''Mandarina'' is a genus of air-breathing

land snail A land snail is any of the numerous species of snail that live on land, as opposed to the sea snails and freshwater snails. ''Land snail'' is the common name for terrestrial gastropod mollusks that have shells (those without shells are known as ...

, a

terrestrial Terrestrial refers to things related to land or the planet Earth. Terrestrial may also refer to: * Terrestrial animal, an animal that lives on land opposed to living in water, or sometimes an animal that lives on or near the ground, as opposed to ...

pulmonate Pulmonata or pulmonates, is an informal group (previously an order, and before that a subclass) of snails and slugs characterized by the ability to breathe air, by virtue of having a pallial lung instead of a gill, or gills. The group includ ...

gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, from freshwater, and from land. T ...

mollusk Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is e ...

in the family

Bradybaenidae Bradybaeninae is a taxonomic subfamily of medium-sized to small land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Camaenidae, superfamily Helicoidea.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Bradybaeninae Pilsbry, 1934 (1898). ...

. ''Mandarina'' have been traditionally placed within

Camaenidae Camaenidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea, the typical snails and their allies. This is one of the most diverse families in the clade Stylommatophora. These ...

.PDF (2010 reprint)

Phylogenic In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups o ...

study by Chiba (1999)Chiba S. (1999). "Accelerated evolution of land snails ''Mandarina'' in the oceanic Bonin Islands: evidence from mitochondrial DNA sequences". ''

Evolution Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. These characteristics are the expressions of genes, which are passed on from parent to offspring during reproduction. Variation ...

'' 53(2): 460-471
JSTOR
have found, that ''Mandarina'' is closely related to ''

Euhadra ''Euhadra'' is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Bradybaeninae of the family Camaenidae. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Euhadra Pilsbry, 1890. Accessed through: World Regi ...

'' (family Bradybaenidae) and that ''Mandarina'' have probably evolved from ''Euhadra''.

Distribution

The genus ''Mandarina'' is endemic to

Ogasawara Islands The Bonin Islands, also known as the , are an archipelago of over 30 subtropical and tropical islands, some directly south of Tokyo, Japan and northwest of Guam. The name "Bonin Islands" comes from the Japanese word ''bunin'' (an archaic readi ...

Description

The

shell Shell may refer to: Architecture and design * Shell (structure), a thin structure ** Concrete shell, a thin shell of concrete, usually with no interior columns or exterior buttresses ** Thin-shell structure Science Biology * Seashell, a hard o ...

is solid. The width of the shell is 15–80 mm.

Species

Species within the genus ''Mandarina'' include: * '' Mandarina anijimana'' * '' Mandarina aureola'' * '' Mandarina chichijimana'' * '' Mandarina conus'' * '' Mandarina exoptata'' * ''

Mandarina hahajimana ''Mandarina hahajimana'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Camaenidae. This species is endemic to Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an isla ...

'' * '' Mandarina hirasei'' * '' Mandarina luhuana'' * '' Mandarina mandarina'' * '' Mandarina polita'' * '' Mandarina ponderosa'' * '' Mandarina suenoae'' * '' Mandarina trifasciata''

Ecology

''Mandarina '' live in various habitats including

arboreal Arboreal locomotion is the Animal locomotion, locomotion of animals in trees. In habitats in which trees are present, animals have evolved to move in them. Some animals may scale trees only occasionally, but others are exclusively arboreal. Th ...

, semi-arboreal, ground habitats, wet habitats and dry habitats.

References

External links

''Mandarina'': A Microcosm of Biodiversity
* {{Taxonbar, from=Q9027338 Bradybaenidae Taxonomy articles created by Polbot