The Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area is a

linguistic area A sprachbund (, lit. "language federation"), also known as a linguistic area, area of linguistic convergence, or diffusion area, is a group of languages that share areal features resulting from geographical proximity and language contact. The lang ...

that includes over a dozen South American language families and isolates of the Mamoré– Guaporé region of eastern lowland

Bolivia , image_flag = Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg , flag_alt = Horizontal tricolor (red, yellow, and green from top to bottom) with the coat of arms of Bolivia in the center , flag_alt2 = 7 × 7 square p ...

(the

Llanos de Moxos The Beni savanna, also known as the Llanos de Moxos or Moxos plains, is a tropical savanna ecoregion of the Beni Department of northern Bolivia. Setting The Beni savanna covers an area of in the lowlands of northern Bolivia, with small portio ...

and

Chiquitania Chiquitania ("Chiquitos" or "Gran Chiquitania") is a region of tropical savannas in the Santa Cruz Department in eastern Bolivia. Geography "Chiquitos" is the colonial name for what is now essentially five of the six provinces that make up the Chi ...

regions) and Brazil ( Rondonia and

Mato Grosso Mato Grosso ( – lit. "Thick Bush") is one of the states of Brazil, the third largest by area, located in the Central-West region. The state has 1.66% of the Brazilian population and is responsible for 1.9% of the Brazilian GDP. Neighboring ...

states).van der Voort, Hein (2008). ''Interethnic contact in the Guaporé region and its linguistic consequences''.

Lund University , motto = Ad utrumque , mottoeng = Prepared for both , established = , type = Public research university , budget = SEK 9 billion Mamoré– Guaporé linguistic area in eastern lowland Bolivia (in

Beni Department Beni (), sometimes El Beni, is a northeastern department of Bolivia, in the lowlands region of the country. It is the second-largest department in the country (after Santa Cruz), covering 213,564 square kilometers (82,458 sq mi), and it was cre ...

and

Santa Cruz Department Santa Cruz () is the largest of the nine constituent departments of Bolivia, occupying about one-third (33.74%) of the country's territory. With an area of , it is slightly smaller than Japan or the US state of Montana. It is located in the e ...

) and Rondonia and northwestern

, Brazil. In

, many of the languages were historically spoken at the

Jesuit Missions of Moxos The Jesuit Missions of Moxos are located in the Llanos de Moxos of Beni department in eastern Bolivia. Distinguished by a unique fusion of European and Amerindian cultural influences, the missions were founded as reductions or ''reducciones de ...

and also the

Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos The Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos are located in Santa Cruz department in eastern Bolivia. Six of these former missions (all now secular municipalities) collectively were designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1990. Distinguished by a un ...

. Language families and branches in the linguistic area are as follows. *

Chapacuran languages The Chapacuran languages are a nearly extinct Native American language family of South America. Almost all Chapacuran languages are extinct, and the four that are extant are moribund. They are spoken in Rondônia in the southern Amazon Basin of ...

Tacanan languages Tacanan is a family of languages spoken in Bolivia, with Ese’ejja also spoken in Peru. It may be related to the Panoan languages. Many of the languages are endangered. Family division * Ese Ejja (a.k.a. Ese’eha, Tiatinagua, Chama, Huaray ...

*a few

Panoan languages Panoan (also Pánoan, Panoano, Panoana, Páno) is a family of languages spoken in Peru, western Brazil, and Bolivia. It is possibly a branch of a larger Pano–Tacanan family. Genetic relations The Panoan family is generally believed to be relat ...

Nambikwaran languages The Nambikwaran languages are a language family of half a dozen languages, all spoken in the state of Mato Grosso in Brazil. They have traditionally been considered dialects of a single language, but at least three of them are mutually unintelli ...

*the

Arawakan languages Arawakan (''Arahuacan, Maipuran Arawakan, "mainstream" Arawakan, Arawakan proper''), also known as Maipurean (also ''Maipuran, Maipureano, Maipúre''), is a language family that developed among ancient indigenous peoples in South America. Branc ...

Moxo, Bauré,

Paunaka The Pauna language, ''Paunaka'', is an almost unknown Arawakan language in South America. It is an extremely endangered language, which belongs to the southern branch of the Arawakan language family and it is spoken in the Bolivian area of the ...

, and other related varieties

Tupian The Tupi or Tupian language family comprises some 70 languages spoken in South America, of which the best known are Tupi proper and Guarani. Homeland and ''urheimat'' Rodrigues (2007) considers the Proto-Tupian urheimat to be somewhere between ...

branches in the Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area are: *

Ramarama languages The Ramarama languages of Rondônia, Brazil form a branch of the Tupian language family. They are Karo, or Ramarama, with 150 speakers, and the extinct Urumi. Varieties Below is a list of Itogapúc (Ramarama) language varieties listed by Loukot ...

