Miguel Llobet Solés (18 October 187822 February 1938) was a

classical guitar The classical guitar (also known as the nylon-string guitar or Spanish guitar) is a member of the guitar family used in classical music and other styles. An acoustic wooden string instrument with strings made of gut or nylon, it is a precursor o ...

ist, born in

Barcelona Barcelona ( , , ) is a city on the coast of northeastern Spain. It is the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Catalonia, as well as the second most populous municipality of Spain. With a population of 1.6 million within ci ...

Spain , image_flag = Bandera de España.svg , image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg , national_motto = ''Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond") , national_anthem = (English: "Royal March") , i ...

. Llobet was a renowned virtuoso who toured

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and

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extensively. He made well known arrangements of Catalan folk songs for the solo guitar, made famous arrangements for the guitar of the piano compositions of

Isaac Albéniz Isaac Manuel Francisco Albéniz y Pascual (; 29 May 1860 – 18 May 1909) was a Spanish virtuoso pianist, composer, and conductor. He is one of the foremost composers of the Post-Romantic era who also had a significant influence on his conte ...

, arrangements immortalized by

Andrés Segovia Andrés Segovia Torres, 1st Marquis of Salobreña (21 February 1893 – 2 June 1987) was a Spanish virtuoso classical guitarist. Many professional classical guitarists were students of Segovia or their students. Segovia's contribution to the m ...

, and was also the composer of original works.

Biography

Some details of Llobet's biography are confused and contradictory. The son of a gilder, he was baptized in the month of his birth in the church of ''Sant Just i Pastor'' on the ''Carrer de la Palma de Sant Just'', the street where he spent his boyhood, just a few streets from the ''Carrer Gignàs'', which (from 1884 through 1885) was the residence of his eventual teacher

Francisco Tárrega Francisco de Asís Tárrega Eixea (21 November 185215 December 1909) was a Spanish composer and classical guitarist of the late Romantic period. He is known for such pieces as Capricho Árabe and ''Recuerdos de la Alhambra''. He is often called ...

. He was trained as an artist, revealing a talent for painting, and continued to paint throughout his life. His earliest musical training was on the

violin The violin, sometimes known as a ''fiddle'', is a wooden chordophone (string instrument) in the violin family. Most violins have a hollow wooden body. It is the smallest and thus highest-pitched instrument (soprano) in the family in regular ...

and the

piano The piano is a stringed keyboard instrument in which the strings are struck by wooden hammers that are coated with a softer material (modern hammers are covered with dense wool felt; some early pianos used leather). It is played using a keyboa ...

. Later he received a guitar as a gift from an uncle. In December 1889, Llobet heard Antonio Jiménez Manjón (1866–1919) give a guitar recital at the ''Teatre Catalunya'' in Barcelona, and was inspired to seek instruction on the guitar from Magí Alegre. Llobet first met, and played for, the great guitar pedagogue Francisco Tárrega in October 1892. Two years later he began to study with him at the Municipal Conservatory of Music in Barcelona. By his own account, his studies with Tárrega do not seem to have been based on any particular method, rather Llobet would observe Tárrega play and then experiment with his techniques at home. "Così, più che impararla, io sperimentavo la mia tecnica sulla chitarra". ("In this way, more than by learning it, I experimented with my guitar technique.") He began giving private concerts for intimate gatherings in 1898. Around that time he met Concepción Gómez de Jacoby, Tárrega’s patron, who also became his own patron, helping him to launch an international career. Prat, 1934, p. 184-5, recounts that after meeting Llobet, Concepción took him to Málaga, and in 1900 to Paris, bringing him out of the Barcelona area for the first time and allowing him to begin an international concert career. His first public concert took place in 1901 at the Conservatory of

València Valencia ( va, València) is the capital of the autonomous community of Valencia and the third-most populated municipality in Spain, with 791,413 inhabitants. It is also the capital of the province of the same name. The wider urban area also ...

. During that same year, he also performed at conservatories in

Seville Seville (; es, Sevilla, ) is the capital and largest city of the Spanish autonomous community of Andalusia and the province of Seville. It is situated on the lower reaches of the River Guadalquivir, in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula ...

and

Málaga Málaga (, ) is a municipality of Spain, capital of the Province of Málaga, in the autonomous community of Andalusia. With a population of 578,460 in 2020, it is the second-most populous city in Andalusia after Seville and the sixth most pop ...

