The Manifesto of the 121 (french: Manifeste des 121, full title: ''Déclaration sur le droit à l’insoumission dans la guerre d’Algérie'' or ''Declaration on the right of insubordination in the Algerian War'') was an open letter signed by 121
intellectual
An intellectual is a person who engages in critical thinking, research, and reflection about the reality of society, and who proposes solutions for the normative problems of society. Coming from the world of culture, either as a creator or a ...
s and published on 6 September 1960 in the magazine ''Vérité-Liberté''.
It called on the French government, then headed by the
Gaullist
Gaullism (french: link=no, Gaullisme) is a French political stance based on the thought and action of World War II French Resistance leader Charles de Gaulle, who would become the founding President of the Fifth French Republic. De Gaulle withd ...
Michel Debré
Michel Jean-Pierre Debré (; 15 January 1912 – 2 August 1996) was the first Prime Minister of the French Fifth Republic. He is considered the "father" of the current Constitution of France. He served under President Charles de Gaulle from 1959 ...
, and
public opinion
Public opinion is the collective opinion on a specific topic or voting intention relevant to a society. It is the people's views on matters affecting them.
Etymology
The term "public opinion" was derived from the French ', which was first use ...
to recognise the
Algerian War
The Algerian War, also known as the Algerian Revolution or the Algerian War of Independence,( ar, الثورة الجزائرية '; '' ber, Tagrawla Tadzayrit''; french: Guerre d'Algérie or ') and sometimes in Algeria as the War of 1 November ...
as a legitimate
struggle for independence, denouncing the
use of torture by the French army, and calling for French
conscientious objector
A conscientious objector (often shortened to conchie) is an "individual who has claimed the right to refuse to perform military service" on the grounds of freedom of thought, conscience, or religion. The term has also been extended to object ...
s to the conflict to be respected by the authorities.
The Declaration was drafted by
Dionys Mascolo
Dionys Mascolo (11 February 1916 - 20 August 1997) was a French literary editor, resistance fighter, left-wing political activist, author, and former husband of Marguerite Duras.
Life and work
Born into a family of Italian immigrants, Mascolo ...
,
Maurice Blanchot
Maurice Blanchot (; ; 22 September 1907 – 20 February 2003) was a French writer, philosopher and literary theorist. His work, exploring a philosophy of death alongside poetic theories of meaning and sense, bore significant influence on post- ...
and
Jean Schuster. It stated that the cause of the Algerians was the cause of all free men, and that the struggle was striking a decisive blow to the cause of
colonialism
Colonialism is a practice or policy of control by one people or power over other people or areas, often by establishing colonies and generally with the aim of economic dominance. In the process of colonisation, colonisers may impose their relig ...
. The vast majority of the signatories belonged to the
French Left
The Left in France (french: gauche française) was represented at the beginning of the 20th century by two main political parties, namely the Republican, Radical and Radical-Socialist Party and the French Section of the Workers' Internatio ...
. The signatories included figures from a variety of political and cultural movements, such as
Marxism
Marxism is a Left-wing politics, left-wing to Far-left politics, far-left method of socioeconomic analysis that uses a Materialism, materialist interpretation of historical development, better known as historical materialism, to understand S ...
,
existentialism
Existentialism ( ) is a form of philosophical inquiry that explores the problem of human existence and centers on human thinking, feeling, and acting. Existentialist thinkers frequently explore issues related to the meaning, purpose, and valu ...
, and a number of figures associated with the
Nouveau Roman and
New Wave literary and cinematic trends.
List of signatories
*
Arthur Adamov
Arthur Adamov (23 August 1908 – 15 March 1970) was a playwright, one of the foremost exponents of the Theatre of the Absurd.
Early life
Adamov (originally Adamian) was born in Kislovodsk in the Terek Oblast of the Russian Empire to a wealthy A ...
, writer
*
Robert Antelme
Robert Antelme (5 January 1917, Sartène, Corse-du-Sud – 26 October 1990) was a French writer. During the Second World War he was involved in the French Resistance and deported.
In 1939 he married Marguerite Duras. Their child died at birth in 1 ...
, writer and former deportee in the Buchenwald concentration camp
*
Georges Auclair Georges may refer to:
Places
* Georges River, New South Wales, Australia
* Georges Quay (Dublin)
*Georges Township, Fayette County, Pennsylvania
Other uses
*Georges (name)
* ''Georges'' (novel), a novel by Alexandre Dumas
* "Georges" (song), a 19 ...
