Membranipora Ambigua
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''Membranipora'' is a
genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...
of
bryozoa Bryozoa (also known as the Polyzoa, Ectoprocta or commonly as moss animals) are a phylum of simple, aquatic invertebrate animals, nearly all living in sedentary colonies. Typically about long, they have a special feeding structure called a l ...
ns in the family
Membraniporidae Membraniporidae is a bryozoan family in the order Cheilostomatida. '' Membranipora'' form encrusting or erect colonies; they are unilaminar or bilaminar and weakly to well-calcified. Zooids have vertical and basal calcified walls, but virtually n ...
. A typical example is the widely distributed species ''
Membranipora membranacea ''Membranipora membranacea'' is a very widely distributed species of marine bryozoan known from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, usually in temperate zone environments. This bryozoan is a colonial organism characterized by a thin, mat-like encrus ...
'' that commonly encrusts seaweeds, particularly fronds of the kelps ''Laminaria digitata'', ''L. hyperborea'', and ''Saccorhiza polyschides''. Colonies of ''M. membranacea'' show different forms of
polyphenism A polyphenic trait is a trait for which multiple, discrete phenotypes can arise from a single genotype as a result of differing environmental conditions. It is therefore a special case of phenotypic plasticity. There are several types of polyphen ...
as spines, tower zooids, chimneys and stolons.


Reproduction

The eggs of ''M. membranipora'' develop into planktonic
cyphonautes A cyphonautes is a larva of an ectoproct or bryozoan. It is triangular in profile with a heavily ciliated band called the corona at the base of the triangle and a sense organ at the apex (''cypho''-, bent; ''nautes'', sailor). The beating of coro ...
larva A larva (; plural larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle. The ...
e which is strongly triangular in outline and about 850μm x 600μm big.


Species

Species: *'' Membranipora aborescens'' *'' Membranipora aculeata'' *'' Membranipora acuminata'' *'' Membranipora acuum'' *'' Membranipora aedificata'' *'' Membranipora aequalis'' *'' Membranipora aftonensis'' *'' Membranipora aftonia'' *'' Membranipora albensis'' *''
Membranipora albida ''Membranipora'' is a genus of bryozoans in the family Membraniporidae. A typical example is the widely distributed species ''Membranipora membranacea'' that commonly encrusts seaweeds, particularly fronds of the kelps ''Laminaria digitata'', '' ...
'' *'' Membranipora allita'' *'' Membranipora almerai'' *'' Membranipora alveolus'' *'' Membranipora ambigua'' *''
Membranipora ameghinoi ''Membranipora'' is a genus of bryozoans in the family Membraniporidae. A typical example is the widely distributed species ''Membranipora membranacea'' that commonly encrusts seaweeds, particularly fronds of the kelps ''Laminaria digitata'', '' ...
'' *''
Membranipora americana ''Membranipora'' is a genus of bryozoans in the family Membraniporidae. A typical example is the widely distributed species ''Membranipora membranacea'' that commonly encrusts seaweeds, particularly fronds of the kelps ''Laminaria digitata'', '' ...
'' *''
Membranipora ampla ''Membranipora'' is a genus of bryozoans in the family Membraniporidae. A typical example is the widely distributed species ''Membranipora membranacea'' that commonly encrusts seaweeds, particularly fronds of the kelps ''Laminaria digitata'', '' ...
'' *''
Membranipora ancarteri ''Membranipora'' is a genus of bryozoans in the family Membraniporidae. A typical example is the widely distributed species ''Membranipora membranacea'' that commonly encrusts seaweeds, particularly fronds of the kelps ''Laminaria digitata'', '' ...
'' *''
Membranipora angulosa ''Membranipora'' is a genus of bryozoans in the family Membraniporidae. A typical example is the widely distributed species ''Membranipora membranacea'' that commonly encrusts seaweeds, particularly fronds of the kelps ''Laminaria digitata'', '' ...
