Jyotirao Govindrao Phule, also known as Mahatma Jyotiba Phule (11 April 1827 – 28 November 1890) was an Indian social activist,
thinker, anti-caste
social reformer
A reform movement or reformism is a type of social movement that aims to bring a social or also a political system closer to the community's ideal. A reform movement is distinguished from more radical social movements such as revolutionary move ...
and writer from
Maharashtra
Maharashtra (; , abbr. MH or Maha) is a state in the western peninsular region of India occupying a substantial portion of the Deccan Plateau. Maharashtra is the second-most populous state in India and the second-most populous country subdi ...
. His work extended to many fields, including eradication of
untouchability
Untouchability is a form of social institution that legitimises and enforces practices that are discriminatory, humiliating, exclusionary and exploitative against people belonging to certain social groups. Although comparable forms of discrimin ...
and the
caste system
Caste is a form of social stratification characterised by endogamy, hereditary transmission of a style of life which often includes an occupation, ritual status in a hierarchy, and customary social interaction and exclusion based on cultural ...
and for his efforts in educating women and oppressed caste people.
He and his wife,
Savitribai Phule
Savitribai Phule was an Indian social reformer, educationalist, and poet from Maharashtra. Along with her husband, in Maharashtra, she played an important and vital role in improving women's rights in India. She is considered to be the pioneer ...
, were pioneers of women's education in India.
Phule started his first school for girls in 1848 in Pune at Tatyasaheb Bhide's residence or Bhidewada.
He, along with his followers, formed the
Satyashodhak Samaj (Society of Truth Seekers) to attain equal rights for people from lower castes. People from all religions and castes could become a part of this association which worked for the upliftment of the oppressed classes. Phule is regarded as an important figure in the social reform movement in Maharashtra. He was bestowed with honorific
Mahātmā
Mahatma (English pronunciation: , sa, महात्मा, translit=mahātmā) is an honorific used in India.
The term is commonly used for Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, who is often referred to simply as "Mahatma Gandhi". Albeit less frequent ...
(
Sanskrit
Sanskrit (; attributively , ; nominally , , ) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in South Asia after its predecessor languages had Trans-cultural diffusion ...
: "great-souled", "venerable") title by Maharashtrian social activist Vithalrao Krishnaji Vandekar in 1888.
Early life
Jyotirao Phule was born in
Pune
Pune (; ; also known as Poona, ( the official name from 1818 until 1978) is one of the most important industrial and educational hubs of India, with an estimated population of 7.4 million As of 2021, Pune Metropolitan Region is the largest i ...
in 1827 to a family that belonged to the
Mali caste
The Mali are an occupational caste found among the Hindus who traditionally worked as gardeners and florists. They also call themselves Phul Mali due to their occupation of growing flowers. The Mali are found throughout North India, East India ...
. The Malis traditionally worked as fruit and vegetable growers: in the four-fold ''
varna'' system of
caste hierarchy, they were placed within the ''
Shudra
Shudra or ''Shoodra'' (Sanskrit: ') is one of the four '' varnas'' of the Hindu caste system and social order in ancient India. Various sources translate it into English as a caste, or alternatively as a social class. Theoretically, class ser ...
s''.
Phule was named after God
Jyotiba. He was born on the day of Jyotiba's annual fair.
Phule's family, previously named ''Gorhe'', had its origins in the village of
Katgun
Katgun is a village in the Khatav taluka of Satara district in Maharashtra State, India.
Notable personalities
* Mahatma Jyotiba Phule, the Indian activist, thinker, social reformer, writer and theologist was belongs to Katgun.
Jyothirao ...
, near the town of
Satara. Phule's great-grandfather, who had worked there as a , or low-ranking village official, moved to Khanwadi in
Pune district
Pune district (Marathi pronunciation: uɳeː is the most populous district in the Indian state of Maharashtra. The district's population was 9,429,408 in the 2011 census, making it the fourth most populous district amongst India's 640 district ...
. There, his only son, Shetiba, brought the family into poverty. The family, including three sons, moved to
Poona
Pune (; ; also known as Poona, ( the official name from 1818 until 1978) is one of the most important industrial and educational hubs of India, with an estimated population of 7.4 million As of 2021, Pune Metropolitan Region is the largest i ...
seeking employment. The boys were taken under the wing of a florist who taught them the secrets of the trade. Their proficiency in growing and arranging became well known and they adopted the name ''Phule'' (flower-man) in place of ''Gorhe''. Their fulfillment of commissions from the
Peshwa
The Peshwa (Pronunciation: e(ː)ʃʋaː was the appointed (later becoming hereditary) prime minister of the Maratha Empire of the Indian subcontinent. Originally, the Peshwas served as subordinates to the Chhatrapati (the Maratha king); later ...