, where he was awarded the honorary title of Professor. He played at the Teatro de la Comedia in 1902 and before the Spanish Royal Family in

Madrid Madrid ( , ) is the capital and most populous city of Spain. The city has almost 3.4 million inhabitants and a metropolitan area population of approximately 6.7 million. It is the second-largest city in the European Union (EU), and ...

in 1903. In 1904 in

Paris Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. S ...

Llobet's first concert outside Spain was presented by

Ricardo Viñes Ricardo Viñes y Roda (, ca, Ricard Viñes i Roda, ; 5 February 1875 – 29 April 1943) was a Spanish pianist. He gave the premieres of works by Ravel, Debussy, Satie, Falla and Albéniz. He was the piano teacher of the composer Francis Pou ...

, the noted pianist. It was at this time that he first came into contact with the

avant garde The avant-garde (; In 'advance guard' or 'vanguard', literally 'fore-guard') is a person or work that is experimental, radical, or unorthodox with respect to art, culture, or society.John Picchione, The New Avant-garde in Italy: Theoretical De ...

. Paris was apparently kind to Llobet, as he returned to live there in 1905, performing at such prestigious venues as the Schola Cantorum, La Trompette and the Société Nationale de Musique. According to Ronald Purcell, he resided there until 1910. In the biographical sketch given by Bruno Tonazzi, Llobet returned to Paris in 1910 but according to Purcell he probably temporarily relocated to

Buenos Aires Buenos Aires ( or ; ), officially the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires ( es, link=no, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires), is the capital and primate city of Argentina. The city is located on the western shore of the Río de la Plata, on South ...

in that year. From there he performed throughout

South South is one of the cardinal directions or Points of the compass, compass points. The direction is the opposite of north and is perpendicular to both east and west. Etymology The word ''south'' comes from Old English ''sūþ'', from earlier Pro ...

and

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and the

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in a series of tours largely arranged by Domingo Prat, (author of the ''Diccionario de Guitarristas'' 1933), Juan Anido (father of María Luisa Anido) and Ruiz Romero of the publishing house Romero y Fernandez. In 1912, Llobet gave his first concerts in the

United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territorie ...

, performing in

Boston Boston (), officially the City of Boston, is the state capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, as well as the cultural and financial center of the New England region of the United States. It is the 24th- mo ...

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and

New York City New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the List of United States cities by population, most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over , New York City is also the L ...

. He then returned to Paris. In the following years, he continued to perform throughout Europe, particularly in

Belgium Belgium, ; french: Belgique ; german: Belgien officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. The country is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeast, France to th ...

and the

Netherlands ) , anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau") , image_map = , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Kingdom of the Netherlands , established_title = Before independence , established_date = Spanish Netherl ...

. During 1913 and 1914 he performed throughout

Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...

. According to Purcell, "At the outbreak of World War I, Llobet returned to Buenos Aires," and continued to make trips throughout the Americas. while Tonazzi states that at the outbreak of the First World War he returned to his native land. Llobet's concert itinerary seems to have been dominated by performances in the Americas at that time, lending some support to Purcell's claims, however Purcell also implies that Llobet was in Spain about 1915, where he taught his most important pupil,

. Segovia's autobiography, written at the height of his career, depicts himself as being self-taught - there are admissions of his seeking out Llobet's advice for a short time, but Segovia is quite clear about the lack of any real influence on his playing. At the age of 22, Segovia was still youthful enough to have received valuable instruction. Purcell states that "At the age of twenty-two (Segovia) pursued what he considered the only direct contact to Tárrega, Llobet, for refinement of his technique and especially for the music that both he and Tárrega had written and transcribed for the guitar..." and that "Segovia, whose performance style and technique reveals icthe principles of Tárrega, was basically influenced by Llobet....This stylistic influence can be heard when comparing Llobet's Parlophone Electric recordings (Chanterelle Historical Recordings CHR 001) with Segovia's Angel recordings, ZB 3896". In 1915, Llobet made one attempt at recording at the Victor studios in New York, but the two sides he recorded, Manuelito and Sueño, were rejected. The prominent guitarist Vahdah Olcott-Bickford, who was living in New York at the time, writes that "he tried to make a recording at the Bell Lab in

New Brunswick, New Jersey New Brunswick is a city (New Jersey), city in and the county seat, seat of government of Middlesex County, New Jersey, Middlesex County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey.Munich Munich ( ; german: München ; bar, Minga ) is the capital and most populous city of the States of Germany, German state of Bavaria. With a population of 1,558,395 inhabitants as of 31 July 2020, it is the List of cities in Germany by popu ...