'' *''
Membranipora aperta ''Membranipora'' is a genus of bryozoans in the family Membraniporidae. A typical example is the widely distributed species ''Membranipora membranacea'' that commonly encrusts seaweeds, particularly fronds of the kelps ''Laminaria digitata'', '' ...
'' *''
Membranipora aperta ''Membranipora'' is a genus of bryozoans in the family Membraniporidae. A typical example is the widely distributed species ''Membranipora membranacea'' that commonly encrusts seaweeds, particularly fronds of the kelps ''Laminaria digitata'', '' ...
'' *''
Membranipora arborea ''Membranipora'' is a genus of bryozoans in the family Membraniporidae. A typical example is the widely distributed species ''Membranipora membranacea'' that commonly encrusts seaweeds, particularly fronds of the kelps ''Laminaria digitata'', '' ...
'' *''
Membranipora arcana ''Membranipora'' is a genus of bryozoans in the family Membraniporidae. A typical example is the widely distributed species ''Membranipora membranacea'' that commonly encrusts seaweeds, particularly fronds of the kelps ''Laminaria digitata'', '' ...
'' *''
Membranipora arcana ''Membranipora'' is a genus of bryozoans in the family Membraniporidae. A typical example is the widely distributed species ''Membranipora membranacea'' that commonly encrusts seaweeds, particularly fronds of the kelps ''Laminaria digitata'', '' ...
'' *''
Membranipora arcifera ''Membranipora'' is a genus of bryozoans in the family Membraniporidae. A typical example is the widely distributed species ''Membranipora membranacea'' that commonly encrusts seaweeds, particularly fronds of the kelps ''Laminaria digitata'', '' ...
'' *''
Membranipora arctica ''Membranipora'' is a genus of bryozoans in the family Membraniporidae. A typical example is the widely distributed species ''Membranipora membranacea'' that commonly encrusts seaweeds, particularly fronds of the kelps ''Laminaria digitata'', '' ...
'' *'' Membranipora arenulata'' *'' Membranipora areolata'' *'' Membranipora argus'' *'' Membranipora artini'' *'' Membranipora atabekjani'' *'' Membranipora aviculifera'' *'' Membranipora baccata'' *'' Membranipora baculina'' *'' Membranipora bellis'' *'' Membranipora bemensis'' *'' Membranipora benjamini'' *'' Membranipora berthelseni'' *'' Membranipora biarritziana'' *'' Membranipora bifoliata'' *'' Membranipora bioculata'' *'' Membranipora bipunctata'' *'' Membranipora bispinosa'' *'' Membranipora boulei'' *'' Membranipora bramensis'' *'' Membranipora branscombensis'' *'' Membranipora bruennichi'' *'' Membranipora brunnea'' *'' Membranipora bueltenensis'' *'' Membranipora bulbillifera'' *'' Membranipora californica'' *'' Membranipora calveti'' *'' Membranipora camillae'' *'' Membranipora caminosa'' *'' Membranipora canalifera'' *'' Membranipora canui'' *'' Membranipora canui'' *'' Membranipora capillimargo'' *'' Membranipora cauveri'' *'' Membranipora cavernifera'' *'' Membranipora celsospinata'' *'' Membranipora cenomana'' *'' Membranipora cervicornis'' *'' Membranipora chyngtonensis'' *'' Membranipora cingulata'' *'' Membranipora claudata'' *'' Membranipora clavicella'' *'' Membranipora claviformis'' *'' Membranipora clio'' *'' Membranipora cochlearis'' *'' Membranipora combesi'' *'' Membranipora commixta'' *'' Membranipora complanata'' *'' Membranipora composita'' *'' Membranipora conficiens'' *'' Membranipora contexta'' *'' Membranipora contracta'' *'' Membranipora convexa'' *'' Membranipora coronata'' *'' Membranipora