,
Baji Rao II
Shrimant Peshwa Baji Rao II (10 January 1775 – 28 January 1851) was the 13th and the last Peshwa of the Maratha Empire. He governed from 1795 to 1818. He was installed as a puppet ruler by the Maratha nobles, whose growing power prompted ...
, for flower mattresses and other goods for the rituals and ceremonies of the royal court so impressed him that he granted them of land on the basis of the ''
inam Inam ( ar, إنعام ) means ''gift''.
It may be used as a given name for a person. It is mainly female but also male when used in compound forms such as Inam-ul-Haq / Enamul Haque. The name is subject to varying transliterations such as Inaam, ...
'' system, whereby no tax would be payable upon it. The oldest brother machinated to take sole control of the property, leaving the younger two siblings, Jyotirao Phule's father, Govindrao, to continue farming and also flower-selling.
Govindrao married Chimnabai and had two sons, of whom Jyotirao was the youngest. Chimnabai died before he was aged one. The Mali community did not make room for much by education, and after attending primary school to learn the basics of reading, writing, and arithmetic, Jyotirao was withdrawn from school. He joined the menfolk of his family at work, both in the shop and the farm. However, a man from the same Mali caste as Phule recognised his intelligence and persuaded Phule's father to allow Phule to attend the local Scottish Mission High School.
Phule completed his English schooling in 1847. As was customary, he was married young, at the age of 13, to a girl of his own community, chosen by his father.
The turning point in his life was in 1848, when he attended the wedding of a
Brahmin
Brahmin (; sa, ब्राह्मण, brāhmaṇa) is a varna as well as a caste within Hindu society. The Brahmins are designated as the priestly class as they serve as priests ( purohit, pandit, or pujari) and religious teachers ( ...
friend. Phule participated in the customary marriage procession, but was later rebuked and insulted by his friend's parents for doing that. They told him that he being from a Shudra caste should have had the sense to keep away from that ceremony. This incident profoundly affected Phule on the injustice of the caste system.
Social activism
Education
![MAHATMA fule vada (21)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/MAHATMA_fule_vada_%2821%29.JPG)
In 1848, aged 21, Phule visited a girls' school in
Ahmednagar
Ahmednagar (), is a city located in the Ahmednagar district in the state of Maharashtra, India, about 120 km northeast of Pune and 114 km from Aurangabad. Ahmednagar takes its name from Ahmad Nizam Shah I, who founded the town in 1494 ...
, run by Christian missionaries. It was also in 1848 that he read
Thomas Paine
Thomas Paine (born Thomas Pain; – In the contemporary record as noted by Conway, Paine's birth date is given as January 29, 1736–37. Common practice was to use a dash or a slash to separate the old-style year from the new-style year. In th ...
's book ''
Rights of Man
''Rights of Man'' (1791), a book by Thomas Paine, including 31 articles, posits that popular political revolution is permissible when a government does not safeguard the natural rights of its people. Using these points as a base it defends the ...
'' and developed a keen sense of social justice. He realized that exploited castes and women were at a disadvantage in Indian society, and also that education of these sections was vital to their emancipation. To this end and in the same year, Phule first taught reading and writing to his wife, Savitribai, and then the couple started the first indigenously run school for girls in Pune. He also taught Sagunabai Kshirsagar (his maternal aunt's daughter) to write Marathi with Savitribai.
The conservative upper caste society of Pune didn't approve of his work. But many Indians and Europeans helped him generously. Conservatives in Pune also forced his own family and community to ostracize them. During this period, their friend Usman Sheikh and his sister
Fatima Sheikh
Fatima Sheikh (9 January 1831 – 9 October 1900) was an Indian educator and social reformer, who was a colleague of the social reformers Jyotirao Phule and Savitribai Phule She is widely considered to be India’s first Muslim woman teacher.
...
provided them with shelter. They also helped to start the school on their premises.
Later, the Phules started schools for children from the then untouchable castes such as
Mahar
Mahar, meaning "original inhabitants of Maharashtra" (in various languages), is an Indian caste found largely in the state of Maharashtra and neighbouring areas. Most of the Mahar community followed B. R. Ambedkar in converting to Buddhism i ...
and
Mang.
