Arcellinid
testate amoebae
Testate amoebae (formerly thecamoebians, Testacea or Thecamoeba) are a polyphyletic group of unicellular amoeboid protists, which differ from naked amoebae in the presence of a test that partially encloses the cell, with an aperture from which the ...
or Arcellinida,
[http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artjun03/gsamoebae.html Testate amoebae, peat bogs and past climates. accessed 16 march 2007] Arcellacean or lobose testate amoebae
are single-celled
protists
A protist () is any eukaryotic organism (that is, an organism whose cells contain a cell nucleus) that is not an animal, plant, or fungus. While it is likely that protists share a common ancestor (the last eukaryotic common ancestor), the excl ...
partially enclosed in a simple
test (shell).
Arcellinid testate amoebae are commonly found in soils, leaf litter, peat bogs and near/in fresh water.
They use their
pseudopodia
A pseudopod or pseudopodium (plural: pseudopods or pseudopodia) is a temporary arm-like projection of a eukaryotic cell membrane that is emerged in the direction of movement. Filled with cytoplasm, pseudopodia primarily consist of actin filament ...
, a temporary cell extension, for moving and taking in food. Like most amoebae, they are generally believed to
reproduce asexually
Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that does not involve the fusion of gametes or change in the number of chromosomes. The offspring that arise by asexual reproduction from either unicellular or multicellular organisms inherit the fu ...
via binary fission. However a recent review suggests that sexual recombination may be the rule rather than the exception in
amoeboid protists in general, including the Arcellinid testate amoebae.
Test or shell
Simple tests are made by secretion (autogenous tests), agglutination of foreign material (xenogenous tests), or sometimes a combination of both. Past environmental changes can be determined by analysing the composition of fossil tests, including the reconstruction of past
climate change.
Testate amoebae species have been used to reconstruct hydrological changes over the late
Holocene, as a result of individual species possessing a narrow tolerance for ecohydrological conditions such as water-table depth or pH.
Evolutionary history
Fossils of arcellinid testate amoebae date back to the
Tonian stage of the
Proterozoic
The Proterozoic () is a geological eon spanning the time interval from 2500 to 538.8million years ago. It is the most recent part of the Precambrian "supereon". It is also the longest eon of the Earth's geologic time scale, and it is subdivided ...
, around 789-759 million years ago. The fossils indicate that by 730 million years ago, arcellinids had already diversified into major lineages.
Testate amoebae are theorized to be mostly
polyphyletic (coming from more than one ancestral type), but testaceafilosea, one group of testate amoebae, are theorized to be
monophyletic
In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic gro ...
. Ancient tests of terrestrial fauna are commonly found in fossilized amber, although mid-Cretaceous testate amoeba (i.e., ''Diffligia'', ''Cucurbitella'') have been found in ancient lake sediments. It is likely that the group has evolved minimally over the course of the
Phanerozoic
The Phanerozoic Eon is the current geologic eon in the geologic time scale, and the one during which abundant animal and plant life has existed. It covers 538.8 million years to the present, and it began with the Cambrian Period, when anima ...
.
Classification
The classification of Arcellinida, as of 2019:
* Suborder
Phryganellina
Arcellinid testate amoebae or Arcellinida,http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artjun03/gsamoebae.html Testate amoebae, peat bogs and past climates. accessed 16 march 2007 Arcellacean or lobose testate amoebae are single-celled protists partially ...
Bovee 1985
** Family
Phryganellidae Jung 1942
*** ''
Phryganella''
Penard 1902
** Family
Cryptodifflugiidae
Cryptodifflugiidae is a family of arcellinid testate amoebae. Description
Members of this family are conopodous (with conical pseudopods) amoebae with the body in a clear, usually firm, vase-shaped test, and conical pseudopods for locomotion t ...
Jung 1942
*** ?''
Prantlitina
''Prantlitina'' is a poorly studied genus of testate amoebae discovered in 1957 in Namurian freshwater sediments from the Ostrava-Karviná coal district, in former Czechoslovakia. It was placed in the order Thecamoebina in the defunct class Sarc ...
''
Vasicek & Ruzicka 1957
*** ?''
Pseudocucurbitella
''Pseudocucurbitella'' is a genus of freshwater testate amoebae of the order Arcellinida. Its shell is agglutinated, ovoid, with a round crossection and a circular aperture surrounded by 3 to 5 separate lobes forming a short collar.
Originally ...
