Description
Magnolias are spreading, evergreen or deciduous trees or shrubs, characterised by large fragrant flowers which may be bowl-shaped or star-shaped, in shades of white, pink, purple, green or yellow. In deciduous species the blooms often appear before the leaves, in spring. Cone-like fruits are often produced in autumn. As with all Magnoliaceae, the perianth is undifferentiated, with 9–15 tepals in three or more whorls. The flowers are bisexual with numerous adnateTaxonomy
History
Early
The name ''Magnolia'' first appeared in 1703 in the ''Recent
With the number of species increasing, the genus was divided into the two subgenera ''Magnolia'' and ''Yulania''. ''Magnolia'' contains the American evergreen species ''M. grandiflora'', which is of horticultural importance, especially in the southeastern United States, and ''M. virginiana'', the type species. ''Yulania'' contains several deciduous Asiatic species, such as ''M. denudata'' and ''M. kobus'', which have become horticulturally important in their own right and as parents in hybrids. Classified in ''Yulania'', is also the American deciduous ''M. acuminata'' (cucumber tree), which has recently attained greater status as the parent responsible for the yellow flower color in many new hybrids. Relations in the family Magnoliaceae have been puzzling taxonomists for a long time. Because the family is quite old and has survived many geological events (such as ice ages, mountain formation, and continental drift), its distribution has become scattered. Some species or groups of species have been isolated for a long time, while others could stay in close contact. To create divisions in the family (or even within the genus ''Magnolia''), solely based upon morphological characters, has proven to be a nearly impossible task.In 1927 J.E. Dandy accepted 10 genera in ''The genera of Magnoliaceae'', ''Kew Bulletin 1927'': 257–264. In 1984 Law Yuh-Wu proposed 15 in ''A preliminary study on the taxonomy of the family Magnoliaceae'', ''Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica'' 22: 89–109; in 2004 even 16, in ''Magnolias of China''. This is not just about grouping some genera together where others do not; authors often choose different boundaries. By the end of the 20th century,Fossil record
Fossils assignable to ''Magnolia'' extend into theSubdivision
In 2012, the Magnolia Society published on its website a classification of the genus produced bySpecies
The species lists below are divided according to the Magnolia Society's 2012 classification.Subgenus ''Magnolia''
=Section ''Magnolia''
= * '' Magnolia grandiflora'' L. - (SE US) * '' Magnolia guatemalensis'' Donn. Sm. - (Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador) ** ''Magnolia guatemalensis'' subsp. ''guatemalensis'' (Guatemala) ** ''Magnolia guatemalensis'' subsp. ''hondurensis'' (Molina) Vazquez (Honduras, El Salvador) * ''=Section ''Gwillimia''
=Subsection ''Gwillimia'' * ''Magnolia albosericea'' Chun & Tsoong. (Hainan (China)) * ''Magnolia bawangensis'' Law, R.Z.Zhou & D.M.Liu (Hainan (China)) * ''Magnolia championii'' Benth (S & SE China) * ''Magnolia clemensiorum'' Dandy (Vietnam) * ''
Subsection ''Blumiana'' * ''Magnolia angatensis'' Blanco (Philippines) * ''Magnolia betongensis'' (Craib) H.Keng (Borneo) * ''Magnolia gigantifolia'' (Miq.) Noot. (Borneo, Sumatra) * ''Magnolia hodgsonii'' (Hook.f. & Thom.) H.Keng (Nepal, Burma) * ''Magnolia lasia'' Noot. (Borneo) * ''Magnolia liliifera'' (L.) Baillon (SE Asia, Borneo, Philippines, Singapore, Sumatra) ** ''Magnolia liliifera'' var. ''angatensis'' (Blanco) Noot. (Philippines) ** ''Magnolia liliifera'' var. ''beccarii'' (Henry Nicholas Ridley, Ridley) Noot. (Borneo) ** ''Magnolia liliifera'' var. ''liliifera'' (SE Asia) ** ''Magnolia liliifera'' var. ''obovata'' (Korth.) Govaerts (Borneo) ** ''Magnolia liliifera'' var. ''singapurensis'' (Ridley) Noot. (Singapore, Sumatra) * ''Magnolia mariusjacobsia'' Noot. (Borneo) * ''Magnolia persuaveolens'' Dandy (Borneo) ** ''Magnolia persuaveolens'' subsp. ''persuaveolens'' (Borneo) ** ''Magnolia persuaveolens'' subsp. ''rigida'' Noot. (Borneo) * ''Magnolia rabaniana'' Hook.f. & Thomson D.C.S.Raju & M.P.Nayer (India) * ''Magnolia sarawakensis'' (Agostini) Noot. (Borneo) * ''Magnolia singapurensis'' (Ridl.) H.Keng (Singapore, Sumatra) * ''Magnolia villosa'' (Miq.) H.Keng (Sumatra, Borneo)
