Micah Joseph Lebensohn

Micah Joseph Lebensohn (; (2 February 1828 – 17 February 1852), also known by the pen name Mikhal (), was one of the foremost poets and translators of the Haskalah in Vilna. He is best known for his innovative narrative Biblical romances and pantheistic nature poetry, influenced by the Romantic movement. These are characterised by "a deep pathos and a beauty of expression," and noted for their "expression of the young poet's strong longing for life and of the dread of an early dissolution which preyed on his mind."

Biography

Micha Joseph Lebensohn was born on 2 February 1828 in Vilna, the son of '' maskilic'' poet Avraham Dov Ber Lebensohn (Adam ha-Kohen), where he received a thorough Jewish education. Having met in his father's house many prominent Jewish writers, he developed an early interest in literature. He began to translate poetry into Hebrew at the age of twelve, and at the age of sixteen composed his first original poem, ''Ha-Aḥvah'' ('Fraternity'), written to his brother Noah. As a teenager, Lebensohn, besides his perfect command of Hebrew, was privately tutored in Russian, French, Polish and German.

By the late 1840s, Lebensohn discovered early symptoms of tuberculosis. In 1849, on the advice of his doctor, he went to sanatoria abroad for medical treatment. During a winter in Berlin, he attended the philosophy lectures of Schelling at the University of Berlin, and came under the influence of German Romanticism. At the same time, he became closely acquainted with scholars Shneur Sachs and Leopold Zunz, who encouraged him to write original poetry on Jewish and Biblical heroes. He also visited the spa towns of Salzbrunn and Reinerz to seek relief from the disease.

He returned to Vilna in 1850, where he lived until his death shortly after his twenty-fourth birthday, on 17 February 1852. His last poem, ''Ha-tefilah'' ('Prayer'), is dedicated to 'Prayer, Daughter of Hearts'.

Literary career

In 1847, Lebensohn wrote a translation into Hebrew of the third and fourth books of Virgil's '' Æneid'' (after Schiller's German translation), under the title ''Harisut Troya'' ('The Destruction of Troy'). The following year he wrote translations of Alfieri's ''Saul'' (as ''Aḥarit Sha’ul'') and Goethe's ''Erlkönig'' (as ''Melekh balahot''), among other works. Other compositions of this period include translations of Arnault's ''La feuille'' (as ''Daliyyah niddaḥat'') and Mickiewicz's ' (as ''Ha-Aravi ba-midbar''), as well as elegies on the death of M. A. Günzburg.

While in Berlin, Lebensohn wrote a cycle of lyric poems, including ''Ahuva azuva'' ('Sorrowful Lover'), ''Yom huledet ahuvati'' ('My Beloved's Birthday'), ''Aḥot lanu'' ('A Sister to Us'), and ''Ḥag ha-aviv'' ('The Festival of Spring').

Lebensohn wrote his best known work, the poetry collection ''Shirei Bat-Tsiyyon'' ('Songs of a Daughter of Zion', published 1851, second edition 1869), in 1850. It consists of six epic poems on Jewish subjects with naturalistic description: ''Shelomo'' ('Solomon'), ''Kohelet'' ('Ecclesiastes'), ''Nikmat Shimshon'' ('Samson's Vengeance'), ''Yael ve-Sisra'' ('Jael and Sisera'), ''Moshe al Har ha-Avarim'' ('Moses on Mount Abarim'), and ''Yehuda ha-Levi'' ('Judah Halevi'). The best-known among them, ''Shelomo'' and ''Kohelet'', contrast the optimism of a young King Solomon with the disillusionment of the monarch in his old age.

In the ''Jewish Encyclopedia'' (1904), Herman Rosenthal and Peter Wiernik wrote that

Legacy

After his death, a second volume of Lebensohn's poetry entitled ''Kinor Bat-Tsiyyon'' ('Violin of a Daughter of Zion', published in 1870) was assembled by his father. It contains, alongside a number of pieces translated from German, lyric poems, love poetry, and lamentations for the Land of Israel.

Lebensohn's brother-in-law, Joshua Steinberg, published a German translation of ''Shirei Bat-Tsiyyon'' entitled ''Gesänge Zion's'' in 1859. The poems ''Shelomo'' and ''Kohelet'' were published in French translation, and ''Yehuda ha-Levi'' in Russian. In 1895, a six-volume collection of his poems and those of his father appeared under the title ''Kol shire Ada"m u-Mikh"al''.

Lebensohn's work had a strong influence on Judah Leib Gordon, J. L. Gordon, his contemporary and friend, and other lyric poets of the next generation. A noted elegy entitled ''Mikhal Dim'ah'' (in the second part of ''Shirei Sefat Kodesh'') on his death was written by his father. J. L. Gordon's wrote an allegorical drama, ''Ho Aḥ'' ('O, Brother'), which is placed in the first part of ''Kol Shiray Yehudah'', and Samuel David Luzzatto penned a ''kinah'' in Lebenson's honor. Gordon also published the ''kinah'' ''Ofel Bat-Tsiyyon'' in Lebensohn's memory in 1877.

Published works

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References

External links

Poems by Lebensohn
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Lebensohn, Micah Joseph
1828 births
1852 deaths
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
19th-century poets
Epic poets
French–Hebrew translators
Hebrew-language poets
Hebrew-language writers
Jewish poets
Jewish translators
Lyric poets
People of the Haskalah
Romantic poets
Translators from German
Translators from Italian
Translators from Polish
Translators of Virgil
Translators to Hebrew
Tuberculosis deaths in Lithuania
Writers from Vilnius