Leipzig Leipzig ( , ; Upper Saxon: ) is the most populous city in the German state of Saxony. Leipzig's population of 605,407 inhabitants (1.1 million in the larger urban zone) as of 2021 places the city as Germany's eighth most populous, as wel ...

Dresden Dresden (, ; Upper Saxon: ''Dräsdn''; wen, label=Upper Sorbian, Drježdźany) is the capital city of the German state of Saxony and its second most populous city, after Leipzig. It is the 12th most populous city of Germany, the fourth larg ...

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and

Stuttgart Stuttgart (; Swabian: ; ) is the capital and largest city of the German state of Baden-Württemberg. It is located on the Neckar river in a fertile valley known as the ''Stuttgarter Kessel'' (Stuttgart Cauldron) and lies an hour from the ...

. In 1922 he was in Vienna for the first time. When in Vienna, Llobet was frequently a guest in the house o
Luise Walker's
parents. In 1924, he again toured throughout Germany and

Austria Austria, , bar, Östareich officially the Republic of Austria, is a country in the southern part of Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine states, one of which is the capital, Vienna, the most populous ...

, and he concertized in the Americas in 1925. He returned again to the Americas in 1930 to perform for the Spanish Arts Festival, under the auspices of the

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. The violinist Antonio Bossa had recommended him, and he was contracted to play six solos, and to arrange and perform

Manuel de Falla Manuel de Falla y Matheu (, 23 November 187614 November 1946) was an Andalusian Spanish composer and pianist. Along with Isaac Albéniz, Francisco Tárrega, and Enrique Granados, he was one of Spain's most important musicians of the first hal ...

's ''Siete Canciones Españolas'' with soprano

Nina Kochitz Nina may refer to: * Nina (name), a feminine given name and surname Acronyms *National Iraqi News Agency, a news service in Iraq * Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, on the campus of Norwegian University of Science and Technology *No income ...

. In 1923, he began to teach María Luisa Anido (1907–1997) in Buenos Aires. By 1925, the two were performing duets and, according to Purcell, about 1930 recorded some of Llobet's duet arrangements on the Odeon-Parlophone label distributed by

Decca Decca may refer to: Music * Decca Records or Decca Music Group, a record label * Decca Gold, a classical music record label owned by Universal Music Group * Decca Broadway, a musical theater record label * Decca Studios, a recording facility in W ...

. These recordings followed a solo series recorded by Llobet on the Parlophon/Electric series out of Barcelona". The solo recordings, among the first released of the classical guitar, are supposed to have been recorded around 1925, but are from two different sources: Argentina/Odeon recording sessions as well as the earlier Barcelona/Parlophon recording. In response to an inquiry, Purcell stated that "Llobet did not care for the acoustic recording results in 1915 and only recorded electronically.... His recordings were recorded in 1925 and later with Maria Anido". It may be noted that electronic recording was developed by Bell Labs under its Western Electrical branch, and was leased to recording companies under the name of "Westrex Electrical Recording System" beginning in 1925. Initially only Victor and Columbia records leased it, with an up-front payment of $50,000 each. Under the general management of Louis Sterling, Columbia acquired a number of European, Asian, and U.S. recording companies in 1925. Sterling soon after arranged for a holding company to combine Columbia and the Carl Lindstrom group, which included Parlphone and Odeon, the companies that seem to be the ones under which Llobet's recordings were released. Llobet toured Europe again in 1930-1931, performing in

London London is the capital and largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a estuary down to the North Sea, and has been a majo ...

Berlin Berlin ( , ) is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population. Its 3.7 million inhabitants make it the European Union's most populous city, according to population within city limits. One of Germany's sixteen constitue ...

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, Munich,

Vienna en, Viennese , iso_code = AT-9 , registration_plate = W , postal_code_type = Postal code , postal_code = , timezone = CET , utc_offset = +1 , timezone_DST ...