''
Gauthier-Lievre & Thomas 1960
*** ?''
Pseudowailesella''
Sudzuki 1979
*** ''
Cryptodifflugia''
Penard 1890 'Difflugiella''
Cash 1904; ''Geococcus (eukaryote)">Geococcus''
Francé 1913 non Green 1902">Difflugiella">'Difflugiella''
Cash 1904; ''Geococcus (eukaryote)">Geococcus''
Francé 1913 non Green 1902*** ''Meisterfeldia''
Bobrov 2016
*** ''Wailesella''
Deflandre 1928
* Suborder Organoconcha
Lahr et al. 2019
** Family Microchlamyiidae
Ogden 1985
*** ''
Microchlamys''
Cockerell 1911 'Pseudochlamys''
Claparede & Lachmann 1859 non Lacordaire 1848 non Comas 1977">Pseudochlamys.html" ;"title="'Pseudochlamys">'Pseudochlamys''
Claparede & Lachmann 1859 non Lacordaire 1848 non Comas 1977*** ''Pyxidicula''
Ehrenberg 1838 non Ehrenberg 1834 non Strelnikova & Nikolajev 1986
*** ''Spumochlamys''
Kudryavtsev & Hausmann 2007
* Suborder Glutinoconcha
Lahr et al. 2019
** Infraorder
Volnustoma Lahr et al. 2019
*** Family
Heleoperidae
Arcellinid testate amoebae or Arcellinida,http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artjun03/gsamoebae.html Testate amoebae, peat bogs and past climates. accessed 16 march 2007 Arcellacean or lobose testate amoebae are single-celled protists partially ...
Jung 1942
**** ''
Awerintzewia
Arcellinid testate amoebae or Arcellinida,http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artjun03/gsamoebae.html Testate amoebae, peat bogs and past climates. accessed 16 march 2007 Arcellacean or lobose testate amoebae are single-celled protists partially ...
''
Schouteden 1906
**** ''
Heleopera''
Leidy 1879
** Infraorder
Hyalospheniformes
Hyalospheniidae is a group of testate amoebae and the sole family of the infraorder Hyalospheniformes. Hyalospheniid testate amoebae are considered important bioindicators, which is why they are frequently used for environmental monitoring and the ...
Lahr et al. 2019
*** Family
Hyalospheniidae Schulze, 1977 ebelidae Taranek 1882**** ?''
Apolimia''
Korganova 1987
**** ?''
Deflandria''
Jung 1942
**** ?''
Heleoporella''
Couteaux 1978
**** ?''
Leidyella''
Jung 1942
**** ?''
Metaheleopera''
Bartos 1954
**** ?''
Marsipos''
Medioli et al. 1990
**** ?''
Paranebela''
Jung 1942
**** ?''
Penardiella
''Legendrea'' is a genus of extremely rare ciliates first described by French biologist Fauré-Fremiet in 1908, rediscovered and re-examined in 2022.
Classification
The genus has 5 species including the type species
In zoological nomenclatur ...
''
Kahl 1930
**** ?''
Pseudogeamphorella''
Décloitre 1964 nomen nudum
**** ?''
Pseudohyalosphenia''
Stepanek 1967 nomen nudum
**** ?''
Pterygia''
Jung 1942 non Roeding 1798 non Link 1807 non Laporte 1832
**** ?''
Schaudinnia''
Jung 1942 non Schulze 1900
**** ?''
Umbonaria''
Jung 1942
**** ''
Alabasta''
Duckert et al. 2018
**** ''
Alocodera
Arcellinid testate amoebae or Arcellinida,http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artjun03/gsamoebae.html Testate amoebae, peat bogs and past climates. accessed 16 march 2007 Arcellacean or lobose testate amoebae are single-celled protists partially ...
''
Jung 1942a
**** ''
Apodera''
Loeblich & Tappan 1961
**** ''
Certesella
Arcellinid testate amoebae or Arcellinida,http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artjun03/gsamoebae.html Testate amoebae, peat bogs and past climates. accessed 16 march 2007 Arcellacean or lobose testate amoebae are single-celled protists partially ...
''
Loeblich & Tappan 1961
**** ''
Cornutheca''
Kosakyan et al. 2016
**** ''
Gibbocarina''
Kosakyan et al. 2016
**** ''
Hyalosphenia
Arcellinid testate amoebae or Arcellinida,http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artjun03/gsamoebae.html Testate amoebae, peat bogs and past climates. accessed 16 march 2007 Arcellacean or lobose testate amoebae are single-celled protists partiall ...
