Flora der Deutschen Schutzgebiete in der Südsee'' (Flora of the German Protectorates in the South Seas):330. (see External links below). A comprehensive treatment of the Monimiaceae was published by Perkins and Ernest Friedrich Gilg in '' Das Pflanzenreich'' in 1901. In the part of their family that is still in the Monimiaceae, 20 genera were recognized, including ''Anthobembix''. They placed ''Conuleum'' in synonymy under ''Siparuna'' and added four genera to those listed by Perkins in 1898. The new genera were ''Xymalos, Wilkiea, Lauterbachia,'' and ''Chloropatane''. The genus ''Chloropatane'' had been described by H.G. Adolf Engler in 1899. It was based on a specimen that was eventually shown to be a species of '' Erythrococca'' ( Euphorbiaceae), but it is too fragmentary to be more precisely

identified ''Identified'' is the second studio album by Vanessa Hudgens, released on July 1, 2008 in the U.S. June 24, 2008 in Japan, February 13, 2009 in most European countries and February 16, 2009 in the United Kingdom. The album re ...

. The family was reviewed again by Lillian L. Money ''et al.'' in 1950.Lillian L. Money, Irving W. Bailey, and Bangalore G.L. Swamy. 1950. "The morphology and relationships of the Monimiaceae". ''Journal of the Arnold Arboretum'' 31(4):372-404. (see External links below). The most recent

monograph A monograph is a specialist work of writing (in contrast to reference works) or exhibition on a single subject or an aspect of a subject, often by a single author or artist, and usually on a scholarly subject. In library cataloging, ''monograph ...

of the Monimiaceae was written by

William Raymond Philipson William is a male given name of Germanic origin.Hanks, Hardcastle and Hodges, ''Oxford Dictionary of First Names'', Oxford University Press, 2nd edition, , p. 276. It became very popular in the English language after the Norman conquest of Engl ...

in 1993 in a series entitled '' The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants''. Philipson divided the Monimiaceae into six

subfamilies In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end subfamily botanical names with "-oideae", and zoologi ...

: Glossocalycoideae, Siparunoideae, Atherospermatoideae, Monimioideae, Hortonioideae, and Mollinedioideae. The latter three constitute the Monimiaceae as defined in the

APG III system The APG III system of flowering plant classification is the third version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy being developed by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). Published in 2009, it was superseded in 2016 by a fur ...

, which was published in 2009. In these three subfamilies, Philipson recognized a total of 25 genera. He did not accept ''Anthobembix'', but he did include the other 19 genera from the 1901 monograph by Perkins and Gilg. He also included six genera that had been published after Perkins and Gilg (1901): ''Decarydendron, Kibaropsis, Austromatthaea, Kairoa, Faika,'' and ''Parakibara''. The latter three had been named by Philipson in the 1980s. After Philipson's treatment of the Monimiaceae, the genera ''Hemmantia'' and ''"Endressia"'' were published in 2007 in '' Flora of Australia''.Trevor P. Whiffin. 2007. Monimiaceae, pages 451-454. In: Appendix: new taxa, combinations, and lectotypifications, pages 447-463. In: ''Flora of Australia'' vol. 2: Winteraceae to Platanaceae. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra, Australia. . ''Grazielanthus'' was published in 2008 in '' Kew Bulletin''.Ariane L. Peixoto and Maria V.L. Pereira-Moura. 2008. "A new genus of Monimiaceae from the Atlantic coastal forest in southeastern Brazil". ''Kew Bulletin'' 63(1):137-141. The name "Endressia" (''sensu'' Whiffin) is now known to be illegitimate because Jaques Étienne Gay had published the name '' Endressia'' for a genus in the Apiaceae in 1832.''Endressia'' in

. (see ''External links'' below). ''Endressia'' is

to '' Angelica'' and ''

Selinum ''Selinum'' is a Eurasiatic genus of flowering plants in the parsley family Apiaceae. Species , Plants of the World Online accepted the following species: *'' Selinum alatum'' (M.Bieb.) Poir. *'' Selinum broteroi'' Hoffmanns. & Link *''Selinum ca ...

'' in the tribe

Selineae This is a list of genera belonging to the family Apiaceae. It contains all the genera accepted by Plants of the World Online (PoWO) . A few extra genus names are included that PoWO regards as synonyms. Unless otherwise indicated, the placement of g ...

