Maria Alexandrovna ( rus, Мария Александровна), born Princess Marie of Hesse and by Rhine (8 August 1824 – 3 June 1880), was Empress of Russia as the first wife and political adviser of
Emperor Alexander II
Alexander II ( rus, Алекса́ндр II Никола́евич, Aleksándr II Nikoláyevich, p=ɐlʲɪˈksandr ftɐˈroj nʲɪkɐˈlajɪvʲɪtɕ; 29 April 181813 March 1881) was Emperor of Russia, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Fin ...
. She was one of the founders of the
Russian Red Cross Society
The Russian Red Cross Society ( rus, Российский Красный Крест, Rossiyskiy Krasny Krest, rɐˈsʲijskʲɪj 'krasnɨj 'krʲest) is a volunteer-led, humanitarian organization that provides emergency assistance, disaster relief ...
.
The legal daughter of
Grand Duke Ludwig II of Hesse and
Princess Wilhelmine of Baden
Princess Wilhelmine Louise of Baden (21 September 1788 – 27 January 1836), was by birth a Princess of Baden from the House of Zähringen and by marriage Grand Duchess consort of Hesse and by Rhine. Her descendants include the last emperor of Ru ...
, Wilhelmine Marie was raised in austerity but was well educated by her mother, who died when her daughter was very young. She was only 14 years old when the Tsesarevich Alexander Nikolaevich (later Tsar Alexander II of Russia) fell in love with her while he was traveling to Western Europe. She arrived in Russia in September 1840, converted to the
Eastern Orthodox Church
The Eastern Orthodox Church, also called the Orthodox Church, is the second-largest Christian church, with approximately 220 million baptized members. It operates as a communion of autocephalous churches, each governed by its bishops via ...
, changed the name Wilhelmine Marie for Maria Alexandrovna, and took the title of Grand Duchess. For fourteen years (1840–1855), she was
Tsesarevna
Tsesarevich (russian: Цесаревич, ) was the title of the heir apparent or presumptive in the Russian Empire. It either preceded or replaced the given name and patronymic.
Usage
It is often confused with "tsarevich", which is a dis ...
, the wife of the heir of the Russian throne. Although she did not enjoy court life because of her withdrawn nature, she identified with her adopted country.
After the death of
Nicholas I, Maria Alexandrovna became the Russian Empress consort and was known for her intellect. She organized and expanded the
funds
Funding is the act of providing resources to finance a need, program, or project. While this is usually in the form of money, it can also take the form of effort or time from an organization or company. Generally, this word is used when a firm uses ...
of the Russian Red Cross, established Russia's first all-female schools, and helped Alexander II to
end serfdom. However, she suffered from
tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by '' Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but it can also affect other parts of the body. Most infections show no symptoms, in ...
from 1863 and spent long stays in southern Europe to avoid harsh winters, which worsened after the death of her eldest son
Nicholas Alexandrovich
Nicholas Alexandrovich (russian: Николай Александрович; – ) was tsesarevich—the heir apparent—of Imperial Russia from 2 March 1855 until his death in 1865.
Early life
Grand Duke Nicholas was born on 1843, i ...
. Although she and her husband were unofficially separated shortly afterwards, Maria was treated with respect and love by her surviving family. The
Mariinsky Theatre
The Mariinsky Theatre ( rus, Мариинский театр, Mariinskiy teatr, also transcribed as Maryinsky or Mariyinsky) is a historic theatre of opera and ballet in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Opened in 1860, it became the preeminent music th ...
in
Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg ( rus, links=no, Санкт-Петербург, a=Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg, r=Sankt-Peterburg, p=ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk), formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), i ...
and
Mariinskyi Palace
The Mariinskyi Palace ( uk, Маріїнський палац, ''Mariinskyi palats'') is the official ceremonial residence of the President of Ukraine. The Elizabethan baroque palace is sited on the right bank of the Dnipro River in Kyiv, Ukra ...
were built with her help and named after her.
Childhood
Maximiliane Wilhelmine Auguste Sophie Marie was born on in
Darmstadt
Darmstadt () is a city in the States of Germany, state of Hesse in Germany, located in the southern part of the Frankfurt Rhine Main Area, Rhine-Main-Area (Frankfurt Metropolitan Region). Darmstadt has around 160,000 inhabitants, making it th ...
, Hesse, Germany.
[Zeepvat, ''Romanov Autumn'', p.49][Gilbert, ''Alexander II and Tsarkoe Selo'', p. 40] She was the youngest child among the seven children of
Prince Hereditary Ludwig of Hesse and
Princess Wilhelmine of Baden
Princess Wilhelmine Louise of Baden (21 September 1788 – 27 January 1836), was by birth a Princess of Baden from the House of Zähringen and by marriage Grand Duchess consort of Hesse and by Rhine. Her descendants include the last emperor of Ru ...
, sister of Russian Empress
Elizabeth Alexeievna. Although her parents were double first cousins, they were a mismatched couple:
[Zeepvat, ''Heiligenberg'', p. 2] Ludwig was dull, shy and withdrawn, while Wilhelmine, eleven years his junior, was pretty and charming.
After the birth of three sons, the couple grew apart during the turbulent years of the
Napoleonic Wars
The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of major global conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European states formed into various coalitions. It produced a period of Fren ...
while Ludwig was in the battlefields.
After a gap of eleven years, Princess Wilhelmine went on to have four more children, but court rumors attributed the biological paternity of the second set of children to Baron
August von Senarclens de Grancy
August Ludwig Freiherr von Senarclens-Grancy (; 19 August 17943 October 1871) was the firstborn son of three sons and four daughters of César Auguste, Baron von Senarclens de Grancy, (born in 1763) and his wife Élizabeth Claudine Marie-Rose de ...
, Grand Master of the stables of the Grand Duke of Hesse.
[Korneva & Cheboksarova, ''Russia & Europe'', p. 13] Of those four children, Marie and her brother
Alexander
Alexander is a male given name. The most prominent bearer of the name is Alexander the Great, the king of the Ancient Greek kingdom of Macedonia who created one of the largest empires in ancient history.
Variants listed here are Aleksandar, Al ...
, who was a year older, lived to adulthood. While Prince Ludwig officially recognized the children as his,
he and his wife became estranged by 1827.