Budapest Budapest (, ; ) is the capital and most populous city of Hungary. It is the ninth-largest city in the European Union by population within city limits and the second-largest city on the Danube river; the city has an estimated population ...

and

Bologna Bologna (, , ; egl, label= Emilian, Bulåggna ; lat, Bononia) is the capital and largest city of the Emilia-Romagna region in Northern Italy. It is the seventh most populous city in Italy with about 400,000 inhabitants and 150 different nat ...

among others. On hearing him in Berlin

Paul Hindemith Paul Hindemith (; 16 November 189528 December 1963) was a German composer, music theorist, teacher, violist and conductor. He founded the Amar Quartet in 1921, touring extensively in Europe. As a composer, he became a major advocate of the ''Ne ...

declared an intent to compose for the guitar, but did not follow this through - Hindemith's only work for guitar, the ''Rondo for Three Guitars'', had been written in 1925. From 1932 to 1934, Llobet taught the young Cuban virtuoso

José Rey de la Torre José Rey de la Torre (December 9, 1917 – July 21, 1994) was one of the most significant classical guitarists of the mid-twentieth century, and considered by many to be the father of "modern classical guitar technique". Early life Rey studied ...

at his home in Barcelona. He does not appear to have performed much at this time, but maintained his artistic contacts. Rey writes: "At the time I arrived in Barcelona in 1932, he had almost retired from the concert stage. During the three years that I spent there he left town only once for a month's tour of

Scandinavia Scandinavia; Sámi languages: /. ( ) is a subregion#Europe, subregion in Northern Europe, with strong historical, cultural, and linguistic ties between its constituent peoples. In English usage, ''Scandinavia'' most commonly refers to Denmark, ...

." Llobet seems to have enjoyed a somewhat reclusive retirement from the concert stage, Rey de la Torre who, as Llobet's pupil, may well have been his most frequent visitor, writes that "Llobet did not have many visitors..." He did seem to go out to concerts frequently, walking with his wife, to the

Palau Palau,, officially the Republic of Palau and historically ''Belau'', ''Palaos'' or ''Pelew'', is an island country and microstate in the western Pacific. The nation has approximately 340 islands and connects the western chain of the Caro ...

close to his home, and met a few influential artists at his large apartment at Via Layetana No. 46 in Barcelona:

Emilio Pujol Emilio Pujol Vilarrubí (or ''Emili''; 10 September 1886 – 21 November 1980) was a Spanish composer, guitarist and a leading teacher of the classical guitar. Biography Emili Pujol was born in the little village of Granadella just outside Ll ...

was a frequent guest and Manuel de Falla is known to have visited whenever in that city. The statement by Philip J. Bone in ''The Guitar and Mandolin'' that Llobet "was killed in 1937, in an air raid in Barcelona during the

Spanish Civil War The Spanish Civil War ( es, Guerra Civil Española)) or The Revolution ( es, La Revolución, link=no) among Nationalists, the Fourth Carlist War ( es, Cuarta Guerra Carlista, link=no) among Carlists, and The Rebellion ( es, La Rebelión, lin ...

" (Bone 1954) has been tacitly contradicted by all reliable sources. However, the emotional devastation over the siege of Barcelona may have begun his downward spiral of health. On 22 February 1938, Llobet died of

pleurisy Pleurisy, also known as pleuritis, is inflammation of the membranes that surround the lungs and line the chest cavity (pleurae). This can result in a sharp chest pain while breathing. Occasionally the pain may be a constant dull ache. Other sy ...

in Barcelona. His complete works, edited by Professor Ron Purcell, were published by Chanterelle Verlag. Chanterelle, now under the ownership of Musicverlag Zimmermann, is in the process of publishing new

Urtext Urtext (, from ''ur-'' "primordial" and ''text'' "text", ) may refer to: * Urtext (biblical studies), the text that is believed to precede both the Septuagint and the Masoretic text * Urtext edition An urtext edition of a work of classical mu ...

editions of the complete catalog under the editorship of Stefano Grondona. These new and more definitive editions are based on autograph manuscripts found in th
Miguel Llobet Collection
of th
Museu de la Música
in Barcelona.

