Manzanita is a common name for many species of the genus '' Arctostaphylos''. They are evergreen

shrub A shrub (often also called a bush) is a small-to-medium-sized perennial woody plant. Unlike herbaceous plants, shrubs have persistent woody stems above the ground. Shrubs can be either deciduous or evergreen. They are distinguished from trees ...

s or small trees present in the

chaparral Chaparral ( ) is a shrubland plant community and geographical feature found primarily in the U.S. state of California, in southern Oregon, and in the northern portion of the Baja California Peninsula in Mexico. It is shaped by a Mediterranean c ...

biome of western

North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere and almost entirely within the Western Hemisphere. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Car ...

, where they occur from Southern British Columbia and Washington to Oregon, California, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas in the United States, and throughout Mexico. Manzanitas can live in places with poor soil and little water. They are characterized by smooth orange or red bark and stiff, twisting branches. There are 105 species and subspecies of manzanita, 95 of which are found in the Mediterranean climate and colder mountainous regions of California, ranging from ground-hugging coastal and mountain species to small trees up to 20 feet (6m) tall. Manzanitas bloom in the winter to early spring and carry berries in spring and summer. The berries and flowers of most species are edible. The word ''manzanita'' is the Spanish diminutive of ''manzana'' (apple). A literal translation would be ''little apple''. The name manzanita is also sometimes used to refer to species in the related genus '' Arbutus'', which is known by that name in the Canadian area of the tree's range, but is more usually known as ''madroño'', or madrone in the United States.

Uses

Folk medicine

Native Americans in Northern California make a tisane from manzanita leaves to treat

poison oak Poison oak refers to two plant species in the genus ''Toxicodendron,'' both of which can cause skin irritation: *''Toxicodendron diversilobum'' or Western poison oak, found in western North America *''Toxicodendron pubescens ''Toxicodendron pub ...

rash. The leaves contain chemicals with a mildly disinfectant quality, and can be used for mild urinary tract infections. The berries of the tree can be turned into a cider by mashing, pouring an equal amount of water over the paste, and then straining it. In Native American cultures, this cider is then used to treat stomach ailments and promote appetite. The berries have also been used to treat bronchitis and kidney problems. The leaves of the manzanita also have many medicinal purposes. Chewing the leaves of the manzanita tree into a poultice can treat open sores and ease headaches after application. Chewing on the leaves, without ingestion, can cure stomach issues such as cramps and aches. Infusions of the leaves can also treat ailments such as diarrhea and severe colds.

Culinary use

The berries are a good food, as they can be harvested en masse and stored. Once stored and dried, the berries can be ground into a coarse meal. The berries can be eaten ripe (when red) or green for a slightly sour taste. They are good eaten alone, or used as a thickener or sweetener in other dishes. Native Americans use the fresh berries to make cider and use the leaves as toothbrushes.

Landscape use

Manzanitas are extremely useful as ornamental plants in gardens in the western United States and similar climate zones. They are evergreen, highly drought-tolerant, have picturesque bark and attractive flowers and berries, and occur in many sizes and growth patterns. '' Arctostaphylos columbiana'', for example, is hardy enough to be used for highway landscaping in western Oregon and Washington. ''A.'' 'Emerald Carpet', '' A. uva-ursi'' (the bearberry), and other low-growing manzanitas are extremely valuable evergreen groundcovers for dry slopes. Larger varieties, such as Arctostaphylos. 'Dr. Hurd,' can be grown as individual specimens, and pruned to emphasize the striking pattern and colors of the branches. They prefer light, well-drained soil, although the low-growing ground covers will tolerate heavier soils.

Decorative use

Manzanita branches are popular as decoration, due to their unique shape, color, and strength when dried. Florists sometimes use them as centerpieces at wedding receptions and other events, often adding hanging votive candles, beaded gems, and small flowers to them. ManzanitaTreeBranches wb

The wood is notoriously hard to cure, mostly due to cracking against the grain, giving it few uses as lumber. The slow growth rate and many branchings further decrease the sizes available. Some

furniture Furniture refers to movable objects intended to support various human activities such as seating (e.g., stools, chairs, and sofas), eating (tables), storing items, eating and/or working with an item, and sleeping (e.g., beds and hammocks). Fu ...

and art employ whole round branches, which reduces cracking and preserves the deep red color. The dead wood decays slowly and can last for many years, on and off the plant. Sunlight smooths and

bleach Bleach is the generic name for any chemical product that is used industrially or domestically to remove color (whitening) from a fabric or fiber or to clean or to remove stains in a process called bleaching. It often refers specifically, to ...

es manzanita to light grey or white, rendering it superficially akin to animal bones. Because of this and the stunted growth of many species, manzanita is often collected in its more unusual shapes, giving it the nickname "mountain driftwood". Manzanita Peeling Bark

Manzanita wood is also used as perches for parrots and other large pet birds. The branches of the larger species are extremely long-lasting for this purpose. Some

aquarium An aquarium (plural: ''aquariums'' or ''aquaria'') is a vivarium of any size having at least one transparent side in which aquatic plants or animals are kept and displayed. Fishkeepers use aquaria to keep fish, invertebrates, amphibians, aq ...

keepers use sandblasted manzanita as driftwood in planted aquaria because of its attractive forked growth and its chemical neutrality. If properly cleaned and cured, it holds up well over extended periods of submersion. The wood is also resistant to the leaching of tannins into the water column, a problem often found with other aquarium driftwoods. When used as driftwood, manzanita must often be either weighted down for several weeks or soaked first to counteract the wood's natural buoyancy when it has been dried and cured. The green wood does not float. Manzanita wood, when dry, is excellent for burning in a campfire,

barbecue Barbecue or barbeque (informally BBQ in the UK, US, and Canada, barbie in Australia and braai in South Africa) is a term used with significant regional and national variations to describe various cooking methods that use live fire and smoke t ...

