''Vallisneria'' (named in honor of Antonio Vallisneri) is a genus of

freshwater Fresh water or freshwater is any naturally occurring liquid or frozen water containing low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids. Although the term specifically excludes seawater and brackish water, it does include ...

aquatic plant Aquatic plants are plants that have adapted to living in aquatic environments (saltwater or freshwater). They are also referred to as hydrophytes or macrophytes to distinguish them from algae and other microphytes. A macrophyte is a plant that ...

, commonly called eelgrass, tape grass or vallis. The genus is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Africa, Europe, and North America. ''Vallisneria'' is a submerged plant that spreads by runners and sometimes forms tall underwater meadows.

Leaves A leaf (plural, : leaves) is any of the principal appendages of a vascular plant plant stem, stem, usually borne laterally aboveground and specialized for photosynthesis. Leaves are collectively called foliage, as in "autumn foliage", wh ...

arise in clusters from their roots. The leaves have rounded tips, and definite raised veins. Single white female flowers grow to the water surface on very long stalks. Male flowers grow on short stalks, become detached, and float to the surface. It is

dioecious Dioecy (; ; adj. dioecious , ) is a characteristic of a species, meaning that it has distinct individual organisms (unisexual) that produce male or female gametes, either directly (in animals) or indirectly (in seed plants). Dioecious reproductio ...

, with male and female flowers on separate plants. The fruit is a

banana A banana is an elongated, edible fruit – botanically a berry – produced by several kinds of large herbaceous flowering plants in the genus ''Musa''. In some countries, bananas used for cooking may be called "plantains", distinguis ...

-like capsule having many tiny seeds. Sometimes it is confused with the superficially similar '' Sagittaria'' when grown submerged. This plant should not be confused with ''

Zostera ''Zostera'' is a small genus of widely distributed seagrasses, commonly called marine eelgrass, or simply seagrass or eelgrass, and also known as seaweed by some fishermen and recreational boaters including yachtsmen. The genus ''Zostera'' con ...

'' species, marine seagrasses that are usually also given the common name "eelgrass". ''Vallisneria'' has arched stems which cross over small obstacles and develop small planters at their nodes.

Use in aquaria

Various strains of ''Vallisneria'' are commonly kept in tropical and subtropical aquaria. These include dwarf forms such as ''Vallisneria tortifolia'', a variety with leaves around 15 to 20 cm in length and characterised by having thin, tightly coiled leaves. A medium-sized variety, ''Vallisneria spiralis'' is also very popular, typically having leaves 30 to 60 cm in length. The largest varieties are often called ''Vallisneria gigantea'' regardless of their actual taxonomic designation; in fact most of the plants sold as ''Vallisneria gigantea'' are actually ''Vallisneria americana.'' Similarly, some ''Vallisneria gigantea'' are sold as ''Vallisneria spiralis'' and these giant varieties are only really suitable for very large tanks, having leaves that frequently exceed 1 m in length, but they are quite hardy and will do well in tanks with big fish that might uproot more delicate aquarium plants. With few exceptions, the commonly traded ''Vallisneria'' are tolerant and adaptable. While they do best under bright illumination they will do well under moderate lighting as well, albeit with slower growth rates. They are not picky about the substrate, and will accept plain gravel provided an iron-rich fertiliser is added to the water periodically. Once settled in, they multiply readily through the production of daughter plants at the end of runners (as mentioned above). Once they have established their own roots, these daughter plants can be cut away and transplanted if necessary. ''Vallisneria'' will accept neutral to alkaline water conditions (they do not like very acidic conditions) and do not require carbon dioxide fertilization. They are also among the few commonly traded aquarium plants that tolerate brackish water, provided the specific gravity does not exceed 1.003 (around 10 percent the salinity of normal sea water).Roe, Colin D. 1967. ''A Manual of Aquarium Plants''. Shirley Aquatics, Ltd.

Species

;Accepted species

Gallery

Image:Vallisneria1a.jpg, ''Vallisneria gigantea'' in a tropical fish tank (with freshwater

halfbeak Hemiramphidae is a family of fishes that are commonly called halfbeaks, spipe fish or spipefish. They are a geographically widespread and numerically abundant family of epipelagic fish inhabiting warm waters around the world. The halfbeaks are ...

s, ''Nomorhamphus liemi'') Image:Vallisneria asiatica var. biwaensis..JPG, "Corkscrew vallis". Originally in Lake Biwa, Japan.
Also cultivated by farm in Southeast Asia.

Use in aquaria

Species

Gallery

References

Further reading