Llobet's guitars

Among the guitars used by Llobet, one finds: Antonio de Torres, 1859, Llobet's favorite guitar; he refused to have a split in the back repaired for fear that it would affect the exquisite tone. See LA CHITARRA di LIUTERIA, Grondona and Waldner, 2001. Llobet is known to have toured with Torres guitars FE 09 and FE 13. *Guitars from th

at the Museu de la Música de Barcelona:
Online catalog
- Search for ''Llobet'' *Hermann Hauser I, 1913

*1880 Julian Llorente, repaired by Manuel Ramirez

References

List of works

Original compositions

*Romanza *Estudio en mi mayor *Estudio Capricho en re mayor *Mazurka *Variaciones sobre un Tema de Sor *Scherzo-Vals *Prélude Original *Preludio en re mayor *Respuesta-Impromptu *Preludio en la mayor *Preludio en mi mayor *Estilo

Arrangements of folksongs

These pieces are often referred to as Llobet's "Canciones populares Catalanas". Probably the two most famous of them are 'El testament d'Amèlia' and 'El Noi de la Mare'. *Plany (Lament) *La filla del marxant (The Merchant's Daughter) * El testament d'Amèlia (Amèlia's Will) *Cançó del lladre (Song of the Thief) *Lo rossinyol (The Nightingale) *Lo fill del rei (The King's Son) *L'hereu Riera (Heir Riera) *El mestre (The Teacher) *La filadora (The Spinner Woman) *La presó de Lleida (Lleida Prison) *La Nit de Nadal (Christmas Eve) *La pastoreta (The Little Shepherd Girl) *El noi de la Mare (The Mother's Child (Our Lady's Child)) *Leonesa (From

Leon Leon, Léon (French) or León (Spanish) may refer to: Places Europe * León, Spain, capital city of the Province of León * Province of León, Spain * Kingdom of León, an independent state in the Iberian Peninsula from 910 to 1230 and again f ...

) *Estilos populares Argentinos nos. 1 & 2.

Guitar solos

: ''Cádiz'', Oriental, Sevilla, Torre Bermeja y Córdoba (1929) *

Enrique Granados Pantaleón Enrique Joaquín Granados y Campiña (27 July 1867 – 24 March 1916), commonly known as Enric Granados in Catalan or Enrique Granados in Spanish, was a composer of classical music, and concert pianist from Catalonia, Spain. ...

: Danzas Españolas Nos. 5, 7 & 10, Dedicatoria, La Maja de Goya. * Joaquín "Quinito" Valverde: Clavelitos.

Guitar duets

: Rumores de la Caleta, Castilla, Bajo la Palmera, Evocación *

Louis-Claude Daquin Louis-Claude Daquin (or D'Aquino, d'Aquin, d'Acquin; July 4, 1694 – June 15, 1772) was a French composer, writing in the Baroque and Galant styles. He was a virtuoso organist and harpsichordist. Life Louis-Claude Daquin was born in Paris to a f ...

: "Le Cou Cou" *

: Danzas Españolas Nos. 6 & 11 *Eduardo López-Chávarri: Leyenda del Castillo Moro *

Felix Mendelssohn Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy (3 February 18094 November 1847), born and widely known as Felix Mendelssohn, was a German composer, pianist, organist and conductor of the early Romantic period. Mendelssohn's compositions include sy ...

: Songs Without Words Nos. 20 & 25 *

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (27 January 17565 December 1791), baptised as Joannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart, was a prolific and influential composer of the Classical period. Despite his short life, his rapid pace of composition r ...

: Synphony No. 39: Minuet *

Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky , group=n ( ; 7 May 1840 – 6 November 1893) was a Russian composer of the Romantic period. He was the first Russian composer whose music would make a lasting impression internationally. He wrote some of the most popu ...

: Humoresque, Op. 10, No. 2

Pieces composed for Miguel Llobet

: Homenaje pour le tombeau de Claude Debussy * Eduardo López-Chávarri: Sonata I.

Discography

* Miguel Llobet - Historical Recordings 1925-1929
Chanterelle Verlag, CHR001
:''Track Listing'' :*Julián Aguirre: Huella* :*

: Evocación* :*

Johann Sebastian Bach Johann Sebastian Bach (28 July 1750) was a German composer and musician of the late Baroque period. He is known for his orchestral music such as the '' Brandenburg Concertos''; instrumental compositions such as the Cello Suites; keyboard w ...