, fireplace, or stove. It is dense and burns at a high temperature for long periods. However, caution should be exercised, because the high temperatures can damage thin-walled barbecues, and even crack cast iron stoves or cause chimney fires.

Other uses

During World War II, manzanita root burls were used as an expedient native material to make

smoking pipe A smoking pipe is used to inhale the smoke of a burning substance; most common is a tobacco pipe, which can also accommodate almost any other substance. Pipes are commonly made from briar, heather, corn, meerschaum, clay, cherry, glass, porcela ...

s due to its relation and similar fire-resistant properties to then-unavailable imported briar. Labeled as "mission briar", it was harvested for the remainder of the war, stopping soon after when supplies of imported briar once again became available.

Rarity and endemics

Some manzanita species are among the rarest plants in the world. ''

Arctostaphylos hookeri ''Arctostaphylos hookeri'' is a species of manzanita known by the common name Hooker's manzanita. Description ''Arctostaphylos hookeri'' is a low shrub which is variable in appearance and has several subspecies. These are generally mat-forming p ...

ravenii'' (Presidio manzanita), an endemic species, is the most endangered and restricted plant in the mainland United States. In 1987 only one specimen remained, at a secret location in the

Presidio of San Francisco The Presidio of San Francisco (originally, El Presidio Real de San Francisco or The Royal Fortress of Saint Francis) is a park and former U.S. Army post on the northern tip of the San Francisco Peninsula in San Francisco, California, and is part o ...

National Historic Landmark District in San Francisco, California. This plant has since been successfully cloned. ''

Arctostaphylos franciscana ''Arctostaphylos franciscana'', known by the common name Franciscan manzanita, is a species of manzanita. It was named by Alice Eastwood and is native to the city of San Francisco. Taxonomy Franciscan manzanita was formerly considered as a subsp ...

'' (Franciscan manzanita), a species native to San Francisco, had not been seen growing wild since 1947 until it was spotted growing in the

in October 2009. Caltrans transplanted this specimen on 23 January 2010 to make way for the

Doyle Drive Replacement Project The Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge spanning the Golden Gate, the strait connecting San Francisco Bay and the Pacific Ocean. The structure links the U.S. city of San Francisco, California—the northern tip of the San Francisco Pen ...

. Transplanting costs were funded in part by Federal Highways Administration, Caltrans, The Presidio of San Francisco, and private donors. "Arctostaphylos hookeri, subspecies franciscana", a scrubby, thin-twigged bush, riddled with the webs of miniature spiders, resides in a corner of the California section of The Strybing Arboretum. An as yet unclassified and unidentified manzanita, found growing on San Francisco's Parker Avenue, presents a test case for San Francisco's landmark tree ordinance. ''

Arctostaphylos gabrielensis ''Arctostaphylos glandulosa'' subsp. ''gabrielensis'', known by the common name San Gabriel manzanita, is a subspecies of manzanita. It is endemic to one small area in the San Gabriel Mountains of Los Angeles County, California. It is a member ...

''is a "critically imperiled" species of manzanita endemic to one small area in the

San Gabriel Mountains The San Gabriel Mountains ( es, Sierra de San Gabriel) are a mountain range located in northern Los Angeles County, California, Los Angeles County and western San Bernardino County, California, United States. The mountain range is part of the Tr ...

, in

Los Angeles County, California Los Angeles County, officially the County of Los Angeles, and sometimes abbreviated as L.A. County, is the List of the most populous counties in the United States, most populous county in the United States and in the U.S. state of California, ...

Genus evolution

Genus evolution is relatively recent, but in Hogan's tracing of the genus evolutionary history:{{cite encyclopedia , author=Hogan, C. Michael , title=Arctostaphylos , year=2012 , url=http://www.eoearth.org/article/Arctostaphylos#gen2 , editor=McGinley, M. , encyclopedia= Encyclopedia of Earth , publisher=National Council for Science and the Environment , location=Washington, DC "convergent evolution patterns appear to complicate cladistic constructions for certain portions of the genus cladogram. In any case, fossil ancestors of the genus ''Arctostaphylos'' have been suggested to have occurred in the Middle Miocene, with modern species beginning to take shape in the Late Tertiary."

References

External links

ITIS 23467 ITIS species list
Good photo of the copper colored bark.
An Inconvenient Plant
author Joe Eskenazi, SF Weekly 16 April 2008, cover story about the Manzanita Arctostaphylos Flora of the Western United States Flora of California Flora of Canada Flora of British Columbia Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands Plants used in Native American cuisine Pre-Columbian California cuisine Plants used in traditional Native American medicine Plant common names Garden plants of North America Bird food plants Drought-tolerant plants Flora without expected TNC conservation status