Molecular phylogenetic Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...

studies of the

angiosperm Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants th ...

sDouglas E. Soltis, ''et al.'' (28 authors). 2011. "Angiosperm Phylogeny: 17 genes, 640 taxa". ''American Journal of Botany'' 98(4):704-730. and of LauralesSusanne S. Renner. 1999. "Circumscription and phylogeny of the Laurales: evidence from molecular and morphological data". ''American Journal of Botany'' 86(9):1301-1315. had only sparsely sampled the Monimiaceae until 2010. In that year, and in 2014,

phylogenies A phylogenetic tree (also phylogeny or evolutionary tree Felsenstein J. (2004). ''Inferring Phylogenies'' Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA.) is a branching diagram or a tree showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological spec ...

were produced that were based on much denser sampling.Julien Massoni, Félix Forest, and Hervé Sauquet. 2014. "Increased sampling of both genes and taxa improves resolution of phylogenetic relationships within Magnoliidae, a large and early-diverging clade of angiosperms". ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' 70( ):84-93. These have shown that the next revision of the family must make substantial changes to the genera.

Classification Classification is a process related to categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated and understood. Classification is the grouping of related facts into classes. It may also refer to: Business, organizat ...

From the time that the family Monimiaceae was established by Jussieu in 1809, until it was monographed by Philipson in 1993, it was usually circumscribed to include three distinct groups in the Laurales, which are recognized in the APG III system as the separate families

, and Monimiaceae ''

sensu stricto ''Sensu'' is a Latin word meaning "in the sense of". It is used in a number of fields including biology, geology, linguistics, semiotics, and law. Commonly it refers to how strictly or loosely an expression is used in describing any particular co ...

''. The inclusion of ''

'' and '' Trimenia'' was always doubtful and was rejected by many. Their exclusion from the Monimiaceae was well established by the time Philipson wrote his treatise on the family. Beginning with the ground-breaking paper by Mark W. Chase and many coauthors in 1993,Mark W. Chase, ''et al.'' (42 authors). 1993. "Phylogenetics of seed plants: an analysis of nucleotide sequences from the plastid gene rbcL". ''Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden'' 80(3):528-580. (see External links below). the cladistic analysis of

DNA sequence DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleic acid sequence – the order of nucleotides in DNA. It includes any method or technology that is used to determine the order of the four bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. Th ...

s has contributed much to the knowledge of angiosperm phylogeny.Walter S. Judd, Christopher S. Campbell, Elizabeth A. Kellogg, Peter F. Stevens, and Michael J. Donoghue. 2008. ''Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach'', Third Edition. Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA, USA. By the end of the 1990s, it was evident that the traditional circumscription of Monimiaceae was

paraphyletic In taxonomy (general), taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's most recent common ancestor, last common ancestor and most of its descendants, excluding a few Monophyly, monophyletic subgroups. The group is said to be pa ...

over the monotypic family

Gomortegaceae ''Gomortega keule'' (syn. ''G. nitida''; Spanish language, Spanish names ''keule'', ''queule'', and ''hualhual'') is a tree native to Chile. It is the sole species of the genus ''Gomortega'' and, according to the APG IV system of 2016 (unchanged ...

, and possibly polyphyletic, as well, because the major part of it formed a clade with the Hernandiaceae and Lauraceae. Among the Hernandiaceae, Monimiaceae, and Lauraceae, the question of which two are most closely related has been remarkably difficult to answer. Different studies have yielded different results, but none with strong statistical support. This is surprising, in view of the fact that the Hernandiaceae and Lauraceae are much closer to each other morphologically than either of them is to the Monimiaceae.

Systematics Biological systematics is the study of the diversification of living forms, both past and present, and the relationships among living things through time. Relationships are visualized as evolutionary trees (synonyms: cladograms, phylogenetic tre ...

