Max Auschnitt

Max Carol Auschnitt,Cerasela Moldoveanu, "În căutarea lui Schwartz... Contribuția evreilor la Războiul de Întregire Națională a României (1916–1919)", in ''Revista de Istorie Militară'', Issues 5–6/2017, p. 90 also known as Ausschnitt, Auschnit or Aușnit (February 14, 1888 – January 18, 1957),
in ''The New York Times'', January 19, 1957 was a Romanian businessman and political figure, one of his country's most prominent industrialists during the interwar period. Born to Ukrainian Jewish immigrants, he spent much of his youth abroad, returning in the 1910s to set up business as an importer of sheet iron, greatly expanding his father's fortune after World War I. Auschnitt was caretaker, and from 1929 managing director, of the Iron Domains and Factory (UDR) of Reșița, as well as founder of Titan-Nădrag-Călan (TNC), regional partner of Vickers-Armstrongs, and investor in many other fields. Primarily known as the "iron king" of Greater Romania, he had a business connection, and later a consuming rivalry, with manufacturer Nicolae Malaxa. The two were associate owners of Creditanstalt, which established their presence in Europe.

First elected to the Senate as an independent corporate member, Auschnitt turned to partisan politics as a financial backer of the National Peasants' Party; he had enduring collaborations with Virgil Madgearu and Dem I. Dobrescu. In tandem, he joined a '' camarilla'' formed around King Carol II, constantly bribing him and his mistress, Elena Lupescu. Such behavior drew negative attention to his businesses, particularly since Auschnitt used his political connections to secure Romanian state contracts, on which his fortune largely rested. His alleged corruption, along with his ethnicity and his publicized anti-fascism, made him a target for verbal and physical attacks by the far-right movements, in particular the Iron Guard. Auschnitt attempted to diffuse this threat by paying public tributes to Romanian nationalism and, more discreetly, by sponsoring the Guardist network. His 1935 marriage to Augustin Pordea's daughter, and his conversion to Roman Catholicism, elicited additional controversy.

Auschnitt found himself at odds with Carol after a string of matrimonial, economic, and geopolitical disputes. Marginalized by the passage of racial laws in 1937, he was further maligned when Carol's National Renaissance Front pursued a rapprochement with Nazi Germany. He was arrested shortly after the start of World War II, and imprisoned following a show trial. In the process, he lost his UDR shares, which went to Malaxa and Albert Göring, and then his citizenship. Carol himself fell from power in 1940, with Ion Antonescu replacing him as dictator. Despite being antisemitic, this new regime bargained over TNC shares, and finally cleared Auschnitt of all charges in 1942. Once freed, he turned to sponsoring opposition groups, and was also involved in helping fellow Jews to escape the Holocaust. He had a minor role in plotting the anti-fascist coup of 1944, though he himself had to flee Romania before the event, and was sentenced to death ''in absentia''. Returning to assist the Allied Commission, he was slowly pushed back into exile by signs that the Romanian Communist Party was establishing a new dictatorship.

The new communist regime again withdrew Auschnitt's citizenship, before pronouncing him guilty of treason. This charge referred to Auschnitt's involvement with anti-communist resistance groups, including his allegedly financing Nicolae Petrașcu's Iron Guard cells. Stripped of his Romanian properties, Auschnitt relaunched himself as an entrepreneur in the plastics industry, and obtained American citizenship. His final political activities were as a sponsor of the Romanian National Committee, which split into pro-Auschnitt and pro-Malaxa factions, respectively led by Constantin Vișoianu and Nicolae Rădescu.