Puruborá language The Puruborá language of Brazil is one of the Tupian languages. It is also known as: Aurã, Cujubim, Burubora, Kuyubi, Migueleno, Miguelenho or Pumbora. Specifically it is spoken in the Brazilian state of Rondônia Rondônia () is one of th ...

Mondé languages The Monde languages of Brazil form a branch of the Tupian language family. Cinta Larga is a dialect cluster spoken by a thousand people. Other languages are Mondé, Aruáshi, Suruí, Zoro, and Gavião do Jiparaná. Classification Internal ...

Tupari languages The Tuparí languages of Brazil form a branch of the Tupian language family. Internal classification The Tupari languages are:Nikulin, Andrey; Fernando O. de Carvalho. 2019Estudos diacrônicos de línguas indígenas brasileiras: um panorama ''Ma ...

Arikem languages The Arikem languages of Brazil form a branch of the Tupian language family. They are Karitiâna and the extinct Kabixiana and Arikem. Varieties Below is a list of Arikém language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unat ...

Guarayo languages The Guaráyu or Guaráyo languages (also known as Tupi–Guarani II) the are a subgroup of the Tupi–Guarani language family.Dietrich, Wolf. O tronco tupi e as suas famílias de línguas. Classificação e esboço tipológico. In: NOLL, Volke ...

(Tupi–Guarani group) *some

Guarani dialects The Guaraní language belongs to the Tupí-Guaraní branch of the Tupí linguistic family. There are three distinct groups within the Guaraní subgroup, they are: the Kaiowá, the Mbyá and the Ñandeva. In Latin America, the indigenous la ...

(Tupi–Guarani group) Macro-Jê branches in the Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area are: *

Jabutian languages The Yabutian or Jabutian languages are two similar moribund language An endangered language or moribund language is a language that is at risk of disappearing as its speakers die out or shift to speaking other languages. Language loss occurs ...

* Rikbaktsá language *

Chiquitano The Chiquitano or Chiquitos are an indigenous people of Bolivia, with a small number also living in Brazil. The Chiquitano primarily live in the Chiquitania tropical savanna of Santa Cruz Department, Bolivia, with a small number also living in Be ...

(sister branch of Macro-Jê)

Language isolates Language isolates are languages that cannot be classified into larger language families. Korean and Basque are two of the most common examples. Other language isolates include Ainu in Asia, Sandawe in Africa, and Haida in North America. The numbe ...

in the linguistic area are: * Cayuvava *

Itonama Itonama is a moribund language isolate spoken by the Itonama people in the Amazonian lowlands of north-eastern Bolivia. Greenberg’s (1987) classification of Itonama as Paezan, a sub-branch of Macro-Chibchan, remains unsupported and Itonama co ...

* Movima * Chimane/Mosetén * Canichana * Yuracaré * Leco * Mure * Aikanã *

Kanoê The Kanoê (also as the Canoe, Kapixaná and Kapixanã) are an indigenous people of southern Rondônia, Brazil, near the Bolivian border. There are two major groups of Kanoê: one residing in the region of the Guaporé River and another in the Ri ...

* Kwazá * Irantxe * Arara

Linguistic features

Areal features include: * a high incidence of prefixes * evidentials * directionals * verbal number * lack of nominal number * lack of classifiers * inclusive/exclusive distinction

Pieter Muysken Pieter is a male given name, the Dutch form of Peter. The name has been one of the most common names in the Netherlands for centuries, but since the mid-twentieth century its popularity has dropped steadily, from almost 3000 per year in 1947 to ...

et al. (2014) also performed a detailed statistical analysis of the Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area.Muysken, Pieter; Hammarström, Harald; Birchall, Joshua; Van Gijn, Rik; Krasnoukhova, Olga; Müller, Neele (2014)
Linguistic areas: bottom-up or top-down? The case of the Guaporé-Mamoré
In: Comrie, Bernard; Golluscio, Lucia. ''Language Contact and Documentation / Contacto lingüístico y documentación''. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 205-238.

Reconstruction of Proto-Mamoré-Guaporé

Reconstruction of Proto-Mamoré-Guaporé language according to Jolkesky 2016:Jolkesky, Marcelo (2016)
Uma reconstrução do proto-mamoré-guaporé (família arawák)
''LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas'', 16(1), 7-37.

References

External links

Amazonian Languages of Rondônia and Bolivia
collection, Leiden University
Language diversity of the Guaporé region
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mamore-Guapore Linguistic Area Sprachbund

Linguistic features

Reconstruction of Proto-Mamoré-Guaporé

See also

Further reading

References

External links