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Microhedylidae
Parhedylidae are a taxonomic family of sea slugs, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Parhedyloidea. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Parhedylidae Thiele, 1931. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=411947 on 2021-06-17 2005 taxonomy Microhedylidae has been listed as a synonym of Parhedylidae in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005). Ganitidae Rankin, 1979 has been listed as a sole family within Hedylopsoidea. The type genus of Livorniellidae was ''Livorniella'' Rankin, 1979. 2010 taxonomy Sensu Schrödl & Neusser (2010)Schrödl M. & Neusser T. P. (2010). "Towards a phylogeny and evolution of Acochlidia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia)". ''Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society'' 158: 124–154. . is Microhedylidae within the clade Microhedylacea. Parhedylidae is a synonym of Microhedylidae. Microhedylidae s.l. may informally include Ganitidae, but inclusion of Ganitidae within ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Microhedylacea
Acochlidiacea, common name acochlidians, are a taxonomic clade of very unusual sea snails and sea and freshwater slugs, aquatic gastropod mollusks within the large clade Heterobranchia. Acochlidia is a variant spelling. Description These are mostly very small animals, without a shell or gills, distinguished by the visceral mass being sharply set off from the rest of the body. Being a small group with only 30 species worldwide known in 2010, and 32 species described in 2011, and 33 in 2012 (+9 undescribed ''Pontohedyle'' species), these slugs are morphologically and biologically highly aberrant and diverse, comprising a series of unusual characters (e.g. secondary gonochorism, lack of copulatory organs, asymmetric radulae). Most acochlidians live interstitially in marine sands, while some have conquered limnic systems (uniquely within opisthobranch gastropods). Taxonomy Nils Hjalmar Odhner established this taxon as a family in 1937, when he created the families Microhedylid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pontohedyle Milaschewitchii
''Pontohedyle milaschewitchii'' is a species of sea slug, an acochlidian, a shell-less marine gastropod mollusk in the family Microhedylidae.Jörger K. M., Norenburg J. L., Wilson N. G. & Schrödl M. (2012). "Barcoding against a paradox? Combined molecular species delineations reveal multiple cryptic lineages in elusive meiofaunal sea slugs". ''BMC Evolutionary Biology'' 12: 245. . Ecology The life cycle of all Acochlidiacea is not well known. ''Pontohedyle milaschewitchii'' lays a maximum of 40 eggs. References External links * Jörger K. M., Neusser T. P. & Schrödl M. (2007). "Re-description of a female ''Pontohedyle brasilensis'' (Rankin, 1979), a junior synonym of the Mediterranean ''P. milaschewitchii'' (Kowalevsky, 1901) (Acochlidia, Gastropoda)". ''Bonner Zoologische Beiträge'' 55(3/4): 283-290PDF * Jörger K. M., Neusser T. P., Haszprunar G. & Schrödl M. (2008). "Undersized and underestimated: 3D-visualization of the Mediterranean interstitial acochlidian gastro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pontohedyle
''Pontohedyle'' is a genus of sea slugs, acochlidians, shell-less marine gastropod mollusks in the family Microhedylidae. Sea slugs in this genus are highly simplified and uniform. Distribution The genus ''Pontohedyle'' shows a circumtropical distribution with a single derived species (Mediterranean/ Black Sea ''Pontohedyle milaschewitchii'') inhabiting temperate waters. In the absence of a fossil record for meiofaunal slugs, the only available estimate for divergence times derives from a molecular clock approach, calibrated with shelled heterobranch fossils. Jörger et al. (2010)Jörger K. M., Stöger I., Kano Y., Fukuda H., Knebelsberger T. & Schrödl M. (2010). "On the origin of Acochlidia and other enigmatic euthyneuran gastropods, with implications for the systematics of Heterobranchia". ''BMC Evolutionary Biology'' 10: 323. . estimated the origin of the genus ''Pontohedyle'' to the late Cretaceous, 84 mya (95% confidence interval ranging from 160–60 mya), providing a rou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parhedyle Cryptophthalma
''Parhedyle cryptophthalma'' is a species of sea slug, an acochlidian, a shell-less marine gastropod mollusk in the family Microhedylidae. Distribution This species occurs in the Mediterranean Sea The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on the ea .... Ecology ''Parhedyle cryptophthalma'' is marine and is a mesopsammic species, in other words, these very small slugs live in the interstitial spaces of marine sands.Jörger K. M., Kristof A., Klussmann-Kolb A. & Schrödl M. (2010). "Redescription of the meiofaunal gastropod ''Parhedyle cryptophthalma'' (Acochlidia, Panpulmonata), with focus on nervous and sensory systems". '' Spixiana'' 33(2): 161-170PDF References Microhedylidae Gastropods described in 1974 {{Heterobranchia-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paraganitus Ellynnae