, journalist
*
Jean Baby, historian
*
Hélène Balfet
Helene or Hélène may refer to: People
*Helene (given name), a Greek feminine given name
* Helen of Troy, the daughter of Zeus and Leda
*Helene, a figure in Greek mythology who was a friend of Aphrodite and helped her seduce Adonis
* Helene (A ...
*
Marc Barbut Marc or MARC may refer to:
People
* Marc (given name), people with the first name
* Marc (surname), people with the family name
Acronyms
* MARC standards, a data format used for library cataloging,
* MARC Train, a regional commuter rail system o ...
*
Robert Barrat
Robert Harriot Barrat (July 10, 1891 – January 7, 1970) was an American stage, motion picture, and television character actor.
Early years
Barratt was born on July 10, 1891, in New York City and was educated in the public schools there. He ...
*
Simone de Beauvoir
Simone Lucie Ernestine Marie Bertrand de Beauvoir (, ; ; 9 January 1908 – 14 April 1986) was a French existentialist philosopher, writer, social theorist, and feminist activist. Though she did not consider herself a philosopher, and even th ...
, philosopher and feminist
*
Jean-Louis Bedouin
*
Marc Beigbeder Marc or MARC may refer to:
People
* Marc (given name), people with the first name
* Marc (surname), people with the family name
Acronyms
* MARC standards, a data format used for library cataloging,
* MARC Train, a regional commuter rail system o ...
, philosopher and journalist (close to the
personalist
Personalism is an intellectual stance that emphasizes the importance of human persons. Personalism exists in many different versions, and this makes it somewhat difficult to define as a philosophical and theological movement. Friedrich Schleierm ...
s)
*
Robert Benayoun Robert Benayoun (12 December 1926 in Kenitra, Morocco – 20 October 1996, Paris) was a French film critic and author, and one-time member of the jury at the Cannes Film Festival of 1980. He wrote books on Tex Avery, Woody Allen, Buster Keaton, the ...
, film-maker and film critic
*
Michèle Bernstein
Michèle Bernstein (born 28 April 1932) is a French novelist and critic, most often remembered as a member of the Situationist International from its foundation in 1957 until 1967, and as the first wife of its most prominent member, Guy Debord.
...
, situationist
*
Maurice Blanchot
Maurice Blanchot (; ; 22 September 1907 – 20 February 2003) was a French writer, philosopher and literary theorist. His work, exploring a philosophy of death alongside poetic theories of meaning and sense, bore significant influence on post- ...
, writer
*
Roger Blin
Roger Blin (Neuilly-sur-Seine, France, 22 March 1907 – Évecquemont, France, 21 January 1984) was a French actor and director. He staged world premieres of Samuel Beckett's '' Waiting for Godot'' in 1953 and ''Endgame'' in 1957.C. J. Ackerl ...
, actor and dramaturgist
*
Arsène Bonnefous-Murat
*
Geneviève Bonnefoi
*
Raymond Borde
*
Jean-Louis Bory
Jean-Louis Bory (25 June 1919 – 11/12 June 1979) was a French writer, journalist, and film critic.
Life
Jean-Louis Bory was born on 25 June 1919 in Méréville, Essonne.
The son of a pharmacist and a teacher, he came from a family of teacher ...
, writer, journalist and film critic
*
Jacques-Laurent Bost
Jacques-Laurent Bost (6 May 1916, Le Havre – 21 September 1990, Paris) was a French journalist and close friend of Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir.
Biography
Bost was born the youngest of ten children on 6 May 1916 in Le Havre, Norman ...
, journalist
*
Pierre Boulez
Pierre Louis Joseph Boulez (; 26 March 1925 – 5 January 2016) was a French composer, conductor and writer, and the founder of several musical institutions. He was one of the dominant figures of post-war Western classical music.
Born in Mont ...
, composer
*
Vincent Bounoure
Vincent ( la, Vincentius) is a male given name derived from the Roman name Vincentius, which is derived from the Latin word (''to conquer'').
People with the given name Artists
*Vincent Apap (1909–2003), Maltese sculptor
*Vincent van Gogh ...
