The was a two-row, 14-cylinder air-cooled
radial engine
The radial engine is a reciprocating type internal combustion engine configuration in which the cylinders "radiate" outward from a central crankcase like the spokes of a wheel. It resembles a stylized star when viewed from the front, and is ca ...
built by
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
is a Japanese multinational engineering, electrical equipment and electronics corporation headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. MHI is one of the core companies of the Mitsubishi Group and its automobile division is the predecessor of Mitsubishi Mo ...
and used in a variety of
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
Japan
Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ...
ese
aircraft
An aircraft is a vehicle that is able to fly by gaining support from the air. It counters the force of gravity by using either static lift or by using the dynamic lift of an airfoil, or in a few cases the downward thrust from jet engines ...
, such as
Mitsubishi J2M
The Mitsubishi J2M ''Raiden'' (雷電, "Lightning Bolt") is a single-engined land-based fighter aircraft used by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service in World War II. The Allied reporting name was "Jack".
Design and development
The J2M was ...
and
Mitsubishi G4M
The Mitsubishi G4M was a twin-engine, land-based medium bomber formerly manufactured by the Mitsubishi Aircraft Company, a part of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, and operated by the Imperial Japanese Navy from 1940 to 1945. Its official designati ...
.
[Gunston 1989, p.104.] The Mitsubishi model designation for this engine was A10 while it was an experimental project, in service it was known as the MK4, and known as the Ha101 & Ha111 by the Army and Kasei by the Navy. According to unified designation code it was Ha-32 of the variants from 11 to 27.
Design and development
Although originally ordered by the
Imperial Japanese Navy
The Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN; Kyūjitai: Shinjitai: ' 'Navy of the Greater Japanese Empire', or ''Nippon Kaigun'', 'Japanese Navy') was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 to 1945, when it was dissolved following Japan's surrender ...
, the ''Kasei'' was based on the earlier
Mitsubishi Shinten
The was a two-row, 14-cylinder air-cooled radial engine built by the Mitsubishi Aircraft Company for the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service (IJAAS) and the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service (IJNAS) in the early 1930s. Like many aircraft engi ...
engine, itself based originally on the
Mitsubishi Kinsei
The was a 14-cylinder, air-cooled, twin-row radial aircraft engine developed by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries in Japan in 1934 for the Imperial Japanese Navy. The Mitsubishi model designation for this engine was A8 while it was an experimental p ...
. Produced in a wide variety of models, the ''Kasei'' began with a rated
power
Power most often refers to:
* Power (physics), meaning "rate of doing work"
** Engine power, the power put out by an engine
** Electric power
* Power (social and political), the ability to influence people or events
** Abusive power
Power may a ...
of , with a gradual evolution to in later wartime versions. Three variants were developed for the Japanese Navy starting in 1939. It was also later adopted by the
Imperial Japanese Army
The was the official ground-based armed force of the Empire of Japan from 1868 to 1945. It was controlled by the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office and the Ministry of the Army, both of which were nominally subordinate to the Emperor o ...
as the ''Ha-101'' engine. Unified code was Ha-32.
Physically, the engine had a rather large diameter compared to the of the
Nakajima Homare
The Nakajima Homare (誉, "praise" or, more usually, "honour") was an air-cooled twin-row 18 cylinder radial Japanese aircraft engine manufactured during World War II.
Producing almost 2,000 horsepower, it was used widely by both the Imperial J ...
engine. Its size and weight meant it was a challenging engine to use on single engine fighters.
Variants
* MK4A
a-32 A32, A 32, A.32 or A-32 may refer to:
* Aero A.32, a Czech ground attack aircraft built before World War II
* Brewster XA-32, an American ground attack aircraft from World War II
* Focke-Wulf A 32, a 1930 German small airliner
* HLA-A32, a huma ...