Her ancestry chart below assumes her legitimacy. See Grancy's page for her
rumored paternal ancestry.
In 1828, Princess Wilhelmine moved with her two younger children and their household to Heiligenberg, a mountainside estate nestled on a hill overlooking the village of
Jugenheim that she purchased that same year
[Zeepvat, ''Romanov Autumn'', p.50] Wilhelmine Marie was 4 years old when she moved with 5-years-old Alexander and their mother to Heiligenberg, where the siblings spent most of their childhood.
The castle had been previously a nunnery and was located some 20 kilometers from Darmstadt.
In 1829, however, their parents celebrated their silver wedding anniversary in apparent harmony.
[Zeepvat, ''Heiligenberg'', p. 3] In 1830, their paternal grandfather, Ludwig I of Hesse, died and their father became the new reigning Grand Duke. The ducal couple gradually reconciled and used Heiligenberg in the summer months.
Wilhelmine Marie grew up under the care of her mother, who was responsible for her high education and had preference for French culture. This was evident in her lessons, which had special emphasis on
finances
Finance is the study and discipline of money, currency and capital assets. It is related to, but not synonymous with economics, the study of production, distribution, and consumption of money, assets, goods and services (the discipline of fin ...
, history, and
literature
Literature is any collection of written work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art form, especially prose fiction, drama, and poetry. In recent centuries, the definition has expanded to include ...
. After her mother died of tuberculosis,
her lady-in-waiting and possible paternal aunt, Marianne
von Senarclens de Grancy, successfully took over the responsibility of 11-years-old Marie's education.
After their mother's death, Marie and Alexander moved permanently to their father's court in Darmstadt. The siblings would remain very close throughout their lives.
She became close to her two elder brothers
Louis III, Grand Duke of Hesse
Louis III, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine (german: link=no, Großherzog Ludwig III von Hessen und bei Rhein; 9 June 1806, Darmstadt – 13 June 1877, Seeheim) was Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine from 1848 until his death in 1877.
Biogr ...
, and Prince
Karl of Hesse. However, the cloud over the birth's legitimacy continued to be cast upon Marie and Alexander
since Ludwig II was cold and distant towards the children.
Engagement
In 1839,
Tsesarevich
Tsesarevich (russian: Цесаревич, ) was the title of the heir apparent or presumptive in the Russian Empire. It either preceded or replaced the given name and patronymic.
Usage
It is often confused with " tsarevich", which is a di ...
Alexander Nikolaevich, son of Tsar
Nicholas I of Russia
Nicholas I , group=pron ( – ) was List of Russian rulers, Emperor of Russia, Congress Poland, King of Congress Poland and Grand Duke of Finland. He was the third son of Paul I of Russia, Paul I and younger brother of his predecessor, Alexander I ...
, traveled to western Europe to complete his education and search for a wife.
[Van der Kiste, ''The Romanovs 1818–1959'', p.11] His parents had preselected Princess
Alexandrine of Baden, but he was unmoved.
[Zeepvat, ''Romanov Autumn'', p.31] On 13 March, after visiting the courts of
Prussia
Prussia, , Old Prussian: ''Prūsa'' or ''Prūsija'' was a German state on the southeast coast of the Baltic Sea. It formed the German Empire under Prussian rule when it united the German states in 1871. It was ''de facto'' dissolved by an em ...
,
Württemberg
Württemberg ( ; ) is a historical German territory roughly corresponding to the cultural and linguistic region of Swabia. The main town of the region is Stuttgart.
Together with Baden and Hohenzollern, two other historical territories, Würt ...
and
Baden
Baden (; ) is a historical territory in South Germany, in earlier times on both sides of the Upper Rhine but since the Napoleonic Wars only East of the Rhine.
History
The margraves of Baden originated from the House of Zähringen. Baden is ...
, Alexander's entourage made an unplanned stop at the court of Hesse.
Although the Grand Duke's only surviving daughter wasn't on the list of possible brides,
[Radinsky, ''Alexander II'', p. 66] they stopped for one day in Darmstadt because it was on their way and they needed some rest.
Invited to a performance of
Gaspare Spontini
Gaspare Luigi Pacifico Spontini (14 November 177424 January 1851) was an Italian opera composer and conductor from the classical era.
Biography
Born in Maiolati, Papal State (now Maiolati Spontini, Province of Ancona), he spent most of his ...
's ''
La vestale
''La vestale'' (''The Vestal Virgin'') is an opera composed by Gaspare Spontini to a French libretto by Étienne de Jouy. It takes the form of a ''tragédie lyrique'' in three acts. It was first performed on 15 December 1807 by the Académie Impé ...
'' by the Grand Duke, Alexander was introduced to 14-year-old Marie, who was slender and tall for her age, but still wore her hair loose. She was eating cherries and had to spit the pits into her hands when she was pushed forward to be introduced to the Tsesarevich.
[Zeepvat, ''The Camera and the Tsars'', p. 41] Alexander's tutor,
Vasily Zhukovsky
Vasily Andreyevich Zhukovsky (russian: Василий Андреевич Жуковский, Vasiliy Andreyevich Zhukovskiy; – ) was the foremost Russian poet of the 1810s and a leading figure in Russian literature in the first half of the 19 ...
, who was traveling with him, described the Princess as: "modest, charming and even intelligent."
[Radinsky, ''Alexander II'', p. 67]
Alexander was smitten
[Van der Kiste, ''The Romanovs 1818–1959'', p.12] and stayed to dine with the boring Ludwig II to see Marie again. Before he left Darmstadt, she gave him a locket containing a piece of her hair. That night Alexander wrote to his father: "I liked her terribly at first sight. If you permit it father, I will come back to Darmstadt after England."
As his son had carefully planned, Nicholas I received the letter nine days later on the day of the annunciation and saw the timing as a good omen. He gave his approval
despite the gossip surrounding her birth: if Ludwig II recognized her as his daughter, that was good enough.
[Zeepvat, ''Romanov Autumn'', p.32] In early June, Alexander returned to Darmstadt to ask marriage to Marie, who accepted. As she wasn't yet fifteen, a long engagement period was necessary before the actual marriage would take place.