''
Stein 1859
**** ''
Longinebela''
Kosakyan et al. 2016
**** ''
Mrabella''
Kosakyan et al. 2016
**** ''
Nebela''
Leidy 1875
**** ''
Padaungiella''
Lara & Todorov 2012
**** ''
Planocarina''
Kosakyan et al. 2016
**** ''
Porosia
''Porosia'' is a genus of arcellinid testate amoebae belonging to the family Hyalospheniidae. Described in 1942, it used to be a monotypic genus with the sole species '' P. bigibbosa''. However a second species, '' P. paracarinata'', was discove ...
''
Jung 1942
**** ''
Quadrulella''
Cockerell 1909 'Quadrula''
Schulze 1875 non Rafinesque 1820">Quadrula.html" ;"title="'Quadrula">'Quadrula''
Schulze 1875 non Rafinesque 1820** Infraorder Excentrostoma
Lahr et al. 2019
*** ?''Centropyxiella''
Valkanov 1970
*** ?''Oopyxis''
Jung 1942
*** Family Centropyxidae
**** ''Armipyxis''
Dekhtiar 2009
**** ''
Centropyxis''
Stein 1857 'Echinopyxis''
Claparede & Lachmann 1859 non Pantocsek 1913; ''Collaripyxidia">Echinopyxis.html" ;"title="'Echinopyxis">'Echinopyxis''
Claparede & Lachmann 1859 non Pantocsek 1913; ''Collaripyxidia''
Zivkovic 1975; ''Toquepyxis''
Laminger 1971]
**** ''Conicocassis''
Nasser & Patterson 2015
**** ''Proplagiopyxis''
Schönborn 1964
*** Family Plagiopyxidae
**** ''
Bullinularia
Arcellinid testate amoebae or Arcellinida,http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artjun03/gsamoebae.html Testate amoebae, peat bogs and past climates. accessed 16 march 2007 Arcellacean or lobose testate amoebae are single-celled protists partially ...
''
Deflandre 1953 'Bullinula''
Penard 1911">Bullinula.html" ;"title="'Bullinula">'Bullinula''
Penard 1911**** ''Geoplagiopyxis''
Chardez 1961
**** ''Hoogenraadia''
GauthierLievre & Thomas 1958
**** ''Paracentropyxis''
Bonnet 1960
**** ''Plagiopyxis''
Penard 1910
**** ''
Planhoogenraadia''
Bonnet 1977
**** ''
Protoplagiopyxis
Arcellinid testate amoebae or Arcellinida,http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artjun03/gsamoebae.html Testate amoebae, peat bogs and past climates. accessed 16 march 2007 Arcellacean or lobose testate amoebae are single-celled protists partially ...
''
Bonnet 1962
** Infraorder
Longithecina Lahr et al. 2019
*** Family
Lesquereusiidae
Arcellinid testate amoebae or Arcellinida,http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artjun03/gsamoebae.html Testate amoebae, peat bogs and past climates. accessed 16 march 2007 Arcellacean or lobose testate amoebae are single-celled protists partially ...
araquadrulidae Deflandre 1953**** ''
Fabalesquereusia''
Snegovaya & Alekperov 2005
**** ''
Lesquereusia
Arcellinid testate amoebae or Arcellinida,http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artjun03/gsamoebae.html Testate amoebae, peat bogs and past climates. accessed 16 march 2007 Arcellacean or lobose testate amoebae are single-celled protists partially ...
''
Schlumberger 1845
**** ''
Microquadrula''
Golemansky 1968
**** ''
Paraquadrula
Arcellinid testate amoebae or Arcellinida,http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artjun03/gsamoebae.html Testate amoebae, peat bogs and past climates. accessed 16 march 2007 Arcellacean or lobose testate amoebae are single-celled protists partially ...
''
Deflandre 1932
**** ''
Pomoriella
Arcellinid testate amoebae or Arcellinida,http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artjun03/gsamoebae.html Testate amoebae, peat bogs and past climates. accessed 16 march 2007 Arcellacean or lobose testate amoebae are single-celled protists partially ...
''
Golemansky 1970
*** Family
Difflugiidae Wallich 1864
**** ?''
Lagenodifflugia
Arcellinid testate amoebae or Arcellinida,http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artjun03/gsamoebae.html Testate amoebae, peat bogs and past climates. accessed 16 march 2007 Arcellacean or lobose testate amoebae are single-celled protists partially ...
''
Medioli & Scott 1983
**** ?''
Maghrebia
Arcellinid testate amoebae or Arcellinida,http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artjun03/gsamoebae.html Testate amoebae, peat bogs and past climates. accessed 16 march 2007 Arcellacean or lobose testate amoebae are single-celled protists partially ...