*
André Breton
André Robert Breton (; 19 February 1896 – 28 September 1966) was a French writer and poet, the co-founder, leader, and principal theorist of surrealism. His writings include the first ''Surrealist Manifesto'' (''Manifeste du surréalisme'') o ...
, surrealist
*
Guy Cabanel
*
Georges Condominas, anthropologist
*
Alain Cuny
René Xavier Marie Alain Cuny (12 July 1908 – 16 May 1994) was a French actor of stage and screen. He was closely linked with the works of Paul Claudel and Antonin Artaud, and for his performances for the Théâtre national populaire and Od ...
, actor
*
Jean Czarnecki
*
Jean Dalsace
*
Adrien Dax
*
Hubert Damisch
Hubert Damisch (28 April 1928 – 14 December 2017), was a French philosopher specialised in aesthetics and art history, and professor at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS) in Paris from 1975 until 1996.
Damisch studied at ...
, philosopher
*
Guy Debord
Guy-Ernest Debord (; ; 28 December 1931 – 30 November 1994) was a French Marxist theorist, philosopher, filmmaker, critic of work, member of the Letterist International, founder of a Letterist faction, and founding member of the Situationis ...
, situationist
*
Bernard Dort
*
Jean Douassot
*
Simone Dreyfus
*
Marguerite Duras
Marguerite Germaine Marie Donnadieu (, 4 April 1914 – 3 March 1996), known as Marguerite Duras (), was a French novelist, playwright, screenwriter, essayist, and experimental filmmaker. Her script for the film ''Hiroshima mon amour'' (1959) ea ...
, writer
*
Yves Ellouet
*
Dominique Eluard
*
Charles Estienne
Charles Estienne (; 1504–1564), known as Carolus Stephanus in Latin and Charles Stephens in English, was an early exponent of the science of anatomy in France. Charles was a younger brother of Robert Estienne I, the famous printer, and son to ...
*
Louis-René des Forêts
Louis-René des Forêts (January 28, 1918 – December 31, 2001) was a French writer.
Life
Des Forêts's only novel, ''The Beggars'' (''Les Mendiants'') was published by Éditions Gallimard in 1943.The rest of his works include shorter narrative ...
, writer
*
Théodore Fraenkel Théodore is the French version of the masculine given name Theodore (given name), Theodore.
Given name
*Théodore Caruelle d'Aligny (1798–1871), French landscape painter and engraver
*Théodore Anne (1892–1917), French playwright, librettist, ...
*
André Frénaud
André — sometimes transliterated as Andre — is the French and Portuguese form of the name Andrew, and is now also used in the English-speaking world. It used in France, Quebec, Canada and other French-speaking countries. It is a variation o ...
, poet
*
Jacques Gernet
Jacques Gernet (; ; 22 December 1921, Algiers, French Algeria – 3 March 2018, Vannes) was an eminent French sinologist of the second half of the 20th century. His best-known work is ''The Chinese Civilization'', a 900-page summary of Chinese h ...
, sinologist
*
Louis Gernet
Louis Gernet (28 November 1882 – 29 January 1962) was a French philologist and sociologist.
Life
A student at the École Normale Supérieure (class of 1902), he received a licentiate in law and agrégation in grammar. In 1917, supported by ...
, philologist and sociologist
*
Edouard Glissant, writer
*
Anne Guérin
*
Daniel Guérin
Daniel Guérin (; 19 May 1904, in Paris – 14 April 1988, in Suresnes) was a French libertarian-communist author, best known for his work '' Anarchism: From Theory to Practice'', as well as his collection ''No Gods No Masters: An Anthology of ...
, historian
*
Jacques Howlett
*
Édouard Jaguer, poet and art critic
*
Pierre Jaouen
*
Gérard Jarlot Gérard Jarlot (1923–1966) was a French journalist, screenwriter and novelist, winner of the Prix Médicis in 1963.
Jarlot met Marguerite Duras in 1957. She dedicated the novel ''Moderato cantabile'' to him. With her, he adapted the book and wrot ...
*
Robert Jaulin
Robert Jaulin (7 March 1928, Le Cannet, Alpes-Maritimes – 22 November 1996, Grosrouvre) was a French ethnologist. After several journeys to Chad, between 1954 and 1959, among the Sara people, he published in 1967 ''La Mort Sara'' (The Sara De ...