Towards the closing weeks of 1839, he returned to Darmstadt to visit her again. A Russian Orthodox priest came to Darmstadt to give her instruction in the Russian Orthodox religion.
[Van der Kiste, ''The Romanovs 1818–1959'', p. 13]
The engagement between the Princess of Hesse and the Russian Tsesarevich was officially announced in April 1840.
Two generations earlier, another princess of Hesse-Darmstadt had married a Tsesarevich: Marie's paternal great-aunt,
Natalia Alexeievna, was the first wife of Tsar
Paul I Paul I may refer to:
*Paul of Samosata (200–275), Bishop of Antioch
*Paul I of Constantinople (died c. 350), Archbishop of Constantinople
*Pope Paul I (700–767)
*Paul I Šubić of Bribir (c. 1245–1312), Ban of Croatia and Lord of Bosnia
*Paul ...
.
In addition, Marie's maternal aunt
Louise of Baden (Empress Elizabeth Alexeievna) had married Tsar
Alexander I Alexander I may refer to:
* Alexander I of Macedon, king of Macedon 495–454 BC
* Alexander I of Epirus (370–331 BC), king of Epirus
* Pope Alexander I (died 115), early bishop of Rome
* Pope Alexander I of Alexandria (died 320s), patriarch of ...
, though she died when Marie was only two years old. However,
Alexandra Feodorovna (Charlotte of Prussia)
russian: Alexandra Feodorovna Romanova
, house = Hohenzollern
, father = Frederick William III of Prussia
, mother = Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
, birth_name = Princess Charlotte of Prussia
, birth_date =
, birth_p ...
objected to her son's choice of a wife. The Empress wasn't only disturbed by the rumors surrounding Marie's paternity, but ill-disposed towards the Hesse family and concerned that Marie might have inherited her mother's consumption.
In a letter to his mother, Alexander wrote: "I love her, and I would rather give up the throne, than not marry her. I will marry only her, that has my decision!"
After being persuaded by her husband, Empress Alexandra went to
Frankfurt
Frankfurt, officially Frankfurt am Main (; Hessian: , "Frank ford on the Main"), is the most populous city in the German state of Hesse. Its 791,000 inhabitants as of 2022 make it the fifth-most populous city in Germany. Located on its na ...
, where she met Marie in June.
By then, Marie had quickly learned the Russian language. The Empress liked what she saw and gave her permission for the marriage.
Tsesarevna
Wedding
![Maria of Hesse with her mother-in-law and sisters-in-law](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Maria_of_Hesse_with_her_mother-in-law_and_sisters-in-law.jpg)
A few weeks after her sixteenth birthday in August 1840, Marie's party set out for Russia. She was escorted by her brother Alexander and her governess, Mlle. von Grancy, who remained in Russia.
Marie arrived in September and shared her impressions of
Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg ( rus, links=no, Санкт-Петербург, a=Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg, r=Sankt-Peterburg, p=ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk), formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), i ...
in a letter to her family: "St. Petersburg is much more beautiful than I thought. The Neva River contributes to this. I think it is difficult to find a greater city. The view from the
Winter Palace
The Winter Palace ( rus, Зимний дворец, Zimnij dvorets, p=ˈzʲimnʲɪj dvɐˈrʲɛts) is a palace in Saint Petersburg that served as the official residence of the Emperor of all the Russias, Russian Emperor from 1732 to 1917. The p ...
on the Neva is wonderful!" Her arrival in Russia was greeted with great ceremony with a continuous round of amusements. French plays, operas and new ballets were performed in the Chinese theater, and each Sunday her future mother-in-law gave a banquet in the Alexander Palace.
However, Marie had a hard time adapting to her new surroundings.
Years later, her-lady-in waiting
Anna Tiutcheva
Anna Feodorovna Tiutcheva (russian: А́нна Фёдоровна Тю́тчева, 3 May 1829 – 23 August 1889) was a Russian Empire courtier, slavophile and memoirist. She was the maid of honour and confidante of empress Maria Alexandrovna (M ...
was to write about this period in the life of her mistress: "Having been raised in seclusion even, one might say, in austerity, in the little castle of Jugenheim, where she saw her father only rarely, she was more frightened than bedazzled when she was suddenly brought to the most opulent and brilliant court of all European nations. She told me that many times. After constant battles of overcoming her awkwardness, later on, under cover of darkness and the stillness of her room, she would give freedom to her muffled cries".
[Korneva & Cheboksarova, ''Russia & Europe'', p. 16]
Having been raised in the
Lutheran
Lutheranism is one of the largest branches of Protestantism, identifying primarily with the theology of Martin Luther, the 16th-century German monk and reformer whose efforts to reform the theology and practice of the Catholic Church launched th ...
religion, Marie was received into the
Russian Orthodox Church
, native_name_lang = ru
, image = Moscow July 2011-7a.jpg
, imagewidth =
, alt =
, caption = Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow, Russia
, abbreviation = ROC
, type ...
on and became Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna. On the next day, the official betrothal was held in the presence of the Imperial Family, the whole court, the Russian nobility, many notable foreign guests, and representatives of foreign states.
[Gilbert, ''Alexander II and Tsarkoe Selo'', p. 41] The wedding took place on in the
Cathedral Church of the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg, on the eve of Alexander's twenty-third birthday.
[Zeepvat, ''Romanov Autumn'', p.33] Maria wore a white dress richly embroidered with silver, a crimson robe with white satin and fine ermine fastened on her shoulders, and diamond jewelry (tiara, earrings, a necklace, and bracelets). Her future mother-in-law decorated her hair with orange blossoms sticking them between the diamonds in her tiara and pinned a small branch on her chest. The wedding was attended by members of the Russian Imperial family, the court and numerous guests and it was followed by a festive dinner ball.
First years
After the wedding, the young couple settled in a suite of rooms in the south-west block of the
Winter Palace
The Winter Palace ( rus, Зимний дворец, Zimnij dvorets, p=ˈzʲimnʲɪj dvɐˈrʲɛts) is a palace in Saint Petersburg that served as the official residence of the Emperor of all the Russias, Russian Emperor from 1732 to 1917. The p ...
.