Biography

Beginnings

Auschnitt was the scion of Ukrainian Jewish immigrantsRomulus Damian, "Cetățenii noștri clandestini", in ''Gazeta Transilvaniei'', Issue 97/1939, p. 4 Dani Dancea
"Fiul marelui industriaș Max Aușnit a primit cheia orașului în care a construit cea mai modernă parcare de camioane din România"
in ''Adevărul'' (Timișoara edition), July 18, 2014 listed as nationals of Austria-Hungary,"Jurnale ale Consiliului de Miniștri. Ministerul de Justiție", in ''Monitorul Oficial'', Issue 286/1939, pp. 7135–7136 though he may have claimed Sephardic ancestry. A hostile piece by journalist Romulus Damian claims that the Auschnitts, including Max's father Olias, his mother Clara, and his elder brother Edgar, had illegally crossed into the Romanian Kingdom from Galicia, and then bribed the authorities into obtaining citizenship. This claim was repeated in 1939 by Justice Minister Istrate Micescu, who described the Auschnitts' naturalization as based on "dubious certificates". Known in early records as "Osias Ausschnitt", Max's father had a background in the iron trade. He registered his own import–export firm in the port city of Galați on June 14, 1884. Olias steadily amassed a large fortune, which in 1908 included one of Romania's two largest ''entrepôts'', and which Max would later treble."El rey de las tres mujeres", in ''Mundial'', Vol. IV, Issue 48, April 1943, . p./ref> The family home in Galați was situated across from that of Panait Malaxa, uncle of Auschnitt's lifelong business rival, Nicolae Malaxa.Mihai Sorin Rădulescu, "Aperçu sur la généalogie de la famille Malaxa", in ''Archiva Moldaviae'', Vol. VI, 2014, p. 61

According to one account, Max grew up in Galați, his native city, and attended the same school as Virgil Madgearu, who was to become his political associate. This is contradicted by other records, which note that Olias had been moved back into Austria-Hungary "shortly after Max's birth", meaning that the latter spent all his childhood years in Vienna, only returning to Galați in 1910. It is known that he studied abroad, in Vienna and London,"Max Auschnitt, Zaharov 1938. L'homme le plus riche de Roumanie s'exile volontairement en Angleterre", in ''Ce Soir'', February 2, 1938, p. 7 graduating from the Academy for Advanced Commercial Studies. Upon regaining Romania, he formed a commercial firm dealing in Austrian sheet-iron imports, and then set up the Kingdom's first wire manufacturing plant. Rumors surfaced that such ventures were being propped up financially by the Austrian secret police. Several members of the Auschnitt family, including Max, served in the Romanian Army during the campaigns of World War I, which resulted in the establishment of Greater Romania; Edgar had been bypassed for the 1915 draft, after presenting himself as an Austro-Hungarian subject.

Economist Nicolae Păvălucă suggests that Max Auschnitt built his personal wealth around the Galați nails factory that was sold to him by Niță Caltofeanu "not long after the first world war". He moved his offices to the Banat once that region united with Romania, entrusted with the administration of the Iron Domains and Factory (UDR). According to his own account, he was asked to become full manager of that company in 1929, after stocks had plummeted. Ioan Scurtu
"Max Auschnitt, de la pocherul regal la închisoarea Văcărești"
in ''Historia'', January 2012 He established an empire that included the UDR, as well as smaller factories or mines in such places as Anina, Armeniș, and Bocșa. His land property was said to cover 150,000 acres,"La fille du rajah de Sarawak va épouser un millionaire roumain", in '' La Liberté'', September 24, 1932, p. 3 including 11,000 hectares of forest outside Nădrag. Romulus Căplescu
"Richard Nixon a intervenit pentru Malaxa în războiul cu Auschnitt"
in ''Historia'', February 2012 Auschnitt went on to serve as President of the Banat's General Association of Industry and Vice General of the Union of Industrialists of Romania. Dubbed "iron king"Petru Groza, ''În umbra celulei. Malmaison, 1943–1944, iarna'', p. 83. Bucharest: Editura Cartea Rusă, 1945 and "Romania's Zaharoff", he was overall "the greatest power in Rumania's armament, mining and metal industries.""Arms Mogul Defies Iron Guard, Weds Rumanian Girl Secretly"
in the ''Jewish Daily Bulletin'', June 21, 1935, pp. 1, 3

Together with his brother Edgar, Max owned several steel and munitions businesses including the Titan-Nădrag-Călan (TNC) chain, which is claimed to have employed over 4,900 workers. Through this group, formed in 1924, Max was connected to Vickers-Armstrongs, making him a participant in the European arms trade. This reflected his Anglophile outlook, first brought up when he defended Vickers against rivals at Škoda Works. Auschnitt was especially successful as owner of the UDR, which had amassed 1 billion lei in capital. This enterprise alone had 17,000 salaried workers, covering 80% of Romania's steel production, and 50% of locomotives, while acquiring most of Astra Brașov, an automotive plant, and minority shares in Galați shipyard. From 1930, a syndicate comprising the TNC, Creditanstalt, and Chrissoveloni Bank controlled 60% of UDR shares, while Vickers had an additional 13%. From 1934, the UDR agreed to co-sponsor all state orders for Vickers canons and ammunition.