11
:, 2450 rpm at takeoff
, 2350 rpm at
, 2350 rpm at
* MK4B
a-32 A32, A 32, A.32 or A-32 may refer to:
* Aero A.32, a Czech ground attack aircraft built before World War II
* Brewster XA-32, an American ground attack aircraft from World War II
* Focke-Wulf A 32, a 1930 German small airliner
* HLA-A32, a huma ...
12 - same as MK4A 11
* MK4C
a-32 A32, A 32, A.32 or A-32 may refer to:
* Aero A.32, a Czech ground attack aircraft built before World War II
* Brewster XA-32, an American ground attack aircraft from World War II
* Focke-Wulf A 32, a 1930 German small airliner
* HLA-A32, a huma ...
13 - with extended propeller shaft
:, 2450 rpm at takeoff
, 2350 rpm at
, 2350 rpm at
* MK4D
a-32 A32, A 32, A.32 or A-32 may refer to:
* Aero A.32, a Czech ground attack aircraft built before World War II
* Brewster XA-32, an American ground attack aircraft from World War II
* Focke-Wulf A 32, a 1930 German small airliner
* HLA-A32, a huma ...
14 - with contra-rotating shafts
* MK4E
a-32 A32, A 32, A.32 or A-32 may refer to:
* Aero A.32, a Czech ground attack aircraft built before World War II
* Brewster XA-32, an American ground attack aircraft from World War II
* Focke-Wulf A 32, a 1930 German small airliner
* HLA-A32, a huma ...
15 - with improved altitude performance
* MK4P
a-32 A32, A 32, A.32 or A-32 may refer to:
* Aero A.32, a Czech ground attack aircraft built before World War II
* Brewster XA-32, an American ground attack aircraft from World War II
* Focke-Wulf A 32, a 1930 German small airliner
* HLA-A32, a huma ...
21
:, 2600 rpm at takeoff
, 2500 rpm at
, 2500 rpm at
* MK4Q
a-32 A32, A 32, A.32 or A-32 may refer to:
* Aero A.32, a Czech ground attack aircraft built before World War II
* Brewster XA-32, an American ground attack aircraft from World War II
* Focke-Wulf A 32, a 1930 German small airliner
* HLA-A32, a huma ...
22 - same as MK4A 21
* MK4R
a-32 A32, A 32, A.32 or A-32 may refer to:
* Aero A.32, a Czech ground attack aircraft built before World War II
* Brewster XA-32, an American ground attack aircraft from World War II
* Focke-Wulf A 32, a 1930 German small airliner
* HLA-A32, a huma ...
23 - Water-injection
:, 2600 rpm at takeoff
, 2500 rpm at
, 2500 rpm at
* MK4R-C
a-32 A32, A 32, A.32 or A-32 may refer to:
* Aero A.32, a Czech ground attack aircraft built before World War II
* Brewster XA-32, an American ground attack aircraft from World War II
* Focke-Wulf A 32, a 1930 German small airliner
* HLA-A32, a huma ...
23c - - Fitted with a turbo charger that allowed an output of to be maintained up to instead of only
* MK4S
a-32 A32, A 32, A.32 or A-32 may refer to:
* Aero A.32, a Czech ground attack aircraft built before World War II
* Brewster XA-32, an American ground attack aircraft from World War II
* Focke-Wulf A 32, a 1930 German small airliner
* HLA-A32, a huma ...
24 - Same power as the MK4P 21 with contra-rotating shafts
* MK4T
a-32 A32, A 32, A.32 or A-32 may refer to:
* Aero A.32, a Czech ground attack aircraft built before World War II
* Brewster XA-32, an American ground attack aircraft from World War II
* Focke-Wulf A 32, a 1930 German small airliner
* HLA-A32, a huma ...
25 - ,
* MK4R
a-32 A32, A 32, A.32 or A-32 may refer to:
* Aero A.32, a Czech ground attack aircraft built before World War II
* Brewster XA-32, an American ground attack aircraft from World War II
* Focke-Wulf A 32, a 1930 German small airliner
* HLA-A32, a huma ...