During the summer, they resided in
Tsarskoye Selo
Tsarskoye Selo ( rus, Ца́рское Село́, p=ˈtsarskəɪ sʲɪˈlo, a=Ru_Tsarskoye_Selo.ogg, "Tsar's Village") was the town containing a former residence of the Russian imperial family and visiting nobility, located south from the cen ...
. Their apartments were located in the Zubov wing of the
Catherine Palace
The Catherine Palace (russian: Екатерининский дворец, ) is a Rococo palace in Tsarskoye Selo (Pushkin), 30 km south of St. Petersburg, Russia. It was the summer residence of the Russian tsars. The Palace is part of the ...
.
[Korneva & Cheboksarova, ''Russia & Europe'', p. 17]
Maria Alexandrovna struggled to assimilate herself with the court and make friends. Endless balls and court receptions bored her, but etiquette obliged her to fulfill the duties of representation as the wife of the Tsarevich. She reflected that life at court demanded “daily heroism... I lived like a volunteer fireman, ready to jump up at the alarm. Of course, I wasn't too sure about where to run or what to do.” She preferred country life in Tsarskoye Selo, where she enjoyed a more private life.
[Gilbert, ''Alexander II and Tsarkoe Selo'', p. 42]
Maria won the approval of her father-in-law,
Nicholas I. Nicholas I forbade anyone from discussing, or even thinking about, any rumors about her.
Like her late mother, Maria took great interest in horticulture and imported flowers from her native Germany, such as
lilies of the valley
Lily of the valley (''Convallaria majalis'' (), sometimes written lily-of-the-valley, is a woodland flowering plant with sweetly scented, pendent, bell-shaped white flowers borne in sprays in spring. It is native throughout the cool temperate No ...
and
cowslips. In the mornings, she took long walks with her ladies-in-waiting through the parks at the Catherine and
Alexander Palace at Tsarskoe Selo.
In this early period of her life in Russia, Maria was guided by her husband's aunt,
Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna. Although seventeen years apart in age, the two women became close friends and frequently ran their salons as a joint venture.
[Cowles, ''The Romanovs'', p. 171]
Maria and Alexander made a happy couple, full of tender care for one another. He ordered that banquets of fresh strawberries should be placed on his wife's dining table and enjoyed her company spending his mornings sitting on her bed.
There were regular informal gatherings at the young couple's household of loud readings, music, and card playing. Alongside her husband, Maria read
Mikhail Lermontov
Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov (; russian: Михаи́л Ю́рьевич Ле́рмонтов, p=mʲɪxɐˈil ˈjurʲjɪvʲɪtɕ ˈlʲɛrməntəf; – ) was a Russian Romantic writer, poet and painter, sometimes called "the poet of the Caucas ...
's ''
A Hero of Our Time
''A Hero of Our Time'' ( rus, Герой нашего времени, links=1, r=Gerój nášego vrémeni, p=ɡʲɪˈroj ˈnaʂɨvə ˈvrʲemʲɪnʲɪ) is a novel by Mikhail Lermontov, written in 1839, published in 1840, and revised in 1841.
It ...
'',
Nikolai Gogol
Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol; uk, link=no, Мико́ла Васи́льович Го́голь, translit=Mykola Vasyliovych Hohol; (russian: Яновский; uk, Яновський, translit=Yanovskyi) ( – ) was a Russian novelist, ...
's ''
Dead Souls
''Dead Souls'' (russian: «Мёртвые души», ''Mjórtvyje dúshi'') is a novel by Nikolai Gogol, first published in 1842, and widely regarded as an exemplar of 19th-century Russian literature. The novel chronicles the travels and adv ...
'',
Feodor Dostoevsky
Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (, ; rus, Фёдор Михайлович Достоевский, Fyódor Mikháylovich Dostoyévskiy, p=ˈfʲɵdər mʲɪˈxajləvʲɪdʑ dəstɐˈjefskʲɪj, a=ru-Dostoevsky.ogg, links=yes; 11 November 18219 ...
's ''
Poor Folk
''Poor Folk'' (russian: Бедные люди, ''Bednye lyudi''), sometimes translated as ''Poor People'', is the first novel by Fyodor Dostoevsky, written over the span of nine months between 1844 and 1845. Dostoevsky was in financial difficult ...
'', and later,
Ivan Turgenev
Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev (; rus, links=no, Ива́н Серге́евич Турге́невIn Turgenev's day, his name was written ., p=ɪˈvan sʲɪrˈɡʲe(j)ɪvʲɪtɕ tʊrˈɡʲenʲɪf; 9 November 1818 – 3 September 1883 (Old Style dat ...
's ''
A Sportsman's Sketches
''A Sportsman's Sketches'' (russian: Записки охотника, Zapiski ohotnika; also known as ''A Sportman's Notebook'', ''The Hunting Sketches'' and ''Sketches from a Hunter's Album'') is an 1852 cycle of short stories by Ivan Turgenev. ...
'', sharing Alexander's sympathies for the plight of the
serfs
Serfdom was the status of many peasants under feudalism, specifically relating to manorialism, and similar systems. It was a condition of debt bondage and indentured servitude with similarities to and differences from slavery, which developed ...
and becoming an ardent abolitionist.
The Tsarevich and the Tsarevna charmed their guests with their manners. She gave useful advice to her husband, who in turn gave her confidence to guide herself into society.
Sixteen months after her wedding, Maria Alexandrovna gave birth to her first child,
Alexandra
Alexandra () is the feminine form of the given name Alexander (, ). Etymologically, the name is a compound of the Greek verb (; meaning 'to defend') and (; GEN , ; meaning 'man'). Thus it may be roughly translated as "defender of man" or "prot ...
, born in August 1842, two years after her arrival in Russia. In September 1843, she gave birth to a son,
Nicholas
Nicholas is a male given name and a surname.
The Eastern Orthodox Church, the Roman Catholic Church, and the Anglicanism, Anglican Churches celebrate Saint Nicholas every year on December 6, which is the name day for "Nicholas". In Greece, the n ...
. Two more sons,
Alexander
Alexander is a male given name. The most prominent bearer of the name is Alexander the Great, the king of the Ancient Greek kingdom of Macedonia who created one of the largest empires in ancient history.