: Sarabande takes :*

Napoléon Coste Claude Antoine Jean Georges Napoléon Coste (27 June 1805 – 14 January 1883) was a French classical guitarist and composer. Biography Napoléon Coste was born in Amondans (Doubs), near Besançon, France. He was first taught the guitar by his ...

: Etude op.38 no.23 takes :*Miguel Llobet: El Testament d'Amelia, La Filla del Marxant, Plany, El Mestre. :*

: May Breezes*. :*

Manuel M. Ponce Manuel María Ponce Cuéllar (8 December 1882 – 24 April 1948) was a Mexican composer active in the 20th century. His work as a composer, music educator and scholar of Mexican music connected the concert scene with a mostly forgotten traditio ...

: 2 Canciones Mejicanas. :*Pedro M. Quijano;: Estilo Popular Criollo. :*

Fernando Sor Fernando Sor (bapt. 14 Feb. 1778, died 10 July 1839) was a Spanish classical guitarist and composer of the Romantic music, Early Romantic era. Best known for writing solo classical guitar music, he also composed an opera (at the age of 19), thr ...

: Andantino op.2 no.3, Estudio op.35 no.2, Minueto op.11, no.12. :*Rogelio del Villar: Canción Popular Leonesa anción del Ladrón:(* Duetts with María Luisa Anido).

Sources

*Appleby, Wilfrid M.: "Guitar Music. The Artistry of Miguel Llobet (1878–1938)", Guitar News 67 (September – October 1962), p. 14-15. *"Bell Laboratories and the Development of Electrical Recording", http://www.stokowski.org/Development_of_Electrical_Recording.htm *Bone, Philip James: The Guitar and Mandolin. Biographies of Celebrated Players and Composers (London: Schott & Co., 1914; 2nd edition 1954; reprint 1972). *Delcamp, Jean-François (ed.): ''Miguel Lllobet Solés (1878–1938)'', Biography and Work for Guitar. www.delcamp.net (2009) *"Francisco Tárrega Segun …", in: ''Guitarra'' (Havana) 2, no. 3 (December 1941), p. 16-17. *García, Héctor: Letter from Miami to Robert Phillips, Lakeland, 9 February 2002 *"La Musica per Chitarra nel Secolo XX. IX: I Chitarristi-Compositori.", in: ''Il Fronimo'' no. 46 (January 1984), p. 28-33. * "La Rinascita della Chitarra", in: ''Il Fronimo'', no. 1 (October 1972), p. 10-12. * Hermann Hauser Official Website: "Miguel Llobet 1878-1938", http://www.hauserguitars.de/english/docs/geschichte/geschichte_llobet.htm, 2004. * Herrera, F.: "Du nouveau du côte de jeux interdits: Quelques documents qui parlent d'eux-mêmes”, in: Guitarre, no. 38 (1991), p. 20. * Jones, Allen Clive: "The Judgement of Paris: Part 5 – Pujol's Article in Lavignac's Encyclopedia", in: ''Classical Guitar'' 17, no. 4 (December 1998), p. 24, 26-28. *"Licensing the Western Electric Electrical Recording System to Victor and Columbia", http://www.stokowski.org/Licensing_Westrex_System_to_Victor_Columbia.htm * Llobet, Miguel: "Francisco Tárrega", in: ''Revista Musical Catalana'' 7, no. 73 (1910), p. 9-10. * ''Llobet, Miguel. Guitar Works'', vol. 1: ''11 Original Compositions'', edited by Ronald Purcell (Heidelberg: Chanterelle Verlag, 1989). * ''Llobet, Miguel. Guitar Works'', vol. 2: ''16 Folksong Settings'', edited by Ronald Purcell (Heidelberg: Chanterelle Verlag, 1989). * ''Llobet, Miguel. Guitar Works'', vol. 3: ''10 Famous Transcriptions'', edited by Ronald Purcell (Heidelberg: Chanterelle Verlag, 1989). * 'Llobet, Miguel. Guitar Works'', vol. 4: ''12 Famous Guitar Duos'', edited by Ronald Purcell (Heidelberg: Chanterelle Verlag, 1989). * Mangado Artigas, Josep Maria: ''La Guitarra en Cataluña, 1769-1939'' (Edición del Autor, 2004) (in Spanish). * Marsh, William Sewall: "Some Spanish and Spanish-American Guitarists", in: ''Crescendo'' 24, no. 6 (February 1932), p. 3-4. * "Miguel Soles Llobet", in: ''Guitarra'' 1, no. 2 (May–June 1963), p. 13-15. * Ophee, Matanya: "The Promotion of Francisco Tárrega – a Case History", in: '' Soundboard'' 8, no. 3 (August 1981), p. 152-158. * "The Promotion of Francisco Tárrega – a Case History", in: ''Soundboard'' 8, no. 4 (November 1981), p. 256-261. * Pahissa, Jaime: ''Vida y obra de Manuel de Falla'' (Buenos Aires: Ricordi Americana, 1947). * Phillips, Robert: "Barcelona, Cradle of the Modern Classical Guitar: The Llobet Archive Rediscovered", in: ''Soundboard'' 28, no. 4 (Spring 2002), p. 39-41. * Phillips, Robert: "Barcelona Redux", in: ''Soundboard'' 34, no. 1 (2008), p. 23-24. * Phillips, Robert: ''The Influence of Miguel Llobet on the Pedagogy, Repertoire and Stature of the Guitar in the Twentieth Century (doctoral dissertation, 2002), OCLC 51796355. * Picciano, Stefano: ''Miguel Llobet. La biografia'' (Bologna: Ut Orpheus, 2015) (in Italian); . * Prat, Domingo: ''Diccionario biográfico–bibliográfico—histórico: crítico de guitarras (instrumentos afines), guitarristas (profesores–compositores–concertistas–lahudistas–amateurs), guitarreros (luthiers). Danzas y cantos—terminología'' (Buenos Aires: Romero y Fernández

