''Megophrys'' is a genus of frogs in the family Megophryidae. They are endemic to Indonesia, where they are found on the islands of Java and

Sumatra Sumatra is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as the sixth-largest island in the world at 473,481 km2 (182,812 mi.2), not including adjacent i ...

. They commonly have elongated upper "eyebrows" and are thus known as Indonesian horned toads. This group was thought to contain many more species and have a much wider distribution prior to recent taxonomic revisions.

Taxonomy

The following species are recognised in the genus ''Megophrys'': * ''

Megophrys acehensis ''Megophrys'' is a genus of frogs in the family (biology), family Megophryidae. They are Endemism, endemic to Indonesia, where they are found on the islands of Java and Sumatra. They commonly have elongated upper "eyebrows" and are thus known as ...

'' * ''

Megophrys lancip ''Megophrys'' is a genus of frogs in the family Megophryidae. They are endemic to Indonesia, where they are found on the islands of Java and Sumatra. They commonly have elongated upper "eyebrows" and are thus known as Indonesian horned to ...

'' * ''

Megophrys montana ''Megophrys montana'' (Asian horned frog, horned frog, Asian spadefoot toad, Javan horned frog, Malayan leaf frog) is a species of frog found in Java and possibly Sumatra Sumatra is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is th ...

'' * ''

Megophrys parallela ''Megophrys parallela'' is a species of frog in the family Megophryidae. It is endemic to Sumatra and known from a number of localities on mountains along the island's western coast where it is expected to have a wide distribution. Descriptio ...

'' * ''

Megophrys selatanensis ''Megophrys'' is a genus of frogs in the family Megophryidae. They are endemic to Indonesia, where they are found on the islands of Java and Sumatra. They commonly have elongated upper "eyebrows" and are thus known as Indonesian horned to ...

'' Additionally, two species are temporarily named as ''Megophrys'', pending a determination of their correct genus placement. * "''Megophrys''" ''dringi'' * "''Megophrys''" ''feii'' ''Megophrys'' formerly contained over a hundred species, but significant taxonomic revisions have led to the vast majority of these species being moved to other genera, such as '' Xenophrys'', '' Boulenophrys'', '' Atympanophrys'' and ''

Pelobatrachus ''Pelobatrachus'' is a genus of frogs in the family Megophryidae. It was formerly synonymized with '' Megophrys'' until 2021, when it was revived as a distinct genus. They inhabit Southeast Asia, namely the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo and th ...

''. However, there is a divide between studies over this, with most Indian-published studies preferring to classify all these taxa within ''Megophrys'', while Chinese-published studies classify them in their own genera; the IUCN Red List follows the former, while ''Amphibian Species of the World'' and AmphibiaWeb follow the latter.

Endemic ranges

Many ''Megophrys'' species are endemic to highly restricted geographical areas. * Southern China ** Anhui *** ''

Megophrys huangshanensis ''Boulenophrys huangshanensis'' is a species of frog in the family Megophryidae. It is endemic to the Huangshan mountains (its type locality) in southern Anhui province, China. Its natural habitats are temperate forests and rivers. It is ...

'': Huangshan mountains, Anhui ** Guangdong *** ''

Megophrys acuta ''Boulenophrys acuta'' is a species of frog in the family Megophryidae. It is endemic to China and only known from its type locality, Heishiding Nature Reserve in Fengkai County Fengkai County is a county in western Guangdong Province, C ...

'': Heishiding,

Fengkai County Fengkai County is a county in western Guangdong Province, China, under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Zhaoqing. It was formed in 1961 from the merger of Fengchuan and , which were formerly romanized as Fungchuan (Fungchun, ...

, Guangdong *** '' Megophrys obesa'': Heishiding,

, Guangdong ** Jiangxi *** '' Megophrys cheni'': Luoxiao Mountains *** '' Megophrys lini'': Luoxiao Mountains *** '' Megophrys jinggangensis'': Luoxiao Mountains ** Hunan *** '' Megophrys sangzhiensis'': Sangzhi County, Hunan *** '' Megophrys caudoprocta'': Tianping Mountain, Sangzhi County, Hunan *** '' Megophrys tuberogranulatus'': Tianzishan Nature Reserve, Sangzhi County, Hunan *** '' Megophrys mangshanensis'': Yizhang County, Hunan **

Chongqing Chongqing ( or ; ; Sichuanese dialects, Sichuanese pronunciation: , Standard Mandarin pronunciation: ), Postal Romanization, alternately romanized as Chungking (), is a Direct-administered municipalities of China, municipality in Southwes ...