''Paraganitus ellynnae'' is a species of sea slug, an acochlidian, a shell-less marine gastropod mollusc in the family Microhedylidae. ''Paraganitus ellynnae'' is the only species in the genus ''Paraganitus''. Description ''Paraganitus ellynnae'' is smaller than 5 mm and is externally symmetric. It has no shell in adults, and no operculum in adults. It has also no head shield and no posterior shield. It is able to partially retract parts of its anterior body into a temporal visceral cavity. The visceral sac is largely separated from the rest of the body. The mantle is robust. The visceral hump is conical. The tail is short and pointed. The foot is narrow, the anterior foot edge is rounded and it can crawl on the whole foot. It has no mantle cavity. It has elongated/pointed rhinophores. Like all acochlidians, it has oral (= labial) tentacles. ''Paraganitus ellynnae'' has long and slightly recurved oral tentacles. Oral tentacle nerves have been present in all examined acoc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parhedyle Gerlachi
''Parhedyle'' is a genus of gastropods belonging to the family Microhedylidae. The species of this genus are found in Europe. Species: *'' Parhedyle cryptophthalma'' *'' Parhedyle odhneri'' *''Parhedyle tyrtowii ''Parhedyle'' is a genus of gastropods The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltw ...'' References Microhedylidae {{Gastropod-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parhedyle Tyrtowii
''Parhedyle'' is a genus of gastropods belonging to the family Microhedylidae. The species of this genus are found in Europe. Species: *'' Parhedyle cryptophthalma'' *'' Parhedyle odhneri'' *''Parhedyle tyrtowii ''Parhedyle'' is a genus of gastropods The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltw ...'' References Microhedylidae {{Gastropod-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parhedyle
''Parhedyle'' is a genus of gastropods belonging to the family Microhedylidae. The species of this genus are found in Europe. Species: *''Parhedyle cryptophthalma'' *''Parhedyle odhneri'' *''Parhedyle tyrtowii ''Parhedyle'' is a genus of gastropods belonging to the family Microhedylidae. The species of this genus are found in Europe. Species: *'' Parhedyle cryptophthalma'' *'' Parhedyle odhneri'' *''Parhedyle tyrtowii ''Parhedyle'' is a genus of ...'' References Microhedylidae {{Gastropod-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
BMC Evolutionary Biology
''BMC Ecology and Evolution'' (since January 2021), previously ''BMC Evolutionary Biology'' (2001–2020), is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal covering all fields of evolutionary biology, including phylogenetics and palaeontology. It was established in 2001 and is part of a series of BMC journals published by BioMed Central. Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted and indexed in: According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'', the journal has a 2020 impact factor The impact factor (IF) or journal impact factor (JIF) of an academic journal is a scientometric index calculated by Clarivate that reflects the yearly mean number of citations of articles published in the last two years in a given journal, as i ... of 3.260. References External links * BioMed Central academic journals Creative Commons Attribution-licensed journals {{biology-journal-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Main Subunit Of Cytochrome C Oxidase
Cytochrome c oxidase I (COX1) also known as mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase I (MT-CO1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MT-CO1'' gene. In other eukaryotes, the gene is called ''COX1'', ''CO1'', or ''COI''. Cytochrome c oxidase I is the main subunit of the cytochrome c oxidase complex. Mutations in MT-CO1 have been associated with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), acquired idiopathic sideroblastic anemia, Complex IV deficiency, colorectal cancer, sensorineural deafness, and recurrent myoglobinuria. Structure One of 37 mitochondrial genes, the ''MT-CO1'' gene is located from nucleotide pairs 5904 to 7444 on the guanine-rich heavy (H) section of mtDNA. The gene product is a 57 kDa protein composed of 513 amino acids. Function Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (CO1 or MT-CO1) is one of three mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encoded subunits (MT-CO1, MT-CO2, MT-CO3) of respiratory complex IV. Complex IV is the third and final enzyme of the electron ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
16S Ribosomal RNA
16 S ribosomal RNA (or 16 S rRNA) is the RNA component of the 30S subunit of a prokaryotic ribosome (SSU rRNA). It binds to the Shine-Dalgarno sequence and provides most of the SSU structure. The genes coding for it are referred to as 16S rRNA gene and are used in reconstructing phylogenies, due to the slow rates of evolution of this region of the gene. Carl Woese and George E. Fox were two of the people who pioneered the use of 16S rRNA in phylogenetics in 1977. Multiple sequences of the 16S rRNA gene can exist within a single bacterium. Functions * Like the large (23S) ribosomal RNA, it has a structural role, acting as a scaffold defining the positions of the ribosomal proteins. * The 3-end contains the anti- Shine-Dalgarno sequence, which binds upstream to the AUG start codon on the mRNA. The 3-end of 16S RNA binds to the proteins S1 and S21 which are known to be involved in initiation of protein synthesis * Interacts with 23S, aiding in the binding of the two ribosomal s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