Variants listed here are Aleksandar, Al ...
and
Vladimir
Vladimir may refer to:
Names
* Vladimir (name) for the Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Macedonian, Romanian, Russian, Serbian, Slovak and Slovenian spellings of a Slavic name
* Uladzimir for the Belarusian version of the name
* Volodymyr for the Ukr ...
, were born in 1845 and 1847. Shortly after having her third son, her health began to fail and she had to go to
Bad Kissingen
Bad Kissingen is a German spa town in the Bavarian region of Lower Franconia and seat of the district Bad Kissingen. Situated to the south of the Rhön Mountains on the Franconian Saale river, it is one of the health resorts, which be ...
in
Bavaria
Bavaria ( ; ), officially the Free State of Bavaria (german: Freistaat Bayern, link=no ), is a state in the south-east of Germany. With an area of , Bavaria is the largest German state by land area, comprising roughly a fifth of the total lan ...
to recuperate. To mark each birth, Alexander and Maria planted oak trees in their private garden at Tsarskoye Selo, where
skittles
Skittles may refer to:
* Skittles (confectionery), a brand of fruit-flavor chewy candy, distributed by Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company
*'' Skittles Commercial: The Broadway Musical''
* Skittles (sport), the game from which bowling originated
* Skittles (ch ...
, swings and slides were provided for the children. Indoors, she played the piano and created tapestries with her family. In July 1849, both parents were devastated when their daughter Alexandra died from infant meningitis at the age of six and a half. Grief-stricken by her loss, Maria had to go to the sea town of
Revel in
Estonia
Estonia, formally the Republic of Estonia, is a country by the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, a ...
to recuperate.
[Nelipa, ''Alexander III His Life and Reign'', p. 10] Even many years later, she would still cry over the death of her eldest child.
[Zeepvat, ''Romanov Autumn'', p.52] In January 1850, she gave birth to a fourth son,
Grand Duke Alexei.
During her first decade in Russia, Maria Alexandrovna enjoyed the company and support of her brother Alexander, who had accompanied her to Russia to follow a military career there. In 1851, he contracted a
morganatic marriage
Morganatic marriage, sometimes called a left-handed marriage, is a marriage between people of unequal social rank, which in the context of royalty or other inherited title prevents the principal's position or privileges being passed to the spous ...
with
Julia von Hauke
Julia, Princess of Battenberg (previously Countess Julia Therese Salomea von Hauke; – 19 September 1895) was the wife of Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine, the third son of Louis II, Grand Duke of Hesse. The daughter of a Polish general ...
, one of his sister's ladies-in-waiting. As a consequence, he fell from grace and had to resign his Russian commission. He left the country, returning to Heiligenberg, the siblings' childhood home. In October 1853, Maria had a much-awaited second daughter,
Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna.
[Nelipa, ''Alexander III His Life and Reign'', p. 22]
Empress
On 18 February 1855, Nicholas I died of pneumonia and was succeeded by Alexander to the Russian throne as Tsar.
[Cowles, ''The Romanovs'', p. 179] It was a turbulent period as Russian troops were being defeated by an international coalition in the
Crimean War
The Crimean War, , was fought from October 1853 to February 1856 between Russia and an ultimately victorious alliance of the Ottoman Empire, France, the United Kingdom and Piedmont-Sardinia.
Geopolitical causes of the war included the de ...
.
[Cowles, ''The Romanovs'', p. 178] After a siege lasting eleven months,
Sevastopol
Sevastopol (; uk, Севасто́поль, Sevastópolʹ, ; gkm, Σεβαστούπολις, Sevastoúpolis, ; crh, Акъя́р, Aqyár, ), sometimes written Sebastopol, is the largest city in Crimea, and a major port on the Black Sea ...
fell in September 1855. With a prospect of invasion from the west if the war continued, Russia sued for peace in March 1856 in Paris.
[Cowles, ''The Romanovs'', p. 181] The humiliation of defeat was left behind by the coronation festivities that were held with
Byzantine
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire primarily in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinopl ...
splendor from 14 to 26 August 1856. The coronation ceremony lasted five hours took place at the
Assumption Cathedral of Moscow Kremlin on . When four court ladies tried to fix the crown to the 30-years-old Empress's head it nearly clattered to the ground, saved only by the fold of her cloak, a bad omen by the time.
[Cowles, ''The Romanovs'', p. 182] Nine months after the coronation, Maria Alexandrovna gave birth to a fifth son,
Sergei, in April 1857.
[Zeepvat, ''Romanov Autumn'', p.53] Suffering from depression, she was sent to Kissingen to recuperate.
[Nelipa, ''Alexander III His Life and Reign'', p. 37] On 3 October
.S. 21 September1860, she gave birth to
Paul
Paul may refer to:
*Paul (given name), a given name (includes a list of people with that name)
* Paul (surname), a list of people
People
Christianity
*Paul the Apostle (AD c.5–c.64/65), also known as Saul of Tarsus or Saint Paul, early Chri ...
, her eighth and final child,
[Nelipa, ''Alexander III His Life and Reign'', p. 48] but was so weakened that she was forced to spend several months resting on a couch in her boudoir in the Winter Palace.
[King, ''Livadia in the Reign of Alexander II'', p. 147] A month later, her mother-in-law died.
Charity Institutions
![Croixrouge logos](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Croixrouge_logos.jpg)
Since Russian tradition gave precedence to the Empress Mother over the reigning tsar's consort, it was only then that Maria Alexandrovna took a more decisive role in charitable activities. It was with her that the
Red Cross
The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is a Humanitarianism, humanitarian movement with approximately 97 million Volunteering, volunteers, members and staff worldwide. It was founded to protect human life and health, to ensure re ...
was established in Russia, which quickly turned into the largest and wealthiest public structure. Under her organization, the institution accumulated in its
accounts huge sums of money transferred by
benefactors from all over the Empire.
[Cowles, ''The Romanovs'', p. 185] The women's committees recollected twice the average funds recollected by provincial committees.
Maria Alexandrovna was the supreme patroness of the Red Cross: In total, she patronized 5 hospitals, 12 alms-houses, 30 shelters, 2 institutes, 38 gymnasiums, 156 lower schools, and 5 private charitable societies. Empress Maria expanded charitable activities during the
Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78. The beginning of a new era in women's education in Russia was marked by her establishment of open all-union women's educational institutions in 1872.