In 1852, there were three Phule schools in operation 273 girls were pursuing education in these school but by 1858 they had all closed.
Eleanor Zelliot
Eleanor Zelliot (October 7, 1926 – June 5, 2016) was an American writer, professor of Carleton College and specialist on the history of India, Southeast Asia, Vietnam, women of Asia, Untouchables, and social movements.
Zelliot wrote over ei ...
blames the closure on private European donations drying up due to
the Indian Mutiny of 1857, withdrawal of government support, and Jyotirao resigning from the school management committee because of disagreement regarding the curriculum.
Women's welfare
Phule watched how
untouchables were not permitted to pollute anyone with their shadows and that they had to attach a broom to their backs to wipe the path on which they had traveled. He saw young widows shaving their heads, refraining from any sort of joy in their life. He saw how untouchable women had been forced to dance naked. He made the decision to educate women by witnessing all these social evils that encouraged unequality. He began with his wife, every afternoon, Jyotirao sat with his wife Savitribai Phule and educated her when she went to the farms where he worked, to bring him his meal. He sent his wife to get trained at a school. The husband and wife set up India's first girls' school in
Vishrambag Wada, Pune, in 1848.
He championed
widow remarriage
Hindu texts present diverse views on the position of women, ranging from feminine leadership as the highest goddess, to limiting gender roles. The Devi Sukta hymn of Rigveda, a scripture of Hinduism, declares the feminine energy as the esse ...
and started a home for dominant caste pregnant widows to give birth in a safe and secure place in 1863. His orphanage was established in an attempt to reduce the rate of
infanticide
Infanticide (or infant homicide) is the intentional killing of infants or offspring. Infanticide was a widespread practice throughout human history that was mainly used to dispose of unwanted children, its main purpose is the prevention of resou ...
.
![The Prime Minister Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee unveiled the statue of Mahatma Jyotirao Phule at Parliament House in New Delhi on December 3](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/The_Prime_Minister_Shri_Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee_unveiled_the_statue_of_Mahatma_Jyotirao_Phule_at_Parliament_House_in_New_Delhi_on_December_3.jpg)
In 1863, Pune witnessed a horrific incident. A
Brahmin
Brahmin (; sa, ब्राह्मण, brāhmaṇa) is a varna as well as a caste within Hindu society. The Brahmins are designated as the priestly class as they serve as priests ( purohit, pandit, or pujari) and religious teachers ( ...
widow named Kashibai got pregnant and her attempts at abortion didn't succeed. She killed the baby after giving it birth and threw it in a well, but her act came to light. She had to face punishment and was sentenced to jail. This incident greatly upset Phule and hence, along with his longtime friend Sadashiv Ballal Govande and Savitribai, he started an infanticide prevention centre. Pamphlets were stuck around Pune advertising the centre in the following words: "Widows, come here and deliver your baby safely and secretly. It is up to your discretion whether you want to keep the baby in the centre or take it with you. This orphanage will take care of the children
eft behind
A newt is a salamander in the subfamily Pleurodelinae. The terrestrial juvenile phase is called an eft. Unlike other members of the family Salamandridae, newts are semiaquatic, alternating between aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Not all aq ...
" The Phule couple ran the infanticide prevention centre until the mid-1880s.
Phule tried to eliminate the stigma of social untouchability surrounding the exploited castes by opening his house and the use of his water well to the members of the exploited castes.
Views on religion and caste
Phule appealed for restablishment of the reign of mythical
Mahabali
Mahabali (IAST: Mahābalī), also known as Bali, Indrasenan, or Māveli, is a daitya king featured in Hinduism. He is the grandson of Prahlada, and a descendant of the sage Kashyapa. There are many versions of his legend, in ancient texts such ...
(King Bali) which predated "Aryans' treacherous coup d'etat". He proposed his own version of
Aryan invasion theory
The Indo-Aryan migrations were the migrations into the Indian subcontinent of Indo-Aryan peoples, an ethnolinguistic group that spoke Indo-Aryan languages, the predominant languages of today's North India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, S ...
that the Aryan conquerors of India, whom the theory's proponents considered to be racially superior, were in fact barbaric suppressors of the indigenous people. He believed that they had instituted the caste system as a framework for subjugation and social division that ensured the pre-eminence of their Brahmin successors. He saw the subsequent
Muslim conquests of the Indian subcontinent
The Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent mainly took place from the 13th to 17th centuries. Earlier Muslim conquests include the invasions into what is now modern-day Pakistan and the Umayyad campaigns in India in eighth century and res ...
as more of the same sort of thing, being a repressive alien regime, but took heart in the arrival of the British, whom he considered to be relatively enlightened and not supportive of the ''varnashramadharma'' system instigated and then perpetuated by those previous invaders. In his book, ''Gulamgiri'', he thanked Christian missionaries and the British colonists for making the exploited castes realise that they are worthy of all human rights. The book, whose title transliterates as ''slavery'' and which concerned women, caste and reform, was dedicated to the people in the US who were working to end slavery.