, ethnologist
*
Alain Joubert
*
Henri Krea
*
Robert Lagarde
*
Monique Lange
*
Claude Lanzmann
Claude Lanzmann (; 27 November 1925 – 5 July 2018) was a French filmmaker known for the Holocaust documentary film '' Shoah'' (1985).
Early life
Lanzmann was born on 27 November 1925 in Paris, France, the son of Paulette () and Armand Lanzmann. ...
, film-maker
*
Robert Lapoujade
The name Robert is an ancient Germanic given name, from Proto-Germanic "fame" and "bright" (''Hrōþiberhtaz''). Compare Old Dutch ''Robrecht'' and Old High German ''Hrodebert'' (a compound of '' Hruod'' ( non, Hróðr) "fame, glory, honou ...
, painter and film maker
*
Henri Lefebvre
Henri Lefebvre ( , ; 16 June 1901 – 29 June 1991) was a French Marxist philosopher and sociologist, best known for pioneering the critique of everyday life, for introducing the concepts of the right to the city and the production of so ...
, sociologist
*
Gérard Legrand
*
Michel Leiris
Julien Michel Leiris (; 20 April 1901 in Paris – 30 September 1990 in Saint-Hilaire, Essonne) was a French surrealist writer and ethnographer. Part of the Surrealist group in Paris, Leiris became a key member of the College of Sociology with ...
, writer and ethnologist
*
Paul Lévy, mathematician
*
Jérôme Lindon Jerome (c.347–420) was a priest, confessor, theologian and historian from Dalmatia.
Jerome may also refer to:
People Given name
* Jerome (given name), a masculine name of Greek origin, with a list of people so named
* Saint Jerome (disambiguat ...
, publisher of ''
Les Éditions de Minuit
Les Éditions de Minuit (, ''Midnight Press'') is a French publishing house. It was founded in 1941, during the French Resistance of World War II, and is still publishing books today.
History
Les Éditions de Minuit was founded by writer and i ...
''
*
Eric Losfeld
The given name Eric, Erich, Erikk, Erik, Erick, or Eirik is derived from the Old Norse name ''Eiríkr'' (or ''Eríkr'' in Old East Norse due to monophthongization).
The first element, ''ei-'' may be derived from the older Proto-Norse ''* ain ...
*
Robert Louzon
*
Olivier de Magny
Olivier is the French form of the given name Oliver. It may refer to:
* Olivier (given name), a list of people and fictional characters
* Olivier (surname), a list of people
* Château Olivier, a Bordeaux winery
*Olivier, Louisiana, a rural popul ...
, poet
*
Florence Malraux
*
André Mandouze
André Mandouze (10 June 1916 in Bordeaux - 5 June 2006 in Porto-Vecchio), was a French academic and journalist, a Catholic, and an anti-fascist and anti-colonialist activist.
In January 1946, when he was offered a post at the University of Algi ...
, academic
*
Maud Mannoni
Maud Mannoni (; born Magdalena Van der Spoel; 23 October 1923 – 15 March 1998) was a French psychoanalyst of Belgian origin, who married Octave Mannoni and became a major figure of the Lacanian movement.
Life
She was born as Magdalena Van der ...
, psycho-analyst
*
, actor
*
Renée Marcel-Martinet
*
Jean-Daniel Martinet
*
Andrée Marty-Capgras
*
Dionys Mascolo
Dionys Mascolo (11 February 1916 - 20 August 1997) was a French literary editor, resistance fighter, left-wing political activist, author, and former husband of Marguerite Duras.
Life and work
Born into a family of Italian immigrants, Mascolo ...
, writer
*
François Maspero
François Maspero (19 January 1932, in Paris – 11 April 2015, in Paris) was a French author and journalist, best known as a publisher of leftist books in the 1970s. He also worked as a translator, translating the works of Joseph Conrad, Mehdi B ...
, editor of Maspero Ed.
*
André Masson
André-Aimé-René Masson (4 January 1896 – 28 October 1987) was a French artist.
Biography
Masson was born in Balagny-sur-Thérain, Oise, but when he was eight his father's work took the family first briefly to Lille and then to Brussel ...
, painter
*
Pierre de Massot
Pierre de Massot (April 10 1900, Lyon – 3 January 1969, Paris) was a French writer associated with the Dada and surrealist movements.