26
:, 2600 rpm at takeoff
, 2500 rpm at
, 2500 rpm at
* MK4U-4
a-32 A32, A 32, A.32 or A-32 may refer to:
* Aero A.32, a Czech ground attack aircraft built before World War II
* Brewster XA-32, an American ground attack aircraft from World War II
* Focke-Wulf A 32, a 1930 German small airliner
* HLA-A32, a huma ...
26a - Mechanically driven 3-speed
supercharger
In an internal combustion engine, a supercharger compresses the intake gas, forcing more air into the engine in order to produce more power for a given displacement.
The current categorisation is that a supercharger is a form of forced induct ...
:
* MK4V
a-32 A32, A 32, A.32 or A-32 may refer to:
* Aero A.32, a Czech ground attack aircraft built before World War II
* Brewster XA-32, an American ground attack aircraft from World War II
* Focke-Wulf A 32, a 1930 German small airliner
* HLA-A32, a huma ...
27
:
Applications
*
Kawanishi E15K
The Kawanishi E15K ''Shiun'' (紫雲, " Violet Cloud") was a single-engined Japanese reconnaissance floatplane of World War II. The Allied reporting name for the type was "Norm" after Squadron Leader Norman O. Clappison of the RAAF, a member of ...
*
Kawanishi H8K
The Kawanishi H8K was a flying boat used by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service during World War II for maritime patrol duties. The Allied reporting name for the type was "Emily".
The Kawanishi H8K was a large, four-engine aircraft designed ...
*
Kawanishi N1K
The Kawanishi N1K ''Kyōfū'' (, "Strong Wind", Allied reporting name "Rex") is an Imperial Japanese Navy floatplane fighter. The Kawanishi N1K-J ''Shiden'' (, "Violet Lightning") was an Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service land-based version o ...
*
Mitsubishi G4M
The Mitsubishi G4M was a twin-engine, land-based medium bomber formerly manufactured by the Mitsubishi Aircraft Company, a part of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, and operated by the Imperial Japanese Navy from 1940 to 1945. Its official designati ...
*
Mitsubishi J2M
The Mitsubishi J2M ''Raiden'' (雷電, "Lightning Bolt") is a single-engined land-based fighter aircraft used by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service in World War II. The Allied reporting name was "Jack".
Design and development
The J2M was ...
*
Mitsubishi Ki-21
The (Allied reporting name: "Sally" /"Gwen") was a Japanese heavy bomber during World War II. It began operations during the Second Sino-Japanese War participating in the Nomonhan Incident, and in the first stages of the Pacific War, including ...
*
Nakajima B6N
The Nakajima B6N ''Tenzan'' ( ja, 中島 B6N 天山, "Heavenly Mountain", World War II Allied names for Japanese aircraft, Allied reporting name: "Jill") was the Imperial Japanese Navy's standard Aircraft carrier, carrier-borne torpedo bomber du ...
*
Nakajima G5N
The Nakajima G5N ''Shinzan'' (, "Deep Mountain") was a four-engined long-range heavy bomber designed and built for the Imperial Japanese Navy prior to World War II. The Navy designation was "Experimental 13-Shi Attack Bomber"; the Allied code name ...
*
Yokosuka P1Y
The Yokosuka P1Y ''Ginga'' (銀河, "Galaxy") was a twin-engine, land-based bomber developed for the Japanese Imperial Navy in World War II. It was the successor to the Mitsubishi G4M and given the Allied reporting name "Frances".
Design and d ...
Specifications (MK4V 27)
See also
References
Notes
Bibliography
* Matsuoka Hisamitsu, Nakanishi Masayoshi. The History of Mitsubishi Aero Engines 1915–1945. Miki Press, Japan, 2005.
*
* Gunston, Bill. ''World Encyclopaedia of Aero Engines''. Cambridge, England. Patrick Stephens Limited, 1989.
* ''Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II''. London. Studio Editions Ltd, 1989.
*
{{Aeroengine-specs
Aircraft air-cooled radial piston engines
1930s aircraft piston engines
Kasei