Phule saw
Vishnu's avatars as a symbol of oppression stemming from the Aryan conquests and took
Mahabali
Mahabali (IAST: Mahābalī), also known as Bali, Indrasenan, or Māveli, is a daitya king featured in Hinduism. He is the grandson of Prahlada, and a descendant of the sage Kashyapa. There are many versions of his legend, in ancient texts such ...
(Bali Raja) as hero. His critique of the caste system began with an attack on the
Vedas
upright=1.2, The Vedas are ancient Sanskrit texts of Hinduism. Above: A page from the '' Atharvaveda''.
The Vedas (, , ) are a large body of religious texts originating in ancient India. Composed in Vedic Sanskrit, the texts constitute th ...
, the most fundamental texts of Hindus. He considered them to be a form of false consciousness.
He is credited with introducing the Marathi word ''
dalit
Dalit (from sa, दलित, dalita meaning "broken/scattered"), also previously known as untouchable, is the lowest stratum of the castes in India. Dalits were excluded from the four-fold varna system of Hinduism and were seen as forming ...
'' (broken, crushed) as a descriptor for those people who were outside the traditional varna system. The terminology was later popularised in the 1970s by the
Dalit Panther
The Dalit Panthers are a social organisation that seeks to combat caste discrimination. It was led by a group of Mahar writers and poets, including Raja Dhale, Namdeo Dhasal, and J. V. Pawar in some time between the second and the third sem ...
s.
At an education commission hearing in 1882, Phule called for help in providing education for exploited castes. To implement it, he advocated making primary education compulsory in villages. He also asked for special incentives to get more lower-caste people in high schools and colleges.
Satyashodhak Samaj
On 24 September 1874, Phule formed Satyashodhak Samaj to focus on rights of depressed groups such women, the
Shudra
Shudra or ''Shoodra'' (Sanskrit: ') is one of the four '' varnas'' of the Hindu caste system and social order in ancient India. Various sources translate it into English as a caste, or alternatively as a social class. Theoretically, class ser ...
, and the
Dalit
Dalit (from sa, दलित, dalita meaning "broken/scattered"), also previously known as untouchable, is the lowest stratum of the castes in India. Dalits were excluded from the four-fold varna system of Hinduism and were seen as forming ...
.
Through this the samaj he opposed
idolatry
Idolatry is the worship of a cult image or "idol" as though it were God. In Abrahamic religions (namely Judaism, Samaritanism, Christianity, the Baháʼí Faith, and Islam) idolatry connotes the worship of something or someone other than the ...
and denounced the caste system. Satyashodhak Samaj campaigned for the spread of rational thinking and rejected the need for priests.
Phule established Satyashodhak Samaj with the ideals of human well-being, happiness, unity, equality, and easy religious principles and rituals.
A Pune-based newspaper, ''
Deenbandhu
''Deenbandhu'', sometimes transliterated as ''Dinbandhu'' and spelled ''Din Bandhu'', was a weekly Marathi-language newspaper first published in Pune, British India in January 1877. It was the first newspaper in India to cater explicitly to t ...
'', provided the voice for the views of the Samaj.
The membership of the samaj included Muslims, Brahmins and government officials. Phule's own Mali caste provided the leading members and financial supporters for the organization.
Occupation
Apart from his role as a social activist, Phule was a businessman too. In 1882 he styled himself as a merchant, cultivator and municipal contractor. He owned of farmland at
Manjri
Manjari is a village 4 km from Hadapsar, India, which is a suburban area around Pune. Manjari railway station is one of the Pune Suburban Railway
Pune Suburban Railway, (Marathi language, Marathi: पुणे उपनगरीय र ...
, near Pune. For period of time, he worked as a contractor for the government and supplied building materials required for the construction of a dam on the Mula-Mutha river near Pune in the 1870s. He also received contracts to provide labour for the construction of the
Katraj Tunnel
The New Katraj Tunnel is a highway tunnel located on the NH 48 (formerly NH 4), Pune, in Maharashtra state of India. It is a three-laned tunnel which stretches up to 1,223 metres on Katraj Ghat. This tunnel replaced the Old Katraj Tunnel. The ...
and the
Yerawda Jail near Pune. One of Phule's businesses, established in 1863, was to supply metal-casting equipment.