Auschnitt claimed that Edgar alone ran TNC from 1929, but his connections to that company surfaced in later talk about his conflicts of interest. He was also among the managers of various foreign companies in Central Europe, as well as of Romanian-based companies, including Chrissoveloni and the Romanian Telephone Company. In 1931, he allied himself to Malaxa in order to acquire controlling interest in Creditanstalt. This business was overseen through their consortium, the ''Compagnie Européenne de Participations Industrielles'' (CEPI), which operated out of Monaco. A "brainchild of the Aușnit brothers", CEPI also provided security for Vickers' return on investments, which, in Monaco, were "free of currency restrictions and political danger".

Journalists circulated rumors according to which Auschnitt had enjoyed a close connection to Carol Caraiman, who, in 1930, became Carol II, King of the Romanians. According to such reports, it was he who arranged for Carol to meet and fall in love with Elena Lupescu, while also sponsoring him during his 1920s exile. Auschnitt belonged to a branch of Romanian Freemasonry, frequenting Meșterul Manole Lodge alongside Malaxa and Aristide Blank, and, through it, sponsoring ''Revista Fundațiilor Regale'', a political-cultural journal. All three financiers were also visible members of Carol's '' camarilla''—although Auschnitt's inclusion was comparatively late. By January 1936, six former Finance Ministers, including two of the National Peasants' Party (PNȚ), were reportedly serving on the TNC's executive board. Such connections became the source of controversy, since Auschnitt, like Malaxa and Dumitru Mociornița, thrived on government contracts. As noted by economic historian Horațiu Dan, these figures "prospered strictly from contracts involving the state." Horațiu Dan
"Economia românească interbelică și rolul sistemului bancar în dezvoltarea economică"
in ''Revista Hiperboreea'', Issue 3/2013, p. 39 Similarly, historian Ioan Scurtu mentions the "huge profits" collected by Auschnitt and Malaxa from such ventures, and how these were shared with Carol and his courtiers, including Ernest Urdăreanu. According to Scurtu, Carol was first persuaded to form this ring in June 1931, when Malaxa and Auschnitt presented him with a large bag of cash.

Iron Guard and wedding affair

From 1929 to 1933, Auschnitt represented Galați Chamber of Commerce and Industry in the Senate of Romania.Octavian Roske ''et al.'', ''Mecanisme represive în România, 1945–1989. Dicționar biografic, I: A–C'', p. 160. Bucharest: National Institute for the Study of Totalitarianism, 2001. Although he ran and won as an independent, he received official backing from the PNȚ administration in the July 1932 reelection, running unopposed. In that context, Auschnitt was becoming noted as the PNȚ's financial backer."Cine nu știe?!", in ''Gazeta Transilvaniei'', Issue 97/1937, p. 1Elizabeth Hazard, "Războiul Rece a început în România", in ''Magazin Istoric'', August 1996, p. 51 Lawyer-memoirist Petre Pandrea alleges that Auschnitt had corrupted his old friend Madgearu, who was by then the PNȚ ideologue, ensuring that Madgearu never acted in the interest of Romanian peasants. According to files kept by agents of the ''Siguranța'', Auschnitt was also especially close to politician Dem I. Dobrescu.

At a time when 32% of Romanian commercial enterprises were owned by Romanian Jews, ethnicity and a high profile in financial life made Auschnitt a topic of antisemitic libel, including blackmail by the Iron Guard. Already in the late 1920s, Auschnitt allegedly purchased scrap iron from Iron Guard cooperatives, as a means to disguise his purchase of influence. However, protection remained uncertain: according to one report, an associate of the Guard, Gheorghe Beza, received 20,000 lei from Constantin C. Orghidan, manager of TNC, to assassinate his boss. ''Siguranța'' records also include allegations that Auschnitt, Malaxa and Dobrescu were behind the magazines ''Credința'' and ''Floarea de Foc'', launched by Sandu Tudor in an attempt to promote Christian anti-fascism. It remains more credibly attested that Auschnitt was by then a sponsor of anti-fascist campaigns in various other newspapers and journals. However, the outlawed Romanian Communist Party cited Auschnitt exclusively as a "warmonger"—a charge which appears for instance in a February 1934 article by Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej.