Biography
He was born as the sixth child of the Count and Countess of Massot de Lafond.
Massot attended the ...
, writer and journalist
*
Jean-Jacques Mayoux
*
Jehan Mayoux
*
Théodore Monod
Théodore André Monod (9 April 1902 – 22 November 2000) was a French naturalist, humanist, scholar and explorer.
Exploration
Early in his career, Monod was made professor at the ''Muséum national d'histoire naturelle'' and founded the '' Inst ...
, naturalist and explorer
*
Marie Moscovici
*
Georges Mounin Georges Mounin, born Louis Leboucher, who also wrote under the pseudonym Jean Boucher (June 20, 1910 – January 10, 1993) was a French linguist, translator and semiotician. He was active in the French Resistance and the French Communist Party.
Lif ...
*
Maurice Nadeau, publisher
*
Georges Navel
Georges Navel (1904–1993) was a French laborer, writer, and anarchist.
Selected works
*1945: ''Travaux'', Stock, (Prix Sainte-Beuve The Prix Sainte-Beuve, established in 1946, is a French literary prize awarded each year to a writer in the ...
*
Claude Ollier
Claude Ollier (; 17 December 1922 – 18 October 2014) was a French writer closely associated with the nouveau roman literary movement. Born in Paris, he was the first winner of the Prix Médicis
The Prix Médicis is a French literary award gi ...
, writer (Nouveau Roman)
*
Hélène Parmelin, writer, journalist and art critic
*
José Pierre, writer
*
Marcel Péju
Marcel may refer to:
People
* Marcel (given name), people with the given name Marcel
* Marcel (footballer, born August 1981), Marcel Silva Andrade, Brazilian midfielder
* Marcel (footballer, born November 1981), Marcel Augusto Ortolan, Brazilian ...
*
André Pieyre de Mandiargues
André Pieyre de Mandiargues (14 March 1909 – 13 December 1991) was a French writer born in Paris. He became an associate of the Surrealists and married the Italian painter Bona Tibertelli de Pisis (a niece of the Italian metaphysical pain ...
, writer
*
Edouard Pignon, painter
*
Bernard Pingaud
*
Maurice Pons, writer
*
Jean-Bertrand Pontalis
Jean-Bertrand Pontalis ibé(15 January 1924 – 15 January 2013) was a French philosopher, writer, editor and psychoanalyst.
Career
A student of Jean-Paul Sartre, Pontalis became a professor of philosophy in the forties, before undergoing an an ...
, philosopher and psychoanalyst
*
Jean Pouillon, ethnologist
*
Madeleine Rebérioux
Madeleine Rebérioux (8 September 1920, Chambéry, Savoie – 7 February 2005, Paris) was a French historian whose specialty was the French Third Republic. She is also a historian of the Labour movement.
Life
She was a professor at Paris-VIII ...
, historian
*
Denise René
Denise René (born Denise Bleibtreu; June 1913 – 9 July 2012) was a French art gallerist specializing in kinetic art and op art.
Life and work
Denise René took as her guiding principle the idea that art must invent new paths in order to exist ...
, art gallerist
*
Alain Resnais
Alain Resnais (; 3 June 19221 March 2014) was a French film director and screenwriter whose career extended over more than six decades. After training as a film editor in the mid-1940s, he went on to direct a number of short films which included ...
, film-maker
*
Jean-François Revel
Jean-François Revel (born Jean-François Ricard; 19 January 192430 April 2006) was a French philosopher, journalist, and author. A prominent public intellectual, Revel was a socialist in his youth but later became a prominent European propo ...
, journalist
*
Paul Revel
*
Alain Robbe-Grillet
Alain Robbe-Grillet (; 18 August 1922 – 18 February 2008) was a French writer and filmmaker. He was one of the figures most associated with the '' Nouveau Roman'' (new novel) trend of the 1960s, along with Nathalie Sarraute, Michel Butor and C ...
, writer (Nouveau Roman)
*
Christiane Rochefort
Christiane Rochefort (17 July 1917 – 24 April 1998) was a French feminist writer. She was born into a left-wing working class Parisian family; her father joined the International Brigades during the Spanish Civil War. Rochefort worked as a journ ...