crassimargo'' *'' Membranipora crespinae'' *'' Membranipora cristallina'' *'' Membranipora cubitalis'' *'' Membranipora cuckmerensis'' *'' Membranipora cuculligera'' *'' Membranipora cyclopora'' *'' Membranipora cyclostoma'' *'' Membranipora deborahae'' *'' Membranipora declivis'' *'' Membranipora dennanti'' *'' Membranipora dimorphocella'' *'' Membranipora disjuncta'' *'' Membranipora distefanoi'' *'' Membranipora dolina'' *'' Membranipora dorbignyana'' *'' Membranipora dubia'' *'' Membranipora dugossonei'' *'' Membranipora dutertrei'' *'' Membranipora duvergieriae'' *'' Membranipora eastonensis'' *'' Membranipora ebeidii'' *'' Membranipora echinata'' *'' Membranipora eleanorae'' *'' Membranipora elizabethiensis'' *'' Membranipora elliptica'' *'' Membranipora endozooecialis'' *'' Membranipora eocena'' *'' Membranipora evanescens'' *'' Membranipora excavata'' *'' Membranipora falloti'' *'' Membranipora famelica'' *'' Membranipora fannia'' *'' Membranipora fascelis'' *'' Membranipora fastigii'' *'' Membranipora faustina'' *'' Membranipora faviola'' *'' Membranipora fecampensis'' *'' Membranipora fenestralis'' *'' Membranipora fenestrella'' *'' Membranipora fissura'' *'' Membranipora fistula'' *'' Membranipora flabellata'' *'' Membranipora flabellata'' *'' Membranipora flicki'' *'' Membranipora fluonia'' *'' Membranipora fonteia'' *'' Membranipora fornicina'' *'' Membranipora fossata'' *'' Membranipora fossulifera'' *'' Membranipora frontalis'' *'' Membranipora fulcra'' *'' Membranipora galeria'' *'' Membranipora galvia'' *'' Membranipora gardiana'' *'' Membranipora gentili'' *'' Membranipora gerana'' *'' Membranipora germana'' *'' Membranipora gharanensis'' *'' Membranipora gigantea'' *'' Membranipora gigantissima'' *'' Membranipora girondina'' *'' Membranipora globulosa'' *'' Membranipora granti'' *'' Membranipora gravensis'' *'' Membranipora harmeri'' *'' Membranipora hastingi'' *'' Membranipora hebens'' *'' Membranipora hennei'' *'' Membranipora heterospinosa'' *'' Membranipora hexagona'' *'' Membranipora hursleiensis'' *'' Membranipora hyadesi'' *'' Membranipora impolita'' *'' Membranipora impressa'' *'' Membranipora impressata'' *'' Membranipora inaequalis'' *'' Membranipora incurvata'' *'' Membranipora inornata'' *'' Membranipora insultans'' *'' Membranipora intricata'' *'' Membranipora irregularis'' *'' Membranipora isabelleana'' *'' Membranipora kayeum'' *'' Membranipora kiowana'' *'' Membranipora kischenewensis'' *'' Membranipora krimskojensis'' *'' Membranipora lacrymopora'' *'' Membranipora laevigata'' *'' Membranipora laevissima'' *'' Membranipora lata'' *'' Membranipora leo'' *'' Membranipora ligeriensis'' *'' Membranipora ligulata'' *'' Membranipora limbata'' *'' Membranipora limburgensis'' *'' Membranipora longifissa'' *'' Membranipora longipes'' *'' Membranipora maastrichtensis'' *'' Membranipora magnispina'' *'' Membranipora malaccensis'' *'' Membranipora mamillaris'' *'' Membranipora mamillifera'' *'' Membranipora maplestonei'' *'' Membranipora margaritifera'' *'' Membranipora marssoni'' *'' Membranipora marssoniana'' *'' Membranipora maxima'' *'' Membranipora meandrina'' *'' Membranipora megapora'' *''
Membranipora membranacea ''Membranipora membranacea'' is a very widely distributed species of marine bryozoan known from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, usually in temperate zone environments. This bryozoan is a colonial organism characterized by a thin, mat-like encrus ...