''
Gauthier-Lievre & Thomas 1958
**** ?''
Pentagonina''
Bovee & Jahn 1974 Pentagonia
The ''Pentagonia'' is the collective title of a series of five novels by Cuban author Reinaldo Arenas. It was subtitled by its author "''the secret history of Cuba''." The novels were written from the mid-1960s through the late 1980s, and indeed, ...
''
Gauthier-Lievre & Thomas 1958 non Cozzens 1846; ''Falsidifflugia''
Haman 1988]
**** ?''Pseudopontigulasia''
Oye 1956
**** ?''Sexangularia''
Awerintzew 1906
**** ?''Suiadifflugia''
Green 1975
**** ?''
Zivkovicia''
Ogden 1987
**** ''
Armatodifflugia''
Snegovaya & Alekperov 2005
**** ''
Difflugia''
Leclere 1815 ex Lamarck 1816
**** ''
Mediolus''
Patterson 2014
**** ''
Nabranella''
Snegovaya & Alekperov 2009
**** ''
Pelecyamoeba''
Snegovaya & Alekperov 2005
**** ''
Pontigulasia''
Rhumbler 1895
**** ''
Pseudonebela''
Gauthier-Lievre 1954 non Schönborn 1964
** Infraorder
Sphaerothecina Kosakyan et al. 2016
*** ?''
Cornuapyxis
Arcellinid testate amoebae or Arcellinida,http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artjun03/gsamoebae.html Testate amoebae, peat bogs and past climates. accessed 16 march 2007 Arcellacean or lobose testate amoebae are single-celled protists partially ...
''
Couteaux & Chardez 1981
*** ?''
Cucurbitella
Arcellinid testate amoebae or Arcellinida,http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artjun03/gsamoebae.html Testate amoebae, peat bogs and past climates. accessed 16 march 2007 Arcellacean or lobose testate amoebae are single-celled protists partially ...
''
Penard 1902 non Walpers 1846
*** ?''
Ellipsopyxella
Arcellinid testate amoebae or Arcellinida,http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artjun03/gsamoebae.html Testate amoebae, peat bogs and past climates. accessed 16 march 2007 Arcellacean or lobose testate amoebae are single-celled protists partially ...
''
Bonnet 1975
*** ?''
Ellipsopyxis''
Bonnet 1965
*** ?''
Protocucurbitella''
Gauthier-Lievre & Thomas 1960 non Naumov
*** Family
Distomatopyxidae
Arcellinid testate amoebae or Arcellinida,http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artjun03/gsamoebae.html Testate amoebae, peat bogs and past climates. accessed 16 march 2007 Arcellacean or lobose testate amoebae are single-celled protists partially ...
Bonnet 1970
**** ''
Distomatopyxis
Arcellinid testate amoebae or Arcellinida,http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artjun03/gsamoebae.html Testate amoebae, peat bogs and past climates. accessed 16 march 2007 Arcellacean or lobose testate amoebae are single-celled protists partially ...
''
Bonnet 1970
*** Family
Lamtopyxidae
Arcellinid testate amoebae or Arcellinida,http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artjun03/gsamoebae.html Testate amoebae, peat bogs and past climates. accessed 16 march 2007 Arcellacean or lobose testate amoebae are single-celled protists partially ...
Bonnet 1974
**** ''
Lamtopyxis
Arcellinid testate amoebae or Arcellinida,http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artjun03/gsamoebae.html Testate amoebae, peat bogs and past climates. accessed 16 march 2007 Arcellacean or lobose testate amoebae are single-celled protists partially ...
''
Bonnet 1974
*** Family
Netzeliidae Kosakyan et al. 2016 yclopyxidae Schönborn 1989**** ''
Cyclopyxis''
Bonnet 1953
**** ''
Netzelia
Arcellinid testate amoebae or Arcellinida,http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artjun03/gsamoebae.html Testate amoebae, peat bogs and past climates. accessed 16 march 2007 Arcellacean or lobose testate amoebae are single-celled protists partially ...
''
Ogden 1979
*** Family
Arcellidae
''Arcella'' is a genus of testate amoebae in the order Arcellinida, usually found in freshwaters and mosses, and rarely in soils. A key characteristic of ''Arcella'' is the circular test with a hole on its center from where finger-like pseudopod ...
Ehrenberg 1832
**** ''
Antarcella
''Arcella'' is a genus of testate amoebae in the order Arcellinida, usually found in freshwaters and mosses, and rarely in soils. A key characteristic of ''Arcella'' is the circular Test (biology), test with a hole on its center from where finge ...