934 Year 934 ( CMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Byzantine Empire * Spring and Summer – The Hungarians make an alliance with the Pecheneg ...

* Pujol, Emilio: ''Tárrega: Ensayo Biográfico'' (Valencia: Artes Graf, Soler, 1978). * Purcell, Ronald: liner notes for ''Miguel Llobet, the Guitar Recordings 1925-1929'' (Chanterelle Historical Recordings CHR 001, 1993). * Riera, Juan: "Miguel Llobet, Composer and Guitarist (1878-1938)'' (translated by Mrs. A. Korwin-Rodziszewski), in: ''Guitar News'', 27 (October–November 1955), p. 7-8. * Rey de la Torre, José: "Miguel Llobet, El Mestre", in: ''Guitar Review'', no. 60 (Winter 1985), p. 22-32. * Roberts, John: "Miguel Llobet", in: ''Guitar'' 1, no. 5 (December 1972). * "Some Spanish and Spanish-American Guitarists", in: ''Crescendo'' 24 (September 1932), p. 3-4. * Spalding, Walter: "Falla's 'Homenaje pour le Tombeau de Claude Debussy'. A Master Lesson with Rey de la Torre, Taped in the Form of a Conversation with Walter Spalding, September '76", in: ''Chelys'' 1, no. 5 (1977)p. 37-41. * Spalding, Walter: "Reminiscences of Llobet. A Conversational Fragment with Rey de la Torre", in: ''Chelys'' 1, no. 5 (1977), p. 44. * Summerfield, Maurice J.: ''The Classical Guitar. Its Evolution and Players Since 1800'' (Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Ashley Mark, 1996). *''Tocatimbal'', vol. 4 (Barcelona: Eufònic, 1986). * Tonazzi, Bruno: ''Miguel Llobet, Chitarrista dell’Impressionismo'' (Ancona: Edizioni Bèrben, 1966) (in Italian), OCLC 12560728. * Trasi, Rino: "La chitarra di Llobet", in: ''Seicorde'' no. 44 (March–April 1994), p. 20-27. * Turnbull, Harvey: ''The Guitar from the Renaissance to the Present Day (London: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1991). * Vechten, Carl van: "A Critic's View of Llobet, in: ''

Chelys The chelys or chelus ( el, χέλυς, la, testudo, both meaning "turtle" or "tortoise"), was a stringed musical instrument, the common lyre of the ancient Greeks, which had a convex back of tortoiseshell or of wood shaped like the shell. The wor ...

'' 1, no. 5 (1977), p. 42 (reprinted from hase, Gilbert''The Music of Spain'' (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1918), p. 39-41. * Weller, Anthony: "Jose Rey de la Torre", in: ''Guitar Review'' (Autumn 1994), p. 1-7.

External links

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