In late 1933, a Guardist death squad murdered Prime Minister Ion G. Duca, exposing the movement to Carol's violent retaliation. As reported by writer R. G. Waldeck, the Guardist leader Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, fearing for his life, messaged Auschnitt the warning: "If you don't find a way to save me, you'll be bumped off next." According to this account, Auschnitt and Lupescu, by then a royal mistress, hid Codreanu from the authorities, and also negotiated a truce; Waldeck also claims that Auschnitt and Malaxa agreed to finance the Iron Guard, thus ensuring its political survival into the post-Duca era. The allegation was also publicized by Panait Istrati, who sympathized with the anti-Codreanu group, the Crusade of Romanianism. He noted that Guardists took Auschnitt's money while still reining violence on lower-class Jews, who were powerless.

According to historian Grigore Traian Pop, the claim that Auschnitt was Codreanu's sponsor is fundamentally inaccurate, and planted in the public arena by Blank and Victor Iamandi, who were Auschnitt's rivals at the court. Several Guardists have independently confirmed that Auschnitt advanced sizable contributions to their cause over an unspecified period—though, as noted by historian Roland Clark, these merely showed that he wanted his business protected from harm. The conflict between Codreanu and Auschnitt was finally resumed in 1934, when the Guard's press referred to "Max Auschnitt the kike", "national bloodsucker", as the power behind the throne. This notion was also embraced by the Romanian Front (FR), a far-right dissidence of the PNȚ, whose newspapers claimed that "the kike Max Auschnit" had steadily raised the price of iron after 1930. As Damian argued: "He, the Jew from Galicia, determined whether of not the Romanian peasant deserved to own a plow .. He dictated the price of nails, of corrugation, of iron, or heating stoves, of gutter pipes, of anything iron-related".

Auschnitt's first marriage was to a Jewish woman,"Entre os detidos encontra-se o governador geral das fabricas de aço 'Titan'", in '' Diário Carioca'', November 15, 1939, p. 5 Nelly, who in March 1924 gave birth to a son, later known as Steve Aușnit.''In Memory of Steve Ausnit, TOLI Board Member''
The Olga Lengyel Institute for Holocaust Studies and Human Rights, November 18, 2019 Her father, the banker Arnold Aronovici, cemented Auschnitt's links with British capital, and allegedly plotted with him to bring in a small British firm, Stewart & Partners, as builders of the Bucharest–Brașov highway; this scheme also involved some in the PNȚ, in particular Madgearu. Nelly died "after brief suffering" on February 16, 1927, aged 26. Max was then engaged to Leonora Brooke, daughter of the White Rajah, Charles Vyner Brooke, whom he was set to marry in September 1933. The wedding was called off, allegedly because Lenore favored another lover.Marius Ionescu, "Pași în trecut. O vilă la șosea", in ''Bună Dimineața, București!'', Issue 5/2013, p. 7 Auschnitt remained noted for his escapades with film stars and high-society ladies, before finally marrying Livia Pordea (also rendered as Prodea or Pordeanu), from a political family of Cluj. His father-in-law was Augustin Pordea, at the time a serving as Vice President in the Senate. Romulus Căplescu
"Ginerele lui Malaxa, George Emil Palade, primul român laureat al Premiului Nobel"
in ''Historia'', March 2017

The wedding came in January 1935, at the same time as Auschnitt's conflict with the Iron Guard, and therefore had to take place in secrecy, at Augustin Pacha's chapel in Timișoara. Respecting the wishes of his in-laws, Auschnitt abandoned Judaism and converted to Catholicism. Reputedly, the issue of his conversion only served to enrage his Guardist adversaries. It also caused a polemic in religious circles, sparked by the observation that the Pordeas were Greek Catholics, whereas Auschnitt had opted for the Roman Catholic Church. Pandrea claims that Madgearu became the Auschnitts' godfather, though other sources contrarily allege that he was their godson. Auschnitt bought his family the Gheorghe Manu villa on Aleea Alexandru, Dorobanți, Bucharest. Designed by Grigore Cerchez, and partly redecorated by Auschnitt himself, it was situated very near to Malaxa's residence. The Billionaires' Club, which reunited Auschnitt with Malaxa and Constantin Argetoianu, was housed at this location until 1937, when its members rented Elisabeta Palace.

Argetoianu reports that, in 1937, Auschnitt also attempted to buy a portion of Romania's sugar industry from Creditanstalt, which had foreclosed various Romanian refineries. He found himself overwhelmed by liabilities and resold his shares to Carol II, who immediately obtained a debt restructuring. For a while, the new couple was especially close to Lupescu, for whom Auschnitt and other ''camarilla'' businessmen obtained villas in Dorobanți and Sinaia. Auschnitt alone purchased from the Aga Khan the steed Firdussi, which he then presented as a gift for Carol. According to reports by Carol's lawyer George de Berea, Auschnitt and Malaxa met in Lupescu's house for poker matches, using gold coins as tokens. Argetoianu notes that Auschnitt made sure to play a losing hand.