The students received lessons of
physics
Physics is the natural science that studies matter, its fundamental constituents, its motion and behavior through space and time, and the related entities of energy and force. "Physical science is that department of knowledge which r ...
,
chemistry
Chemistry is the science, scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter. It is a natural science that covers the Chemical element, elements that make up matter to the chemical compound, compounds made of atoms, molecules and ions ...
, and
medicine
Medicine is the science and practice of caring for a patient, managing the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, treatment, palliation of their injury or disease, and promoting their health. Medicine encompasses a variety of health care pract ...
.
Emancipation Manifesto
Tsar Alexander II relied on Maria Alexandrovna's judgment and serious nature to support his government, opening official documents and discussing states of affairs with her.
She supported Alexander's ideals of introducing reforms. Two opposite philosophical currents divided Russian politics of their time:
Westernizer
Westernizers (; russian: За́падник, Západnik, p=ˈzapədnʲɪk) were a group of 19th-century intellectuals who believed that Russia's development depended upon the adoption of Western European technology and liberal government. In their v ...
s and
Slavophiles
Slavophilia (russian: Славянофильство) was an intellectual movement originating from the 19th century that wanted the Russian Empire to be developed on the basis of values and institutions derived from Russia's early history. Slavoph ...
. The Westernizers, led by
Alexander Herzen
Alexander Ivanovich Herzen (russian: Алекса́ндр Ива́нович Ге́рцен, translit=Alexándr Ivánovich Gértsen; ) was a Russian writer and thinker known as the "father of Russian socialism" and one of the main fathers of agra ...
,
Vissarion Belinsky
Vissarion Grigoryevich Belinsky ( rus, Виссарион Григорьевич БелинскийIn Belinsky's day, his name was written ., Vissarión Grigórʹjevič Belínskij, vʲɪsərʲɪˈon ɡrʲɪˈɡorʲjɪvʲɪdʑ bʲɪˈlʲinskʲ ...
,
Ivan Turgenev
Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev (; rus, links=no, Ива́н Серге́евич Турге́невIn Turgenev's day, his name was written ., p=ɪˈvan sʲɪrˈɡʲe(j)ɪvʲɪtɕ tʊrˈɡʲenʲɪf; 9 November 1818 – 3 September 1883 (Old Style dat ...
and
Mikhail Bakunin
Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin (; 1814–1876) was a Russian revolutionary anarchist, socialist and founder of collectivist anarchism. He is considered among the most influential figures of anarchism and a major founder of the revolutionary ...
, wanted Russia aligned to Western science and values such as free thought, rationalism and individual liberty.
[Cowles, ''The Romanovs'', p. 172] By contrast, the Slavophiles, led by
Aleksey Khomyakov
Aleksey Stepanovich Khomyakov (russian: Алексе́й Степа́нович Хомяко́в; May 13 ( O.S. May 1) 1804, Moscow – October 5 (O.S. September 23), 1860, Moscow) was a Russian theologian, philosopher, poet and amateur artist. H ...
, the two Aksakov brothers,
Konstantine
Konstantine is a masculine given name. Notable people with the name include:
* Konstantine Dadeshkeliani (1826–1857), Georgian prince
* Konstantine Gamsakhurdia (1893–1975), Georgian writer
* Konstantine Gamsakhurdia (politician) (born 1961 ...
and
Ivan
Ivan () is a Slavic languages, Slavic male given name, connected with the variant of the Greek name (English: John (given name), John) from Hebrew language, Hebrew meaning 'God is gracious'. It is associated worldwide with Slavic countries. T ...
, and
Ivan Kireyevsky and his brother Pyotr Kireevsky advocated three principles: Autocracy, Orthodoxy and Nationalism.
[Cowles, ''The Romanovs'', p. 173]
Although she embraced Slavism with fervor, Maria Alexandrovna encouraged freedom and capitalism. She played an important role in the liberation of the serfs that came into fruition with the Emancipation reform of 1861, Emancipation Proclamation on , ending serfdom in Russia.
Court life
![Alexander II and his wife](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Alexander_II_and_his_wife.jpg)
The Russian court began its season early December and lasted until Lent.
[Cowles, ''The Romanovs'', p. 189] While subzero temperatures and icy winds kept the streets empty, balls and banquets were held indoors in overheated palaces, where their gracious host, Alexander II, gave intimate parties known as ''Les Bals des Palmières'' for which hundreds of palm trees were brought to the Winter Palace in horse-drawn boxes.
[Cowles, ''The Romanovs'', p. 190] However, Maria Alexandrovna did not share her husband's enthusiasm since she still disliked court events and considered Russian nobility frivolous.
[King, ''Livadia in the Reign of Alexander II'', p. 146] Society complained that she seemed cold, distant, and had no taste in dress.
Behind her back, she was called ''la petite bourgeoise allemande''.
Instead of letting the gossips affect her, Empress Maria paid great attention to the upbringing and education of her children, carefully choosing experienced teachers and ensuring their environment was strict. Her efforts centered on her eldest son, Nicholas Alexandrovich, Tsesarevich of Russia, Tsarevich Nicholas Alexandrovich, her favorite child who resembled her most.
[Zeepvat, ''Romanov Autumn'', p.36]
Empress Maria expressed her anger about Queen Victoria's negative view of Russia and her poor treatment of her daughter-in-law and Empress Maria's daughter, Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia. She complained to her brother
Louis III, Grand Duke of Hesse
Louis III, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine (german: link=no, Großherzog Ludwig III von Hessen und bei Rhein; 9 June 1806, Darmstadt – 13 June 1877, Seeheim) was Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine from 1848 until his death in 1877.
Biogr ...
that England was “certainly hostile to us. That makes Alexander II of Russia, the Tsar very anxious, on Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia, Marie’s account too.” When she learned about Queen Victoria's negative view of Russians, she wrote “The insulting things that the Queen says in her letters to Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Alfred about the Tsar and the Russian people are worthy of a fish-wife. Added to this is her grief that ‘our dear Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia, Marie’ should belong to a nation from whose vocabulary the words truth, justice, and humanity are lacking. Silly old fool.” When her daughter Maria complained about Queen Victoria, she sympathized with Maria: "To be quite frank, it is difficult to take such a mother-in-law seriously, and I am sorry on Marie's account."