Phule was appointed commissioner (municipal council member) to the then Poona municipality in 1876 and served in this unelected position until 1883.
Published works
![Jyotirao Phule 1977 stamp of India](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Jyotirao_Phule_1977_stamp_of_India.jpg)
Phule's ''akhandas'' were organically linked to the ''abhangs'' of Marathi Varkari saint
Tukaram
Sant Tukaram Maharaj (Marathi pronunciation: ̪ukaːɾam was a 17th-century Marathi poet, Hindu ''sant'' (saint), popularly known as Tuka, Tukobaraya, Tukoba in Maharashtra. He was a Sant of Varkari sampradaya (Marathi-Vaishnav tradition) - ...
. Among his notable published works are:
*''Tritiya Ratna'', 1855
*''Brahmananche Kasab'', 1869
*''Powada : Chatrapati Shivajiraje Bhosle Yancha'',
nglish: Life Of Shivaji, In Poetical Metre June 1869
*''Powada: Vidyakhatyatil Brahman Pantoji'', June 1869
*''Manav Mahammand'' (Muhammad) (Abhang)
*''Gulamgiri'', 1873
*''
Shetkarayacha Aasud'' (Cultivator's Whipcord), July 1881
*''Satsar'' Ank 1, June 1885
*''Satsar'' Ank 2 June 1885
*''Ishara'', October 1885
*''Gramjoshya sambhandi jahir kabhar'', (1886)
*''Satyashodhak Samajokt Mangalashtakasah Sarva Puja-vidhi'', 1887
*''Sarvajanik Satya Dharma Poostak'', April 1889
*''Sarvajanic Satya Dharmapustak'', 1891
*''Akhandadi Kavyarachana''
*''Asprushyanchi Kaifiyat''
Legacy
![Jyotiba phule statue](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Jyotiba_phule_statue.jpg)
According to
Dhananjay Keer
Anant Viththal Keer (Devanagari: अनंत विठ्ठल कीर), known by his alias Dhananjay Keer (धनंजय कीर)(1913–1984) was an Indian biographer who profiled many high profile politicians and social activists. He ...
, Phule was bestowed with the title of
Mahatma
Mahatma (English pronunciation: , sa, महात्मा, translit=mahātmā) is an honorific used in India.
The term is commonly used for Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, who is often referred to simply as "Mahatma Gandhi". Albeit less frequent ...
on 11 May 1888 by another social reformer from Bombay, Vithalrao Krishnaji Vandekar.
* Biographies -
An early biography of Phule was the
Marathi-language
Marathi (; ''Marāṭhī'', ) is an Indo-Aryan language predominantly spoken by Marathi people in the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the official language of Maharashtra, and additional official language in the state of Goa. It is one of t ...
''Mahatma Jotirao Phule Yanche Charitra'' (P. S. Patil, Chikali: 1927). Two others are ''Mahatma Phule. Caritra Va Kriya'' (''Mahatma Phule. Life and Work'') (A. K. Ghorpade, Poona: 1953), which is also in Marathi, and ''Mahatma Jyotibha Phule: Father of Our Social Revolution'' (
Dhananjay Keer
Anant Viththal Keer (Devanagari: अनंत विठ्ठल कीर), known by his alias Dhananjay Keer (धनंजय कीर)(1913–1984) was an Indian biographer who profiled many high profile politicians and social activists. He ...
, Bombay: 1974). Unpublished material relating to him is held by the Bombay State Committee on the History of the Freedom Movement.
* Influenced -
Phule inspired
B. R. Ambedkar
Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (14 April 1891 – 6 December 1956) was an Indian jurist, economist, social reformer and political leader who headed the committee drafting the Constitution of India from the Constituent Assembly debates, served ...
, the first minister of law of India and the chief architect of the
Indian Constitution
The Constitution of India ( IAST: ) is the supreme law of India. The document lays down the framework that demarcates fundamental political code, structure, procedures, powers, and duties of government institutions and sets out fundamental r ...
. Ambedkar had acknowledged Phule as one of his three gurus or masters.