In 1993, Philipson divided the subfamily Mollinedioideae into three tribes: Hedycaryeae, Mollinedieae, and Hennecartieae. The Hennecartieae consisted of a single species: ''Hennecartia omphalandra''. It is now known that ''Hennecartia'' is nested within the Mollinedieae and is sister to a clade consisting of the rest of the neotropical Monimiaceae. The family Mollinedieae is strongly supported as monophyletic if ''Hennecartia'' is included. The monophyly of the Hedycaryeae is not supported or rejected by either of the recent molecular phylogenetic studies. One study resolved ''Xymalos'' as sister to the rest of the Mollinedioideae, but this result had only weak maximum likelihood bootstrap support. In the next revision of the Monimiaceae, several genera will need to be recircumscribed or placed in synonymy with others. ''Tetrasynandra'' and ''Grazielanthus'' are embedded within ''Steganthera'' and ''Mollinedia'', respectively. ''Kibaropsis'' forms a clade with '' Hedycarya arborea'', the

type species In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen ...

of ''Hedycarya''. The monophyly of ''Levieria'' is questionable, but only one species has been sampled for DNA. ''

Levieria acuminata ''Levieria'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Monimiaceae. They are dioecious trees or shrubs. It is native to Sulawesi, the Maluku Islands, New Guinea and Queensland (north-eastern Australia). The genus name of ''Levieria' ...

'' is nested within ''Hedycarya''. ''Wilkiea'', meanwhile, is polyphyletic and should be divided into at least three genera. The type species, ''W. calyptrocalyx'' is now regarded as a synonym of ''

Wilkiea huegeliana ''Wilkiea huegeliana'' is a common small tree of rainforest in eastern Australia. Common names include common wilkiea, tetra beech, and veiny wilkiea. Originally described by French naturalist Louis René Tulasne, it was given its current name b ...

'', and the latter is placed by some authors in synonymy with ''

Wilkiea macrophylla ''Wilkiea'' is a genus of dioecious trees and shrubs in the Mollinedieae tribe of the family Monimiaceae. They grow in Australia and New Guinea. Mostly with toothed leaves which have short leaf stems. Leaves with many oil dots. The genus appears ...

''.

References

Sources

*Philipson, W. R., 1987. A classification of the Monimiaceae. ''Nordic Journal of Botany'' 7: 25-29.

External links

Distribution Map for MonimioideaeDistribution Map for Mollinedioideae with fossil locations in green

botanical databasesAbout Science & ConservationMissouri Botanical Garden

Key (page 12)''Chloropatane'' (page 24)''Siparuna'' (page 80)MonimiaceaeView Book''Das Pflanzenreich''DTitlesBiodiversity Heritage Library

leaf fossils of Monimiaceae and AtherospermataceaePE 2013.3 Table of ContentsBrowse ArticlesContentPalaentologia Electronica

Monimiaceae''Endressia''Plant NamesIPNI

ttp://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/ Home page of James L. Reveal and C. Rose Broome
page 133page 116View BookAnnales du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle from Missouri Botanical GardenTitlesBiodiversity Heritage Library

View Book (External)Annals of Natural Sciences, series 4, volume 3TitlesBHL

page 294page 273View BookArch. Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris). vol. 8TitlesBHL

page 660Table of Contents (Inhalt)issue (heft) 5View BookBot. Jahrb. Syst. vol. 28 from Missouri Botanical GardenBTitlesBHL

page 547page 552issue (heft) 4View BookBot. Jahrb. Syst. vol. 25 from Missouri Botanical GardenBTitlesBHL

page 330View BookDie Flora der deutschen Schutzgebiete in der SüdseeDTitlesBHL

Monimiaceae (page 372)issue 4 (page 335)View Book''Journal of the Arnold Arboretum'', vol. 31JTitlesBHL

Seed Plant Phylogeny 1993The Palmer LabDepartment of BiologyIndiana University Bloomington

Monimiaceae (search exact)Name SearchTropicosAbout Science and ConservationMissouri Botanical Garden

List of Genera in MonimiaceaeAbout the ChecklistWorld Checklist of Selected Plant Families

DatabasesResources and databasesScientific research and dataScience and conservationKew Gardens

Kew Gardens

List of GeneraMonimiaceaeList of familiesFamilies and Genera in GRINQueriesGRIN taxonomy for plants

MonimiaceaeLauralesMagnoliidaeMesangiospermaeMagnoliophyta (flowering plants)SpermatophytaEuphyllophytaTracheophytaEmbryophytaStreptophytinaStreptophytaViridiplantaeEukaryotaTaxonomyUniProt

Leslie Watson and Michael J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards), ''The families of flowering plants''

MonimiaceaeLauralesMagnoliidaeMesangiospermaeMagnoliophyta (flowering plantsEukaryotaTaxonomy BrowserTaxonomy DatabaseTaxonomyNCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information)

Monimiaceae (page 50)''Flowering Plants'' (Takhtajan)
{{Taxonbar, from=Q1051993 Magnoliid families