Maoist Insurgency In Turkey

The Maoist insurgency in Turkey, referred by the Maoists as the People's War in Turkey ( tr, Halk savaşı), is an ongoing low-level insurgency in eastern Turkey between the Turkish government and Maoist rebels that began in the early 1970s. The insurgency declined in the late 1980s and 1990s and has been sidelined by the larger Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present). Low-level armed attacks continue to be carried out by Maoist insurgent groups, the most significant of which are the Liberation Army of the Workers and Peasants of Turkey (TİKKO) (the armed wing of the Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist) and the People's Liberation Army (HKO) and People's Partisan Forces (PHG), both armed wings of the Maoist Communist Party.

Background

On 24 April 1972, the Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist (TKP/ML, sometimes incorrectly referred to as ''Partizan'' after the name of one of its publications) was formed by a radical group led by İbrahim Kaypakkaya, and intended to wage a people's war. However, a year later Kaypakkaya was captured, tortured and killed. In 1978, it had its first conference, affirming its plan for guerrilla warfare, although the idea of armed rebellion remained in theory with little progress made to fruition. The TKP/ML was involved in political violence between left and right wing groups in the 1970s.

In the late 1980s, the TKP/ML suffered from a series of splits following the party's second congress. In 1993, the TKP/ML attempted unsuccessfully to reunify with the Maoist Communist Party (Turkey)

On 17 May 1985, the TKP/ML broadcast a propaganda message to millions of television viewers in Istanbul, replacing the soundtrack for the evening news.

Insurgency

1970-80s

TKP/ML's military wing, the Liberation Army of the Workers and Peasants of Turkey (TÄ°KKO), carried out militant and guerrilla actions in the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s, mainly in the Tunceli Province, whose inhabitants saw the Maoist guerrilla war as revenge for the repression of the Dersim rebellion in 1938. TÄ°KKO reached its height during this period, carrying out guerrilla warfare in the mountainous areas of the Tunceli and Black Sea regions.

2000s

In 2000, Turkish security forces launched operations against TÄ°KKO insurgents in the provinces of Tokat and Sivas. Discovering 12 hideouts, they recovered nine machine guns, four rocket launchers, grenades, and explosives, as well as 10 tonnes of food and medicine.

* On 11 December 2000, TÄ°KKO insurgents open fire on a police special task force, killing two and wounding 12.
* In 2001, police captured five insurgents and weapons including two 9K111 Fagot anti-tank missiles.
* In March 2009, Tamer Bilici, a doctor in service during a 2000 hunger strike in Kandıra F-type prison, was "in front of his house punished with death" by MKP-HKO for being a ''public enemy'' because he was blamed for the deaths and permanent disabilities of inmates. In September 2009 MKP-HKO claimed responsibility for the death of a retired colonel, Aytekin İçmez.

2010s

2010–2014

* Tunceli: On 29 June 2010, two guerrillas of the TÄ°KKO were killed in the mountains of Tunceli by the Turkish state forces.
* Tunceli: On 2 February 2011, five guerrillas of TÄ°KKO in Tunceli died as a result of an avalanche.
* Tunceli: On 15 November 2012, 24 guerrillas of HKO were surrounded and captured in Tunceli.
* Tunceli: On 26 July 2013, the control building of a hydroelectric power plant regulator was bombed in the countryside of Tunceli Province by TÄ°KKO militants.
* Tunceli: 14 March 2014, TÄ°KKO guerrillas attacked a police station in Tunceli. TKP/ML declared that the attack was revenge for the death of Berkin Elvan.
* Tunceli: On 8 July 2014, TİKKO guerrillas stopped a truck carrying five workers to a base station at Altınyüzük and set the vehicle on fire.
* Tunceli: On 15 August 2014, TiKKO guerrillas attacked a Gendarmerie Station in Ovacik. No casualties were reported.

2015–2018

* In June 2015, MKP-PHG killed former colonel Fehmi Altinbilek.
* Tunceli: On 22 July, TÄ°KKO guerrillas attacked a Gendarmerie Station in Hozat. No casualties were reported.
* Tunceli: 10 October, guerrillas of the PKK and the TKP / ML-TÄ°KKO attacked the military base of Geyiksuyu in the province of Tunceli.
* Tunceli: On 15 October, TÄ°KKO guerrillas attacked the military base of Amukta, in Hozat county.
* Tunceli: On 21 October, three TİKKO guerrillas died in a clash with TSK in Ovacık. The funeral of guerrillas was attended by hundreds of people, who sang songs and shouted revolutionary slogans.
* Tunceli: 9 May 2016, two TÄ°KKO guerrillas were killed in Geyiksuyu, Tunceli during a clash with TSK Soldiers.
* Tunceli: During 24–28 November, twelve guerrillas of TKP/ML TİKKO died during an army operation at Aliboğazı region of the Tunceli province.
* Istanbul: On 10 February 2017, TÄ°KKO fighters set fire to the AKP headquarter in Pendik district.
* Tunceli: On 18 June, MKP-HKO guerrillas attacked the military base of Kuşluca in Tunceli, Halkin Günlüğü claimed the attack killed two soldiers and wounded one.
* Tunceli: On 1 August, three MKP-HKO guerrillas were killed in a clash with TSK in Ovacık.
* Tunceli: 18 August, two MKP-HKO guerrillas died when they were surrounded in Hozat by the armed forces.
* Tunceli: On 26 September, two MKP-HKO guerrillas were killed by TSK soldiers in Ovacık.
* On 16 November, four MKP-HKO guerrillas were killed in clashes with TSK.
* Tunceli: On 24 April 2018, two female TÄ°KKO guerrillas were killed and another was captured by TSK Soldiers in.
* Tunceli: On 5/6 August, six TÄ°KKO guerrillas were killed by the Turkish Army.

In culture

* Some songs of music bands such as Grup Munzur and Grup Yorum refer to insurgency in Dersim.
* '' Dersim'de Doğan Güneş''

See also

* Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)
* Political violence in Turkey (1976–80)
*DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey
* Gezi Park protests
* Armed resistance in Chile (1973–90)
* Communist rebellion in the Philippines
*Colombian conflict (1964–present)
* Internal conflict in Peru
* Naxalite–Maoist insurgency

References

External links

New Turkey - revolutionary news portalÖzgür Gelecek - news portal related to TKP/MLKaypakkaya partizanHalkin Gunlugu - news portal related to MKPVideos from the People's War in Turkey

{{Use dmy dates, date=November 2020

Communist rebellions
Far-left politics in Turkey
Guerrilla wars
History of Tunceli Province
Insurgencies in Asia
Maoism in Turkey
Political history of Turkey
Rebellions in Turkey
Economic history of Turkey
Communism-based civil wars
Conflicts in Turkey
Communism in Turkey