Memorials -
There are many structures and places commemorating Phule. These include:
* The full-length statue inaugurated at the premises of Vidhan Bhavan (Assembly Building of Maharashtra State)
*
Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Mandai
Crawford Market (officially Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Mandai) is one of South Mumbai's most famous markets. The building was completed in 1869, and donated to the city by Cowasji Jehangir. Originally named after Arthur Crawford, the first Municip ...
, formerly known as Crawford Market, in Mumbai
*
Mahatma Phule Museum
Mahatma Phule Museum is a museum located in Pune, a city in the Indian state of Maharashtra. It was founded in 1890 and was then called the Poona Industrial Museum, and subsequently it was named Lord Reay Museum. In 1968 it was renamed as Mahat ...
in Pune
*
Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth
, mottoeng = "We vow to produce abundant food"
, established =
, image = Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth logo.jpg
, caption = Logo
, type = Public
, endowment ...
(Agricultural University) in
Rahuri
Rahuri is a town and a municipal council in Ahmednagar district in the Indian state of Maharashtra.
Geography
Rahuri is located at . It has an average elevation of 511 metres (1676 feet).
Demographics
India census, Rahuri had a po ...
,
Ahmednagar District
Ahmednagar district (Marathi pronunciation: Help:IPA/Marathi, ɦ(ə)məd̪nəɡəɾ is the largest districts of Maharashtra, district of Maharashtra state in western India. The historical Ahmednagar city is the headquarters of the district. ...
, Maharashtra
*
Mahathma Phule Mandai, the biggest vegetable market in Pune
*
Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University
Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University (MJP Rohilkhand University) is a government university in Uttar Pradesh, India and campus spread over . It is an ISO9001:2015 Certified U.P. Government University. The university headquarters is in Ba ...
*
Subharti College of Physiotherapy was formerly named after him.
In popular culture
*
G. P. Deshpande
Govind Purushottam Deshpande (Devanagari: गोविंद पुरुषोत्तम देशपांडे; 1938 – 16 October 2013) was a Marathi playwright and academic from Maharashtra, India.
Biography Education and career
Bo ...
's biographical play ''Satyashodhak'' (''The Truth Seeker'') was first performed by
Jan Natya Manch in 1992.
* ''
Mahatma Phule
Jyotirao Govindrao Phule, also known as Mahatma Jyotiba Phule (11 April 1827 – 28 November 1890) was an Indian social activist, thinker, anti-caste social reformer and writer from Maharashtra. His work extended to many fields, including era ...
'' (1954), an Indian Marathi-language biographical film about the social reformer was directed
Pralhad Keshav Atre
Prahlad Keshav Atre () (13 August 1898 – 13 June 1969), popularly known as Āchārya Atre, was a prominent Marathi writer, poet, educationist, founder–editor of ''Maratha'' (a Marathi language newspaper), and above all, a noted orator.
Bio ...
.
*''
Krantijyoti Savitribai Phule'', an Indian drama television series based on Savitribai Phule's and Jyotiba Phule's life was aired on
DD National
DD National (formerly DD1) is a state-owned public entertainment television channel in India. It is the flagship channel of Doordarshan, India's public service broadcaster, and the oldest and most widely available terrestrial television channel ...
in 2016.
*''Savitri Jyoti'', an
Marathi
Marathi may refer to:
*Marathi people, an Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group of Maharashtra, India
*Marathi language, the Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Marathi people
*Palaiosouda, also known as Marathi, a small island in Greece
See also
*
* ...
drama television series based on the life and work of Savitribai and Jyotiba Phule was aired on
Sony Marathi
Sony Marathi is an Indian pay television channel that broadcasts programming in Marathi. It was launched on 19 August 2018 and is owned and operated by Culver Max Entertainment.
Current broadcast Drama series (Mon-Sat)
Reality shows
Upco ...
in 2019- 2020.
*''Savitribai Phule'', an Indian
Kannada
Kannada (; ಕನ್ನಡ, ), originally romanised Canarese, is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by the people of Karnataka in southwestern India, with minorities in all neighbouring states. It has around 47 million native s ...
-language biopic was made about Phule in 2018.
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
*
*
*
*
*
Further reading
*
*
*
External links
{{DEFAULTSORT:Phule, Mahatma Jotirao
1827 births
1890 deaths
Activists from Maharashtra
Marathi people
Marathi-language writers
Women's education in India
Satyashodhak Samaj
People from Satara district
19th-century Indian educational theorists
Scholars from Maharashtra
Writers from Maharashtra
Dalit activists
Indian social reformers
Indian revolutionaries
Anti-caste movements
19th-century Indian historians
Social justice
Founders of Indian schools and colleges
Anti-caste activists