Declining health
As Empress consort, Maria Alexandrovna had to attend many state functions, but from the 1860s her health declined. The doctors advised her to spend the winters in a warm climate and stop
intercourse with her husband in an effort to prolong her life. Preferring to remain in Russia, she agreed to the suggestion of recuperating in Crimea. Alexander II then bought for his wife the Livadia Palace, Livadia villa,
[King, ''Livadia in the Reign of Alexander II'', p. 148] a two-story wooden villa from the heirs of Polish Count Potocki, Lev Potocki.
[King, ''Livadia in the Reign of Alexander II'', p. 145] At the end of August 1861, Maria, her husband, and their children Alexei, Sergei and Paul visited Crimea for the first time.
She was charmed by the southern flora, the mild climate, the beautiful house, and the surrounding park.
[Korneva & Cheboksarova, ''Russia & Europe'', p. 29] The modest villa was expanded with the additions of a large palace, a small palace, and a church. Construction took place between 1862 and 1866 under the direction of Ippolito Monighetti, a Russian architect who had redecorated her apartments in the Catherine Palace in the 1850s.
[King, ''Livadia in the Reign of Alexander II'', p. 153]
Feeling better, Maria Alexandrovna financed the
Mariinsky Theatre
The Mariinsky Theatre ( rus, Мариинский театр, Mariinskiy teatr, also transcribed as Maryinsky or Mariyinsky) is a historic theatre of opera and ballet in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Opened in 1860, it became the preeminent music th ...
in St Peterburg in 1859–1860, built according to the plans of architect Albert Cavos as an opera and ballet house. The theatre opened on 2 October 1860, with a performance of Mikhail Glinka's opera ''A Life for the Tsar''. The new theatre was named Mariinsky after its imperial patroness.
[Korneva & Cheboksarova, ''Russia & Europe'', p. 25] (The name was changed during the Soviet period, but the original name was restored in 1992, and at present there is a bust of the Empress in the main entrance foyer.)
The humid summers in Saint Petersburg began to take a toll on Maria's frail constitution, to the point she was absent from Russia's capital for long periods of time. In June 1864, she left Russia, accompanied by her husband and their three youngest children, to take the waters in the Bavarian spa of
Bad Kissingen
Bad Kissingen is a German spa town in the Bavarian region of Lower Franconia and seat of the district Bad Kissingen. Situated to the south of the Rhön Mountains on the Franconian Saale river, it is one of the health resorts, which be ...
. King Ludwig II of Bavaria came to meet his distant aunt and became infatuated with her. In late July, Alexander II returned to Russia, but Maria traveled to Bad Schwalbach, where she celebrated her birthday with Ludwig II. In late August, the whole family was reunited in Darmstadt.
As she was still sick, Maria Alexandrovna spent the winter in Nice, where she received the announcement of the Tsarevich's engagement to Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark), Princess Dagmar of Denmark. Nicholas was nevertheless in frail health and joined his mother in Nice in early 1865, but was seriously ill with meningitis of the spine by then. Attended by her brother Alexander and her sister-in-law, the Empress did not leave her son's side during his illness. Nicholas was initially misdiagnosed with simple rheumatism and deteriorated rapidly. The whole family gathered around his deathbed on . Princess Dagmar, who was with the Romanovs during her fiancé's final days, was quickly engaged to his brother, the future Alexander III of Russia, Emperor Alexander III, whom she would marry the following year. Both Alexander II and Maria were devastated by the death of their eldest son on whom their hopes for the future lay. The Tsarina spent the following year grieving and found some solace with her family in Hesse, since her brother Karl had recently lost his only daughter Princess Anna of Hesse and by Rhine, Anna.
[
In 1866, Alexander II and Maria Alexandrovna celebrated their silver wedding anniversary. With the passing of the years, they still respected each other but grew apart romantically, particularly after the deterioration of her health and
the death of their eldest children. Alexander had many affairs, but they did not threaten their marriage. From the mid-1850s until 1862, he had a relationship with Alexandra Albedinskaya, Alexandra Sergeevna Dolgorukova, one of Russia's most illustrious noblewomen and the Tsarina's ladies-in-waiting. This affair ended in 1862 when Alexandra married General Pyotr Pavlovich Albedinsky (1826–1883).
In 1865, Alexander II fell deeply in love with 18-year-old Catherine Dolgorukova, a distant cousin of his former mistress. Catherine resisted his advances for over a year, but they became lovers in July 1866. Empress Maria inevitably heard about the affair, but she initially did not attach great importance to it.]
In order to have comfortable accommodations and rest in their route from St Petersburg to Crimea, Alexander II ordered the reconstruction of the Imperial Palace in Kiev.[Korneva & Cheboksarova, ''Russia & Europe'', p. 22] It was in total disrepair and abandoned for almost half a century after the palace burned down in a series of fires in the early 19th century. The commission was assigned in 1867 to the architect Konstantin Mayevsky, using old drawings and watercolors as guide. Work took place from 1868 to 1870 and the Kievan palace was then renamed Mariinskyi Palace
The Mariinskyi Palace ( uk, Маріїнський палац, ''Mariinskyi palats'') is the official ceremonial residence of the President of Ukraine. The Elizabethan baroque palace is sited on the right bank of the Dnipro River in Kyiv, Ukra ...
after the Empress Maria Alexandrovna.[Korneva & Cheboksarova, ''Russia & Europe'', p. 24] By her wish, a large park was established off the southern side of the palace. The palace was used as a residence for visiting members of the imperial family until 1917. Currently it is the official ceremonial residence of the President of Ukraine.