Auschnitt's extreme wealth made him into a patron of the arts. Though a Catholic, he donated to the Orthodox parishes in Hăuzești and Săceni. From 1935, his donations helped Gavrilă Marinescu build an administrative palace for the Romanian Police. One anecdote suggests that Auschnitt also heard actors Grigore Vasiliu Birlic and Ion Iancovescu plead for financial assistance, before presenting them with a literal wall of cash, and asking them to pick out a layer of money. His social advancement also raised the profile of Livia's brother, August "Gustave" Pordea, who took as his lover the actress Elvira Godeanu.

Marginalization

Auschnitt also remained discreetly involved in political life, a sponsor of less radical nationalist platforms, leading to paradoxes. One such "incongruity" is noted by Pandrea, according to whom the PNȚ used Auschnitt's "recent subsidies" to publish Ernest Ene's calls to nationalize Romania's heavy industry. At a meeting of the General Union of Industrialists in November 1935, Auschnitt himself argued for tariffs on Romanian exports as a means of preventing "weak-currency countries" from competing with local factories. In August 1936, he published in ''La Roumanie Nouvelle'' a favorable review of Romania's industrial "autarky", demanding protectionist measures in agriculture and mining.

Later that year, rumors that Auschnitt had attended a hunting party with PNȚ leaders Iuliu Maniu and Ion Mihalache were dismissed by the party press as "intended to stoke the people's animosity". With the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, Auschnitt maintained a personal friendship with the Francoist ambassador, Pedro Prat y Soutzo. Prat claimed that Auschnitt sponsored his diplomatic mission, though, as noted by scholar Judith Keene, this too was an attempt by the businessman to appease the Romanian fascists. In August 1937, the FR's Alexandru Vaida-Voevod claimed that Auschnitt had even acknowledged employment discrimination favoring Romanians as a positive. Vaida hypothesized that Auschnitt's baptism had changed his perspective on Romanianization; he also hinted that such messaging was vetted by the PNȚ, which was courting the far-right. During that same interval, Octavian Goga noted that PNȚ figures were borrowing ideas from his own National Christian Party, and "posing as nationalist reformers, presumably with Mr. Auschnitt's blessing".

From September, Auschnitt's activities became a main topic of scrutiny for the pro-fascist daily ''Universul'', whose staff believed that he was behind Zaharia Stancu's left-wing newspaper, ''Lumea Românească''. Ahead of national elections in December, Auschnitt became a Senate candidate for the PNȚ. As noted by Argetoianu, the Iron Guard believed that Auschnitt was maneuvering to set up a new government team under Ion Mihalache, which greatly enraged Codreanu and his followers; however, the allegation was dismissed by Edgar, according to whom Max was "not up to anything". Eventually, Auschnitt retook a Senate seat in Romania's 1937 legislature. During the conflicts of that year, the Iron Guard reportedly threw an explosive device at the Aleea Alexandru villa; after this incident, Auschnitt dispatched Steve to safety in England.

Auschnitt confessed being taken by surprise when Carol appointed Goga as Premier, as the king never mentioned his plans to his poker partners. Early in 1937, he and Blank, together with Wilhelm Filderman and Armand Călinescu, had drafted a plan for the mass emigration of Romanian Jews to Mandatory Palestine. This attempt was foiled by opposition from both Britain and Nazi Germany. In February 1938, Auschnitt announced that he was giving up on politics and moving abroad, sparking alarm that he was going to create chaos by also giving up on his managerial duties. As he explained at the time, he only pondered exile because of Goga's racial laws, which were specifically targeted at Jews.

Only days after, Carol II staged a self-coup, outlawing all political parties and replacing them with the National Renaissance Front; the antisemitic legislation, passed in 1937, was tightened and extended. This regime also formalized Carol's growing disdain for Auschnitt, which reportedly began when Livia refused Carol's sexual advances, or when Lupescu grew jealous that she would not.Toma Roman Jr, Dinu Zamfirescu, "Mata Hari a României", in ''Jurnalul Național'', August 8, 2008 Pandrea alleges that "the Transylvanian tease Pordea" was publicly known as Carol's second mistress, and tolerated as such by Lupescu. He believes that the conflict between Malaxa and Auschnitt exploded when Malaxa's young daughter, seduced by Carol, came to usurp Livia's role at the court. Auschnitt himself was notoriously unfaithful to his wife, spending his money on sexual escapades in Vienna.