''
Ehrenberg 1838
**** ''
Arcella
''Arcella'' is a genus of testate amoebae in the order Arcellinida, usually found in freshwaters and mosses, and rarely in soils. A key characteristic of ''Arcella'' is the circular test with a hole on its center from where finger-like pseudopod ...
''
Deflandre 1928 'Arcellina''
Carter 1856 non DuPlessis 1876 non Haeckel 1894; ''Cyphidium">Arcellina.html" ;"title="'Arcellina">'Arcellina''
Carter 1856 non DuPlessis 1876 non Haeckel 1894; ''Cyphidium''
Ehrenberg 1837 non Magnus 1875; ''Leptocystis''
Playfair 1918]
*** Trigonopyxidae
Loeblich 1964
**** ''Geopyxella''
Bonnet & Thomas 1955
**** ''Trigonopyxis''
Penard 1912
Arcellinida
incertae sedis:
* ''
Argynnia
Arcellinid testate amoebae or Arcellinida,http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artjun03/gsamoebae.html Testate amoebae, peat bogs and past climates. accessed 16 march 2007 Arcellacean or lobose testate amoebae are single-celled protists partially ...
''
Vucetich, 1974
* ''
Awerintzewia
Arcellinid testate amoebae or Arcellinida,http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artjun03/gsamoebae.html Testate amoebae, peat bogs and past climates. accessed 16 march 2007 Arcellacean or lobose testate amoebae are single-celled protists partially ...
''
Schouteden, 1906
* ''
Geamphorella''
Bonnet, 1959
* ''
Jungia
''Jungia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. It is native mostly to South America, with one widespread species extending its range into Central America and southern Mexico.
Species accepted by the Plants of the World Onlin ...
''
Loeblich & Tappan 1961
* ''
Lagenodifflugia
Arcellinid testate amoebae or Arcellinida,http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artjun03/gsamoebae.html Testate amoebae, peat bogs and past climates. accessed 16 march 2007 Arcellacean or lobose testate amoebae are single-celled protists partially ...
''
Medioli & Scott, 1983
* ''
Lamtoquadrula
Arcellinid testate amoebae or Arcellinida,http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artjun03/gsamoebae.html Testate amoebae, peat bogs and past climates. accessed 16 march 2007 Arcellacean or lobose testate amoebae are single-celled protists partially ...
''
Bonnet 1975
* ''
Leptochlamys''
West 1901
* ''
Maghrebia
Arcellinid testate amoebae or Arcellinida,http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artjun03/gsamoebae.html Testate amoebae, peat bogs and past climates. accessed 16 march 2007 Arcellacean or lobose testate amoebae are single-celled protists partially ...
''
Gauthier-Lievre & Thomas, 1960
* ''
Ochros''
Medioli et al. 1990
* †''
Palaeoleptochlamys''
Strullu-Derrien et al. 2019
* ''
Physochila
Arcellinid testate amoebae or Arcellinida,http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artjun03/gsamoebae.html Testate amoebae, peat bogs and past climates. accessed 16 march 2007 Arcellacean or lobose testate amoebae are single-celled protists partially ...
''
Jung 1942
* ''
Pseudawerintzewia''
Bonnet 1959
* ''
Sacculus''
Medioli et al. 1990 non Gosse 1851 non Hirase 1927 non Neviani 1930
* ''
Schoenbornia''
Decloitre 1964
* ''
Swabia
Swabia ; german: Schwaben , colloquially ''Schwabenland'' or ''Ländle''; archaic English also Suabia or Svebia is a cultural, historic and linguistic region in southwestern Germany.
The name is ultimately derived from the medieval Duchy of ...
''
* Family
Bipseudostomatidae Snegovaya & Alekperov 2005
** ''
Bipseudostomatella''
Snegovaya & Alekperov 2005
** ''
Gomocollariella''
Snegovaya & Alekperov 2005
* Family
Mississippiellidae Huddleston & Haman 1985
** ''
Mississippiella''
Haman 1982
* Family
Shamkiriidae Snegovaya & Alekperov 2005
** ''
Shamkiriella''
Snegovaya & Alekperov 2005
References
External links
ISTAR, the International Society for Testate Amoeba ResearchTree of Life: Arcellinida*
ttp://www.micrographia.com/specbiol/protis/homamoeb/amts0100.htm Protozoa: The testate amoebaeBioImages: The Virtual Field-Guide (UK) - TESTACEA (Testate amoebae)Pictures of testate amoebae
{{Taxonbar, from=Q136129
Amoebozoa orders
Tubulinea