, writer
*
Jacques-Francis Rolland
*
Alfred Rosmer
Alfred Rosmer (born Alfred Griot, 23 August 1877 – 6 May 1964) was an American-born French Communist political activist and historian who was a leading member of the Comintern. Rosmer is best remembered as a political associate of Leon Trotsky a ...
, trade-unionist
*
Gilbert Rouget, ethnomusicologist
*
Claude Roy, writer
*
Françoise Sagan
Françoise Sagan (born Françoise Delphine Quoirez; 21 June 1935 – 24 September 2004) was a French playwright, novelist, and screenwriter. Sagan was known for works with strong romantic themes involving wealthy and disillusioned bourgeois char ...
, writer
*
Marc Saint-Saëns, tapestrist
*
Nathalie Sarraute
Nathalie Sarraute (; born Natalia Ilinichna Tcherniak ( rus, Ната́лья Ильи́нична Черня́к); – 19 October 1999) was a French writer and lawyer.
Personal life
Sarraute was born in Ivanovo-Voznesensk (now Ivanovo), 300&n ...
, writer
*
Jean-Paul Sartre
Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (, ; ; 21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980) was one of the key figures in the philosophy of existentialism (and phenomenology), a French playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and litera ...
, philosopher
*
Renée Saurel
*
Claude Sautet
Claude Sautet (23 February 1924 – 22 July 2000) was a French film director and screenwriter.
He was a chronicler of post-war French society. He made a total of five films with his favorite actress Romy Schneider.
Biography
Born in Montroug ...
, scenarist and film-maker
*
Catherine Sauvage
Catherine Sauvage (26 May 1929 – 20 March 1998) was a French singer and actress.
Early life
Born Marcelle Jeanine Saunier in Nancy, France, she moved with her family in 1940 to the Free Zone in Annecy. After high school, she turned to the t ...
, singer and actress
*
Laurent Schwartz
Laurent-Moïse Schwartz (; 5 March 1915 – 4 July 2002) was a French mathematician. He pioneered the theory of distributions, which gives a well-defined meaning to objects such as the Dirac delta function. He was awarded the Fields Medal in 19 ...
, mathematician
*
Jean Schuster
*
Robert Scipion, journalist and writer
*
Louis Seguin, engineer and industrialist
*
Geneviève Serreau, actress
*
Simone Signoret
Simone Signoret (; born Simone Henriette Charlotte Kaminker; 25 March 1921 – 30 September 1985) was a French actress. She received various accolades, including an Academy Award, three BAFTA Awards, a César Award, a Primetime Emmy Award, a ...
, actress
*
Jean-Claude Silbermann, painter and writer
*
Claude Simon
Claude Simon (; 10 October 1913 – 6 July 2005) was a French novelist, and was awarded the 1985 Nobel Prize in Literature.
Biography
Claude Simon was born in Tananarive on the isle of Madagascar. His parents were French, his father being a ...
, writer
*
René de Solier
*
D. de la Souchère
*
Jean Thiercelin
*
François Truffaut
François Roland Truffaut ( , ; ; 6 February 1932 – 21 October 1984) was a French film director, screenwriter, producer, actor, and film critic. He is widely regarded as one of the founders of the French New Wave. After a career of more tha ...
, film-maker
*
René Tzanck
*
Vercors, writer
*
Jean-Pierre Vernant
Jean-Pierre Vernant (; January 4, 1914 – January 9, 2007) was a French historian and anthropologist, specialist in ancient Greece. Influenced by Claude Lévi-Strauss, Vernant developed a structuralist approach to Greek myth, tragedy, and ...
, historian
*
Pierre Vidal-Naquet
Pierre Emmanuel Vidal-Naquet (; 23 July 1930 – 29 July 2006) was a French historian who began teaching at the ''École des hautes études en sciences sociales'' (EHESS) in 1969.
Vidal-Naquet was a specialist in the study of Ancient Greece, but ...
, historian
*
J.-P. Vielfaure
*
Claude Viseux, painter and sculptor
*
Ylipe
*
René Zazzo, psychologist
See also
*
Manifesto
A manifesto is a published declaration of the intentions, motives, or views of the issuer, be it an individual, group, political party or government. A manifesto usually accepts a previously published opinion or public consensus or promotes a ...
References
External links
The full text of the declaration and a full list of signatories{{in lang, fr
Political history of France
Political manifestos
Algerian War
1960 in France
1960 in politics
Works originally published in French magazines
1960 documents