As reported by Jovan Dučić, in late 1938 Auschnitt and Malaxa were involved in undermining the Polish–Romanian alliance, favoring instead Czechoslovakia and the Little Entente; this was because of Poland's role in the partition of Czechoslovakia, and because of both industrialists being suppliers for Škoda Works. Dučić alleges that the two men played a crucial part in preventing Romania from annexing Carpatho-Ukraine, as proposed to Carol by the Polish government. From March 1939, Carol directed Romania's political and economic rapprochement with Germany. This move alienated Auschnitt, who feared Nazi racial policies. His memorandum on the matter reached Carol and Madgearu, but had no success. The same month, Romanian diplomat Viorel Tilea, who had once served as Auschnitt'e employee, attempted to engineer a government reshuffle and steer Romania back into the anti-German camp. Auschnitt was often credited as the mastermind behind Tilea's action, though Tilea himself later revealed that he was urged on by people close to Malaxa.

In July, Carol shelved the plan for an Anglo–Franco–Romanian joint venture, reportedly objecting that its two would-be managers, Auschnitt and Oskar Kaufmann, were Jewish. Later that month, Orghidan, who was seen as "Auschnit's man", was voted off the UDR board. Soon after this, Auschnitt was no longer invited to Lupescu's poker evenings. On August 18, he resigned from the UDR, citing no explicit reason. The pretext was offered by his alleged conflict of interest: Auschnitt was claimed to have tampered with a signed UDR contract in order to obtain state compensation for TNC budgetary losses. Auschnitt is cited by Argetoianu as emotionally shaken by the interpretation of facts, openly denying that the document in question was ever modified. The diarist notes that Urdăreanu, who "has a nose for these things", had come to openly disrespect Auschnitt long before heading the investigation at Reșița. This issue is attested in other records, which, Scurtu notes, show Urdăreanu constantly engaged in undermining Auschnitt's reputation. Pandrea reports that Livia Auschnitt once insulted Urdăreanu, who enjoyed Lupescu's protection.

Commenting on Max Auschnitt's character in his own diary, Carol surmises: "A Yid is still a Yid, no matter how nice he might be as a man." Urdăreanu allegedly concluded that Auschnitt had also "clogged" the UDR with Jews and Hungarians, and insisted that this was additional proof of malfeasance. Argetoianu additionally reports that both Auschnitt and Kaufmann had by then been involved in insider trading at the Credit Bank, from which they drew a profit of 6 million lei between them. Their momentary success was offset by Edgar Auschnitt, who lost 3 million lei playing backgammon against Constantin Cantacuzino.

First trial

News of Auschnitt's defeat by Malaxa were recorded by socialite Marthe Bibesco as evidence that a "British pawn" had lost to a "pawn or half-pawn of the German financiers". Similarly, economist Kurt Lachmann places blame for Auschnitt's ouster on the "antisemitic campaign in Rumania, financed by the Nazis." In Germany, the ''Völkischer Beobachter'' openly celebrated the Auschnitts' downfall. Auschnitt's opposition to Nazi policies entered a new stage in March 1939, just before the Allied Powers renewed their commitment to defending Poland from Nazi encroachment. Historian R. P. T. Davenport-Hines suggests that Auschnitt may have been responsible for strengthening the Anglo-Polish military alliance in that he circulated an alarmist claim, namely that Germany had issued an ultimatum for Romania to join the Axis. In September, during the Nazi invasion of Poland, Auschnitt retaliated against the Nazis by assisting Polish refugees.

In October, the king allowed Iamandi to draft new regulations for '' sociétés anonymes'', specifically designed to harm Auschnitt; the latter was being interrogated by prosecutors regarding his UDR contracts. Business rivals where then allowed to engineer a trial against Auschnitt, who was accused of fraud and money laundering. Various observers believed that he was no longer willing to share his profits with the ''camarilla'', which made him a target for retribution. Argetoianu adds speculation that Carol was resentful because his stocks in the Lujani sugar refineries, obtained from Auschnitt, had been subject to litigation; or that the king intended to please Adolf Hitler by "sacrificing his own kikes". The interpretation is partly backed by sociologist Mictat Gârlan, according to whom "Max Auschnitt, a man close to the Royal House", was arrested "only because he was Jewish." The disgraced courtier kept in his desk a document showing that Carol was fully responsible for the sugar debacle.

A "public enemy number 1", Auschnitt was also expected to relinquish his UDR shares. According to one account, he agreed to sell only if he was guaranteed immunity from prosecution and allowed to settle in France, where Livia had already relocated. A deal was reached, but Auschnitt was still arrested on the border. Argetoianu partly backs this rumor, by relaying a story allegedly told by Iamandi, according to which Auschnitt agreed to cede his stock if promised immunity from prosecution. His proposal, Argetoianu notes, was simply denied. Though selected by Carol to serve as Prime Minister during the same interval, Argetoianu still viewed the affair as a settling of scores, and asked not to be involved on either side. With Auschnitt's taking into police custody on the evening of November 8, the censorship office was instructed to allow the publication of "any reportage that would detail the reasons behind isarrest." As he was being relocated to Văcărești prison that same day, Argetoianu read his grounds for indictment and concluded that his friend was not in fact innocent, though the trial he faced was likely to be unfair.

The matter was personally handled by Gavrilă Marinescu, who was Argetoianu's Minister of Internal Affairs. He cited his "moral debt" to Auschnitt in an attempt to recuse himself, but Carol insisted that he pursue the investigation, noting that Auschnitt was symptomatic for a "corrupt system", and that a show trial would commence "the purge" of Romanian industry. On November 14, the authorities raided TNC offices, arresting general manager Constantin Naghi and four other directors who, they claimed, were "controlled by Aușnit". They also detained an unnamed witness, whose testimony allowed them to recover 10 million French francs that Auschnitt had deposited with his former father-in-law, Aronovici. Prosecutors also looked into another issue of conflicting interests, noting that Auschnitt had used CEPI to buy off UDR assets.

On December 5, a new cabinet, headed by Gheorghe Tătărescu, stripped Edgar Auschnitt of his citizenship; Max lost his four days later."Rumania Liquidating the Property of Edgar Ausnit, Brother of Jailed Arms Magnate"
in the ''News from All Over the World. By the Jewish Telegraphic Agency'', Vol. VI, Issue 198, April 1940, p. 5 Edgar had by then escaped to London, which allowed government to confiscate and redistribute his assets in Romania. Livia, meanwhile, was spotted on the French Riviera, allegedly pursuing an affair with Kurt von Haugwitz-Reventlow. Argetoianu assesses that Auschnitt's imprisonment had by then brought a great surge in the king's popularity, since the public, especially the "nationalist and antisemitic circles", could now believe that the tide was turning on his ''camarilla''. He comments on demonstrative gestures by the authorities, which included forcing Auschnitt into the regular police van. Argetoianu also writes that " philosemites" were baffled by Carol's clampdown, and exaggerated its meaning. He illustrates this with a quote from General Eugeniu Vârtejanu, who was reportedly Auschnitt's friend: "This is the Dreyfus affair in its Romanian version".

For all his subjects' enthusiasm, the king never agreed to have other ''camarilla'' men prosecuted for their alleged misdeeds. As noted by researcher George Enache, the affair showed the power that of Romanian secret services had in influencing legal procedures, especially so since Malaxa, whose name had been cited in similar allegations, was never convicted. In February 1940, an I. D. Dumitrescu publicized a full record of illegal deals involving Malaxa (who had left the country on an extended leave), but Carol ordered Marinescu not to follow up on this lead. On March 14, Auschnitt was sentenced to a six-year term in labor camps, and ordered to pay back 200 million lei (approximately 140,000 British pounds in 2016 rates). In June, while filing his appeal from Doftana prison, he made a final attempt at placating the ''camarilla'', offering to split his UDR shares between CEPI and Malaxa's companies. This message failed to impress. His UDR stock was confiscated without him being involved. Auschnitt's shares were reportedly split between the Nazi iron conglomerate and Malaxa. According to Lachmann, Albert Göring "terrorized the Rumanian government" into issuing more shares that his firm then acquired.

