Mahmud Astrakhani ( fa, ; tt-Latn, Ästerxannıñ Mäxmüd) was one of

Küchük Muhammad Küchük Muḥammad or Kīchīk Muḥammad (; 28 June 1391 – 1459) was a Mongol Khan of the Golden Horde from 1433 until his death in 1459. He was the son of Tīmūr Khan, possibly by a daughter of the powerful beglerbeg Edigu. His name, "L ...

's sons and a Khan who founded the

Khanate of Astrakhan The Khanate of Astrakhan, also referred to as the Xacitarxan Khanate, was a Tatar state that arose during the break-up of the Golden Horde. The Khanate existed in the 15th and 16th centuries in the area adjacent to the mouth of the Volga river, a ...

in the 1460s.

Life

After years of struggle for the throne of the

Great Horde The Great Horde (''Uluğ Orda'') was a rump state of the Golden Horde that existed from the mid-15th century to 1502. It was centered at the core of the Golden Horde at Sarai. Both the Khanate of Astrakhan and the Khanate of Crimea broke away ...

against Akhmat Khan, he escaped to the town of Hajji Tarkhan (or

Xacitarxan Hajji Tarkhan or Hajji Tarkhan al Jedid ( tt-Cyrl, Хаҗитархан, translit=Xacitarxan), also known as Hashtar Khan / Astarxan ( tt-Latn, Astarxan) or Astrakhan,in Persian sources: حاجی‌ترخان Haji-Tarkhan; Russian sources: Аст ...

), establishing the independent

there. Mahmud Astrakhani maintained friendly relations with his powerful neighbors—the

Nogay Horde The Nogai Horde was a confederation founded by the Nogais that occupied the Pontic–Caspian steppe from about 1500 until they were pushed west by the Kalmyks and south by the Russians in the 17th century. The Mongol tribe called the Manghuds cons ...

and the

and coined his own money. His letter to the Ottoman Sultan

Mehmed II Mehmed II ( ota, محمد ثانى, translit=Meḥmed-i s̱ānī; tr, II. Mehmed, ; 30 March 14323 May 1481), commonly known as Mehmed the Conqueror ( ota, ابو الفتح, Ebū'l-fetḥ, lit=the Father of Conquest, links=no; tr, Fâtih Su ...

(as dispatched on April 10, 1466) is a curious example of diplomatic epistles written in Persian or in the 15th-century

Old Tatar language The Old Tatar ( imlâ: يسكى تاتار تلى, translit. tt-Cyrl, иске татар теле, translit=İske Tatar Tele, Volga Turki; ba, Урал-Волга буйы төрки теле) was a literary language used by some ethnic grou ...

. The content is a necessity of establishment of diplomatic relations between Ottoman Empire and Astrakhan, and sending ambassadors to

Istanbul Istanbul ( , ; tr, İstanbul ), formerly known as Constantinople ( grc-gre, Κωνσταντινούπολις; la, Constantinopolis), is the List of largest cities and towns in Turkey, largest city in Turkey, serving as the country's economic, ...

. For uncertainties and additional information see the second part of

List of Astrakhan khans First list with full names *''Küchük Muhammad one of the Last Khans of the Golden Horde had a son named Mahmud bin Küchük who succeeded him as Khan of the remnant Khanate named the Great Horde. He was deposed in a struggle for power by his bro ...

. His son Janibeg briefly ruled Crimea in the winter of 1476/77 until he was driven out by the legitimate ruler

Nur Devlet Nur Devlet ( crh, Nur Devlet, نور دولت), was a ''khan'' of the Crimean Khanate (1466–1467, 1467–1469 and 1475–1476) and the son of Hacı I Giray, the founder of Crimean Khanate. Outline: In 1466 the first Crimean khan di ...

Genealogy

Genghis Khan ''Chinggis Khaan'' ͡ʃʰiŋɡɪs xaːŋbr />Mongol script: ''Chinggis Qa(gh)an/ Chinggis Khagan'' , birth_name = Temüjin , successor = Tolui (as regent)Ögedei Khan , spouse = , issue = , house = Borjigin , ...

Jochi Jochi Khan ( Mongolian: mn, Зүчи, ; kk, Жошы, Joşy جوشى; ; crh, Cuçi, Джучи, جوچى; also spelled Juchi; Djochi, and Jöchi c. 1182– February 1227) was a Mongol army commander who was the eldest son of Temüjin (aka G ...

Orda Khan Orda Ichen ( Mongolian: c. 1206 – 1251) was a Mongol Khan and military strategist who ruled the eastern part of the Golden Horde (division of the Mongol Empire) during the 13th century. First Khan of the White Horde Orda Ichen (-1251 ...

*Sartaqtay *

Köchü Khüchü (or Köchü, Konchi, Konichi) was the Khan of the White Horde between c. 1280–1302. He was the eldest son of Sartaqtay and Qujiyan of the Qongirat and a grandson of Orda Khan. Marco Polo says Köchü had a vast number of people ...

* Bayan *

Sasibuqa Sasibuqa ( mn, Сатибуха; kk, Сасы Бұқа хан; 1309–1315?) was the Khan of White Horde. He was one of Bayan's four sons. The rulers of the White Horde or the Left wing of the Golden horde issued decrees with the name of ...

Ilbasan :'' ''İlbasan'' was the Ottoman Turkish name of Elbasan, Albania'' Ilbasan or Erzen ( kz, Ерзен хан) was the ruler of White Horde from 1310/15 to 1320. During his reign, an increase in the cities, trade, and craft occurred in the Horde ...

Chimtay Chimtay was a ruler of White Horde between 1344 and 1360. When his son or relative, Urus (future khan), urged him to take throne of the Golden Horde, utilizing the great troubles. He refused but sent his brother Ordu Sheykh who was later on ki ...

* Urus * Temur-Malik *

Temür Qutlugh Temür Qutlugh or Tīmūr Qutluq ( 1370 – 1399) was a Khan of Golden Horde in 1397–1399. Ancestry According to the detailed genealogies of the ''Muʿizz al-ansāb'' and the ''Tawārīḫ-i guzīdah-i nuṣrat-nāmah'', Tīmūr Qutluq was th ...

*Temur ibn Temur Qutlugh *

*Mahmud bin Küchük 1460s deaths Khans of Astrakhan 15th-century monarchs in Europe Year of birth unknown Khans of the Golden Horde {{Asia-royal-stub