*** '' Megophrys baolongensis'': Baolong (抱龙镇), Wushan County, Chongqing *** '' Megophrys wushanensis'': Wu Mountains,

** Yunnan *** '' Megophrys binchuanensis'': NW Yunnan *** '' Megophrys daweimontis'': Mount Dawei,

Pingbian Miao Autonomous County Pingbian Miao Autonomous County () is a county located in Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture in the southeast of Yunnan province, People's Republic of China. Its seat is located only from the border with Lào Cai Province, Vietnam. Admini ...

, Yunnan *** '' Megophrys gigantica'': Jingdong Yi Autonomous County and Yongde County, southwestern Yunnan ** Sichuan *** '' Megophrys binlingensis'': Binling, Hongya County, Sichuan *** '' Megophrys wawuensis'': Mount Wawu, Hongya County, Sichuan *** '' Megophrys nankiangensis'': northern Sichuan and southern

Gansu Gansu (, ; alternately romanized as Kansu) is a province in Northwest China. Its capital and largest city is Lanzhou, in the southeast part of the province. The seventh-largest administrative district by area at , Gansu lies between the Tibet ...

** Guizhou *** '' Megophrys shuichengensis'': Fenghuang Village, Shuicheng County, Guizhou * Tibet ** '' Megophrys medogensis'': Mêdog County, Tibet ** '' Megophrys zhangi'': Zhangmu, Nyalam County, Tibet * Northeast India ** '' Megophrys megacephala'':

East Khasi Hills District East Khasi Hills is an administrative district in the state of Meghalaya in India. The district headquarters are located at Shillong. The district occupies an area of 2752 km² and has a population of 825,922 (as of 2011). , it is the most ...

, Meghalaya ** '' Megophrys oropedion'':

, Meghalaya ** '' Megophrys vegrandis'': West Kameng District, Arunachal Pradesh ** '' Megophrys ancrae'': Changlang District, Arunachal Pradesh ** '' Megophrys serchhipii'': Serchhip, Mizoram ** ''

Megophrys zunhebotoensis ''Xenophrys zunhebotoensis'' is a species of frog in the family Megophryidae from Nagaland, India, where it is known only from a single site in Nguti (Sukhalu), Zunheboto District Zünheboto District (Pron:/ˌzʌnˈhiːbəʊtəʊ/) is a d ...

'': Nguti (Sukhalu),

Zunheboto District Zünheboto District (Pron:/ˌzʌnˈhiːbəʊtəʊ/) is a district in the Indian state of Nagaland. Sümi Nagas are indigenous to this district. History Zünheboto district came into existence on 19 December 1973. Geography It is borde ...

, Nagaland * Cardamom Mountains, Cambodia ** '' Megophrys auralensis'': Phnom Aural, Kampong Speu Province ** '' Megophrys damrei'':

Dâmrei Mountains The Dâmrei Mountains (literally the "Elephant Mountains", km, ភ្នំដំរី, Chuŏr Phnum Dâmrei), refer to a mountain range situated in south-western Cambodia, traversing around north-south as a succession of the Cardamom Mou ...

, Kampot Province * Vietnam ** '' Megophrys latidactyla'': Pù Mát National Park, Vietnam * Thailand ** ''

Megophrys lekaguli ''Xenophrys lekaguli'' is a species of frog in the family Megophryidae. It is endemic to Southeast Asia and is known from the Chanthaburi and Sa Kaeo Provinces in eastern Thailand and from the Cardamom Mountains in Pursat Province, western ...

'':

Chanthaburi Chanthaburi ( th, จันทบุรี, ) is a town (''thesaban mueang'') in the east of Thailand, on the banks of the Chanthaburi River. It is the capital of the Chanthaburi Province and the Mueang Chanthaburi District. The town covers t ...

and Sa Kaeo Provinces, eastern Thailand ** '' Megophrys takensis'': Tak Province, Thailand * Borneo ** '' Megophrys baluensis'': Sabah ** ''

Megophrys dringi Dring's horned toad ("''Megophrys dringi''"), or Dring's horned frog, is a species of frog in the family Megophryidae found in Mount Mulu is Sarawak, Borneo (Malaysia). Its natural habitats are tropical moist montane forests and rivers. ...

'': Mount Mulu, Sarawak *

** ''

'': West Sumatra * Philippines ** '' Megophrys ligayae'': Balabac and Palawan ** '' Megophrys stejnegeri'': Mindanao * Indonesia ** ''

'': Java

References

External links

Sound recordings of ''Megophrys'' at BioAcoustica
{{Taxonbar, from=Q2379289 Megophryidae Amphibians of Asia Amphibian genera Taxa named by Heinrich Kuhl