Antonescu years

In September 1940, following public outrage over the Second Vienna Award, Carol was deposed and exiled, alongside his mistress; the "National Legionary State" was established as a partnership between the Iron Guard and General Ion Antonescu. The Guard opened up Lupescu's residence, reportedly showing that she still kept Livia Auschnitt's portrait. According to Petru Groza, who served time in Malmaison prison in 1943–1944, Max Auschnitt had spent some time there, and had been allowed to refurbish a bathroom, which became the communal laundry room. Antonescu was lenient toward Auschnitt, dispatching him to a sanitarium, but also continued to enforce and enhance antisemitic laws. Such policies remained unchanged when the Guard was ousted in January 1941, as Romania remained closely aligned with Germany. In April, Livia obtained that the seal be lifted on her Bucharest home, but the regime used this occasion to inspect the premises. Prosecutors reportedly found a trove of foreign currency, which they confiscated, preparing to have Max Auschnitt placed on trial for tax evasion.

In December 1941, Antonescu noted of Auschnitt: "once a kike, always a kike". He openly acknowledged that Auschnitt was in fact innocent of any crime, and favored allowing him to leave Romania if he would transfer all his property to the state; this attempt was foiled by protests from Joachim von Ribbentrop, the German Foreign Minister. Despite further outrage from such circles, Antonescu's courts commuted Auschnitt's sentence into forced labor at the TNC, meaning that he was effectively on parole. In October 1941, Auschnitt had offered to donate his share of the TNC to a state company. His proposal caused much embarrassment for Antonescu's ministers, since accepting under the circumstances would have looked like their blackmailing a prisoner. Ciprian Stoleru
"Guvernul Antonescu, pus în dificultate de o donație a lui Max Auschnitt"
in ''Historia'', March 2012 Antonescu himself intervened to chide Orghidan and Alexandru Ottulescu for stalling. In January 1942, Auschnitt sorted the issue by appointing Orghidan as caretaker of his estate, which allowed for TNC stock to be issued and bought by the state using Auschnitt's money. In May 1943, the UDR, managed at the time by Göring and physicist Horia Hulubei, reported capital gains of 37.8 million lei obtained from the Auschnitt and CEPI transactions. Meanwhile, operating through the Cisatlantic and Cisoceanic consortia, Edgar was able to purchase an interest in the Romanian munitions manufacturer, IRMC.L. M. Lamm, "Windows on Washington. Roumanian-Owned Forge Equipment Seized by U. S.", in ''Steel'', Vol. 111, Issue 2, July 1942, p. 57 He finally moved to the United States in early 1942. Here, a forge equipment he had ordered in 1939 was confiscated by the Office of Alien Property Custodian, and made available for use by the United States Navy.

Eventually, Antonescu's review of previous court verdicts reached Auschnitt's case. Unusually for a Jew in that context, he was cleared of the charges and released on July 3, 1942. Around that time, Auschnitt managed to transfer money from his accounts with the Swiss Bank Corporation to a cell of anti-fascist exiles in England, which was overseen by Grigore Gafencu. This stipend of 6,000 British pounds was Gafencu's main source of revenue in 1943. During August 1942, Antonescu was informed that the UDR management was running a 16-bed clinic for its 11,000 employees, and gave orders to remedy this situation. In recounting the episode, Gelu Vifor of ''Țara'' newspaper commented: "Max Aușnit and the racketeering politicians financed by that dastardly kike should take note of this truth: ''Something'' has sure changed in this country" (Vifor's emphasis). That same month, Auschnitt and Franz von Neumann donated 50 million Swiss francs to a charity managed by Maria Antonescu. This was a precautionary measure against the planned transport of Banat Jews to Nazi extermination camps, and may have contributed to the halting of all such transports. Auschnitt also partnered with Arthur Tester, whom he himself described as "naturally an anti-Semite, but a civilized one"; Tester organized transports of Romanian Jews to Palestine in exchange for Auschnitt's cash. Auschnitt also donated for a "makeshift healthcare center" at the Jewish labor camp in Cotroceni, after Colonel Agapiescu allowed Maximilian Popper to provide medical treatment for the inmates.

In early 1943, Auschnitt was interned at the camp in Târgu Jiu, which also held leading members of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR). One of these was Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu, who became close friends with the industrialist. Upon release, the latter began financing the underground movement, Stelian Tănase
"Belu Zilber (II)"
in ''Revista 22'', Vol. XIV, Issue 701, August 2003 which now intended to topple Antonescu. His donations, formally presented as humanitarian contributions for jailed militants, reached Pătrășcanu through PCR proxies Belu Zilber and Remus Koffler. Auschnitt's relative freedom still irked Nazi observers. In May 1943, the genocidal ''Obersturmbannführer'' Adolf Eichmann

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