Last years
From the early 1860s through the 1870s, Maria Alexandrovna began to pay extended visits to her homeland. Usually accompanied by her husband, children and their Russian entourage, she stayed at ''Schloss Heiligenberg (Jugenheim), Schloss Heiligenberg'', the small castle of her brother Alexander, who lived with his morganatic wife and their children at Seeheim-Jugenheim, Jugenheim outside Darmstadt. There she met Princess Alice of the United Kingdom, Princess Alice, second daughter of Victoria of the United Kingdom, Queen Victoria and wife of her nephew Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse, Louis of Hesse. She resisted Alice's suggestion that her brother, Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, marry her only daughter Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia, Maria, but the couple would wed anyway in 1874. In December 1875, Empress Maria visited England to meet her first British grandchild. Queen Victoria wrote in her diary: "I thought her very ladylike, kind and amiable. We were at ease at once, but she has a sad expression and looks so delicate. I think we should get on very well together, poor thing. I pity her much."
After Princess Alice died in 1878, it was Maria Alexandrovna's turn to pity the British royal family. She invited her motherless relatives to visit during the holidays she spent with brother Alexander at Heiligenberg. It was during these visits that her second youngest son Sergei met his future wife, Alice's second daughter, Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine (1864–1918), Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine. It was also here that Maria met Elisabeth's youngest surviving sister, Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse), Princess Alix, who would eventually become the devoted and ill-fated wife of Maria's eldest grandson, Emperor Nicholas II.[ A legend alleges that on a visit to Darmstadt, upon meeting Alix, Empress Maria turned to her ladies-in-waiting with the words, "Kiss her hand. That is your empress to be."
Tsar Alexander had three children with Princess Dolgorukova,][ whom he moved into the Imperial Palace during Maria's final illness out of fear that she might become the target of assassins. The affair, in the face of the Tsarina's declining health, served to alienate the rest of his adult children, save their son Alexei and their daughter. When the Grand Duchess Marie made a visit to her mother in May 1880, she was horrified to learn of the imperial mistress' living arrangements and confronted her father.][Van Der Kiste, p. 97] Courtiers spread stories that the dying Empress was forced to hear the noise of Catherine's children moving about overhead, but their rooms were actually far away from each other. After Maria Alexandrovna asked to meet her husband's children with Catherine, he brought their two older children, George and Olga, to her deathbed, where she kissed and blessed both children. Both rulers were in tears during the meeting.[Tarsaidze (1970)] With her blessing, the couple entered into a morganatic marriage on .[
Empress Maria Alexandrovna died on 3 June 1880, aged 55. She was buried with full dignity with her children present and remembered for her wisdom and grace. In later years, Nicholas II's eldest daughter, Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia, Grand Duchess Olga, claimed that as a small child she saw the ghost of her great-grandmother, according to her nanny Margaretta Eagar.
]
Issue[Hugh Massingberd, Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh. "Burke's Peerage, Burke's Royal Families of the World: ''Volume I Europe & Latin America'', 1977, pp. 212-215, 474-476. ]
Through her marriage with Alexander II, Maria Alexandrovna gave birth to and raised eight children, which consisted of six sons and two daughters:
Honours
* : Dame of the Order of Saint Isabel, Order of Queen Saint Isabel, ''20 February 1861''
* : Dame of the Order of Queen Maria Luisa
The city of Mariinsk in Kemerovo Oblast, and the city of Mariehamn in Åland are named after Empress Maria.
Ancestry
Notes
References
* Banks, ECS. ''Road to Ekaterinburg: Nicholas and Alexandra's Daughters 1913–1918''. SilverWood Books 2012.
*Virginia Cowles, Cowles, Virginia. ''The Romanovs''. Harper & Ross, 1971.
* Gilbert, Paul. ''My Russia: The Children's Island, Alexander Park, Tsarkoye Selo''. Published in ''Royal Russia: a Celebration of the Romanov Dynasty & Imperial Russia in Words & Photographs. No 4''. Gilbert's Books, 2013.
* Gilbert, Paul. ''Alexander II and Tsarkoe Selo''. Published in ''Royal Russia Annual: a Celebration of the Romanov Dynasty & Imperial Russia in Words & Photographs. No 2''. Gilbert's Books, 2012.
*King, Greg. ''Livadia in the Reign of Alexander II''. Published in ''Imperial Crimea: Estates Enchanment & The Last of the Romanovs.'' CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2017.
*Korneva, Galina & Cheboksarova, Tatiana. '' Russia & Europe: Dynastic Ties ''. Eurohistory, 2013.
* Markelov I.I. ''Memories of 1839. The first meeting of Emperor Alexander II and the Empress Maria Alexandrovna''. Russian Antiquity., 94, No.4 .. - 1898. - 19-22 p.
*Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh. ''Burke's Royal Families of the World: Volume I Europe & Latin America'', 1977, pp. 212–215, 474–476.
* Nelipa, Margarita. ''Alexander III His Life and Reign''. Gilbert's Books, 2014.
* Edvard Radzinsky, Radzinsky, Edvard. ''Alexander II: The Last Great Tsar''. Free Press, 2006.
*Anna Tiutcheva, Tiutcheva, Anna Feodorovna. ''At the court of two Emperors''. Moscow, Novosti. 1990.
* John Van der Kiste, Van der Kiste, John. ''The Romanovs 1818–1959''. Sutton Publishing, 1999. .
* Charlotte Zeepvat, Zeepvat, Charlotte. ''Heiligenberg: Our Ardently Loved Hill''. Published in ''Royalty Digest''. No 49. July 1995.
* Charlotte Zeepvat, Zeepvat, Charlotte. ''The Camera and the Tsars'', Sutton Publishing, 2004. .
*Charlotte Zeepvat, Zeepvat, Charlotte. ''Romanov Autumn:Stories from the last century of Imperial Russia''. Sutton Publishing, 2000.
External links
Profile
Mariagessen.narod.ru (in Russian)
* s:ru:Полное собрание законов Российской империи/ДО/Собрание второе/60963, Манифестъ. — О кончинѣ Ея Императорскаго Величества Государыни Императрицы Маріи Александровны. (in Russian)
{{Authority control
1824 births
1880 deaths
19th-century people from the Russian Empire
19th-century women from the Russian Empire
Nobility from Darmstadt
People from the Grand Duchy of Hesse
House of Hesse-Darmstadt
Russian empresses consorts
Duchesses of Holstein-Gottorp
House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov
Russian grand duchesses by marriage
Converts to Eastern Orthodoxy from Lutheranism
Dames of the Order of Saint Isabel
Burials at Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg