Parhedylidae are a
taxonomic
Taxonomy is the practice and science of categorization or classification.
A taxonomy (or taxonomical classification) is a scheme of classification, especially a hierarchical classification, in which things are organized into groups or types. ...
family of
sea slug
Sea slug is a common name for some marine invertebrates with varying levels of resemblance to terrestrial slugs. Most creatures known as sea slugs are gastropods, i.e. they are sea snails (marine gastropod mollusks) that over evolutionary t ...
s,
marine
Marine is an adjective meaning of or pertaining to the sea or ocean.
Marine or marines may refer to:
Ocean
* Maritime (disambiguation)
* Marine art
* Marine biology
* Marine debris
* Marine habitats
* Marine life
* Marine pollution
Military
* ...
gastropod
The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda ().
This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, from freshwater, and from land. T ...
mollusk
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is e ...
s in the superfamily
Parhedyloidea.
[MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Parhedylidae Thiele, 1931. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=411947 on 2021-06-17]
2005 taxonomy
Microhedylidae has been listed as a synonym of Parhedylidae in the
taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005).
Ganitidae Rankin, 1979 has been listed as a sole family within Hedylopsoidea.
The type genus of Livorniellidae was ''Livorniella'' Rankin, 1979.
2010 taxonomy
Sensu Schrödl & Neusser (2010)
[Schrödl M. & Neusser T. P. (2010). "Towards a phylogeny and evolution of Acochlidia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia)". '']Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
The ''Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society'' is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering zoology published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Linnean Society. The editor-in-chief is Maarten Christenhusz (Linnean Society). ...
'' 158: 124–154. . is Microhedylidae within the clade
Microhedylacea
Acochlidiacea, common name acochlidians, are a taxonomic clade of very unusual sea snails and sea and freshwater slugs, aquatic gastropod mollusks within the large clade Heterobranchia. Acochlidia is a variant spelling.
Description
These ar ...
.
Parhedylidae is a synonym of Microhedylidae.
Microhedylidae s.l. may informally include Ganitidae, but inclusion of Ganitidae within Microhedylidae requires further research and higher statistical support.
Genera
Genera within the Parhedylidae include:
* ''
Ganitus''
Marcus, 1953 - with the only species ''
Ganitus evelinae'' Marcus, 1953 - it belongs to Microhedylidae s.l. / Ganitidae
* ''
Microhedyle''
Hertling, 1930
** ''
Microhedyle glandulifera''
(Kowalevsky, 1901)
** ''
Microhedyle nahantensis''
(Doe, 1974)
** ''
Microhedyle odhneri''
(Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1955)
* ''
Microhedyle remanei''
(Er. Marcus, 1953)
* ''Paraganitus''
Challis, 1968 - with the only species ''
Paraganitus ellynnae
''Paraganitus ellynnae'' is a species of sea slug, an acochlidian, a shell-less marine gastropod mollusc in the family Microhedylidae.
''Paraganitus ellynnae'' is the only species in the genus ''Paraganitus''.
Description
''Paraganitus elly ...
''
Challis, 1968 - it belongs to Microhedylidae s.l. / Ganitidae
* ''
Paraganitus''
Challis, 1968
* ''
Parhedyle''
Thiele, 1931
** ''
Parhedyle cryptophthalma''
(Westheide & Wawra, 1974)
** ''
Parhedyle tyrtowii
''Parhedyle'' is a genus of gastropods
The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda ().
This class comprises snails and slugs from saltw ...
''
(Kowalevsky, 1900)
** ''
Parhedyle gerlachi
''Parhedyle'' is a genus of gastropods
The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda ().
This class comprises snails and slugs from saltw ...
''
(Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1959)
* ''
Pontohedyle
''Pontohedyle'' is a genus of sea slugs, acochlidians, shell-less marine gastropod mollusks in the family Microhedylidae. Sea slugs in this genus are highly simplified and uniform.
Distribution
The genus ''Pontohedyle'' shows a circumtropical ...
''
Golikov & Starobogatov, 1972
;Genera brought into synonymy:
* ''Gastrohedyle''
Rankin, 1979: synonym of ''Pontohedyle''
Golikov & Starobogatov, 1972
* ''Livorniella''
Rankin, 1979: synonym of ''Microhedyle''
Hertling, 1930
* ''Mancohedyle''
Rankin, 1979: synonym of ''Pontohedyle''
Golikov & Starobogatov, 1972 (junior objective synontm of Pontohedyle)
* ''Maraunibina''
Rankin, 1979: synonym of ''Pontohedyle''
Golikov & Starobogatov, 1972
* ''Parahedyle''
ic synonym of Parhedyle Thiele, 1931 (misspelling)
* ''Sabulincola''
Rankin, 1979: synonym of ''Parhedyle''
Thiele, 1931
* ''Stellaspina''
Rankin, 1979: synonym of ''Microhedyle''
Hertling, 1930
* ''Unela''
Er. Marcus, 1953: synonym of ''Microhedyle''
Hertling, 1930
Cladogram
A
cladogram
A cladogram (from Greek ''clados'' "branch" and ''gramma'' "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms. A cladogram is not, however, an evolutionary tree because it does not show how ancestors are related to d ...
based on sequences of mitochondrial
28S ribosomal RNA
28S ribosomal RNA is the structural ribosomal RNA (rRNA) for the large subunit (LSU) of eukaryotic cytoplasmic ribosomes, and thus one of the basic components of all eukaryotic cells. It has a size of 25S in plants and 28S in mammals, hence th ...
,
16S ribosomal RNA
16 S ribosomal RNA (or 16 S rRNA) is the RNA component of the 30S subunit of a prokaryotic ribosome (SSU rRNA). It binds to the Shine-Dalgarno sequence and provides most of the SSU structure.
The genes coding for it are referred to as 16S rRNA ...
and
cytochrome-c oxidase I (COI) genes showing phylogenic relations within the family Microhedylidae:
[Jörger K. M., Norenburg J. L., Wilson N. G. & Schrödl M. (2012). "Barcoding against a paradox? Combined molecular species delineations reveal multiple cryptic lineages in elusive meiofaunal sea slugs". '']BMC Evolutionary Biology
''BMC Ecology and Evolution'' (since January 2021), previously ''BMC Evolutionary Biology'' (2001–2020), is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal covering all fields of evolutionary biology, including phylogenetics and palaeontology. It ...
'' 12: 245. .
References
External links
*
{{Taxonbar, from1=Q3176983, from2=Q18681378
Gastropod families