'' *'' Membranipora meunieri'' *'' Membranipora meunieri'' *'' Membranipora minuscula'' *'' Membranipora morningtoniensis'' *'' Membranipora munda'' *'' Membranipora nanula'' *'' Membranipora nellioides'' *'' Membranipora nellioides'' *'' Membranipora nicklesi'' *'' Membranipora nitidula'' *'' Membranipora nobilis'' *'' Membranipora nordgaardiana'' *'' Membranipora operculata'' *'' Membranipora orbavicularia'' *'' Membranipora orlowi'' *'' Membranipora ornata'' *'' Membranipora osburni'' *'' Membranipora ossuaria'' *'' Membranipora ovalis'' *'' Membranipora ovata'' *'' Membranipora ovifera'' *'' Membranipora ovigera'' *'' Membranipora pachundakii'' *'' Membranipora pachytheca'' *'' Membranipora pallaryi'' *'' Membranipora palpebra'' *'' Membranipora papyracea'' *'' Membranipora parvicella'' *'' Membranipora parvula'' *'' Membranipora patellaris'' *'' Membranipora paucispinata'' *'' Membranipora pegma'' *'' Membranipora pererrans'' *'' Membranipora perincerta'' *'' Membranipora perspicata'' *'' Membranipora pertenera'' *'' Membranipora pervinquierei'' *'' Membranipora philostracites'' *'' Membranipora plebicola'' *'' Membranipora plicatella'' *'' Membranipora plicatelloides'' *'' Membranipora pollex'' *'' Membranipora polystachys'' *'' Membranipora pontpourqueyensis'' *'' Membranipora portus'' *'' Membranipora praetermissa'' *'' Membranipora pratensis'' *'' Membranipora princeps'' *'' Membranipora proboscinoides'' *'' Membranipora procurrens'' *'' Membranipora pseudelea'' *'' Membranipora pseudonormaniana'' *'' Membranipora pudica'' *'' Membranipora pulchella'' *'' Membranipora pygmaea'' *'' Membranipora pyriformis'' *'' Membranipora pyropersiata'' *'' Membranipora quadrata'' *'' Membranipora quadrata'' *'' Membranipora quadrifascialis'' *'' Membranipora ravni'' *'' Membranipora raymondi'' *'' Membranipora regularis'' *'' Membranipora reticularis'' *'' Membranipora reyti'' *'' Membranipora rimulata'' *'' Membranipora roemeri'' *'' Membranipora rotundicella'' *'' Membranipora royana'' *'' Membranipora rupensis'' *'' Membranipora rustica'' *'' Membranipora sandalina'' *'' Membranipora santonensis'' *'' Membranipora scanica'' *'' Membranipora scotneiensis'' *'' Membranipora seafordensis'' *'' Membranipora securigera'' *'' Membranipora selandica'' *'' Membranipora semilunaris''


References

* Okamura, B. and J.C. Partridge (1999). "Suspension feeding adaptations to extreme flow environments in a marine bryozoan." ''Biol. Bull.'' 196: 205–215 * Padilla, D. K. and C. D. Harvell (1996). "Inducible aggression and intraspecific competition for space in a marine bryozoan, ''Membranipora membranacea''". ''Limnol. Oceanogr.'' 41: 505–512 * Stricker, S. A., C. G. Reed & R.L. Zimmer (1988a). The cyphonautes larva of the marine Bryozoan ''Membranipora membranacea''. 1. General morphology, body wall, and gut. ''Can. J. Zool.'' 66: 368–383. * Stricker, S. A., C. G. Reed & R.L. Zimmer (1988b). The cyphonautes Larva of the Marine Bryozoan ''Membranipora membranacea''. 2. Internal sac, musculature, and pyriform organ. ''Can. J. Zool.'' 66: 384–398. Bryozoan genera Cheilostomatida {{bryozoan-stub