=Section ''Talauma''
=Subsection ''Talauma'' * ''Magnolia allenii'' Standl. (Panama) * ''Magnolia amazonica'' (Ducke) Govaerts (Brazil, Peru) * ''Magnolia arcabucoana'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Colombia) * ''Magnolia bankardiorum'' M.O.Dillon & Sánchez Vega (Peru) * ''Magnolia boliviana'' (M.Nee) Govaerts (Bolivia) * ''Magnolia caricifragrans'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Colombia) * ''Magnolia cespedesii'' (Triana & Planch) Govaerts (Colombia) * ''Magnolia chocoensis'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Colombia) * ''Magnolia coronata'' M.Serna, C.Velásquez & Cogollo (Colombia) * ''Magnolia dixonii'' (Little) Govaerts (Ecuador) * ''Magnolia dodecapetala'' (Lam.) Govaerts (Lesser Antilles) * ''Magnolia espinalii'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Colombia) * ''Magnolia georgii'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Colombia) * ''Magnolia gilbertoi'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Colombia) * ''Magnolia gloriensis'' (Pittier) Govaerts (Central America) * ''Magnolia henaoi'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Colombia) * ''Magnolia hernandezii'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Colombia) * ''Magnolia irwiniana'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Brazil) * ''Magnolia jardinensis'' M.Serna, C.Velásquez & Cogollo (Colombia) * ''Magnolia katiorum'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Colombia) * ''Magnolia lacandonica'' Vazquez-Garcia, Perez-Farrera, Martinez-Camilo, Muniz-Castro & Martinez-Melendez (Mexico) * ''Magnolia manguillo'' Marcelo-Peña & F. Arroyo (Peru) * ''Magnolia mexicana'' DC. (Mexico) * ''Magnolia minor'' (Urb.) Govaerts (Cuba) * ''Magnolia morii'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Panama) * ''Magnolia narinensis'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Colombia) * ''Magnolia neillii'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Ecuador) * ''Magnolia ovata'' (A.St.-Hil.) Spreng. (Brazil) * ''Magnolia polyhypsophylla'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Colombia) * ''Magnolia quetzal'' Vazquez-Garcia, Veliz-Perez, Triboullier-Navas & Muniz-Castro (Guatemala) * ''Magnolia rimachii'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Peru, Ecuador) * ''Magnolia sambuensis'' (Pittier) Govaerts (Panama, Colombia) * ''Magnolia santanderiana'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Colombia) * ''Magnolia sellowiana'' (A.St.-Hil.) Govaerts (Brazil) * ''Magnolia silvioi'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Colombia) * ''Magnolia venezuelensis'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Venezuela) * ''Magnolia virolinensis'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Colombia) * ''Magnolia wolfii'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Colombia)
Subsection ''Dugandiodendron'' * ''Magnolia argyrothricha'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Colombia) * ''Magnolia calimaensis'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Colombia) * ''Magnolia calophylla'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Colombia) * ''Magnolia cararensis'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Colombia) * ''Magnolia chimantensis'' Steyermark & Maguire – “Chimanta magnolia” (Venezuela) * ''Magnolia colombiana'' (Little) Govaerts (Colombia) * ''Magnolia guatapensis'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Colombia) * ''Magnolia jaenensis'' Marcelo-Peña (Peru) * ''Magnolia lenticellata'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Colombia) * ''Magnolia magnifolia'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Colombia) * ''Magnolia mahechae'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Colombia) * ''Magnolia ptaritepuiana'' Steyermark – “''ptari-tepui'' magnolia” (Venezuela) * ''Magnolia striatifolia'' Little (Colombia, Ecuador) * ''Magnolia urraoense'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Colombia) * ''Magnolia yarumalense'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Colombia)
Subsection ''Cubenses'' * ''Magnolia cristalensis'' Bisse (Cuba) * ''Magnolia cubensis'' Urb. (Cuba) * ''Magnolia domingensis'' Urb. (Haiti, Dominican Rep.) * ''Magnolia ekmannii'' Urb. (Haiti) * ''Magnolia emarginata'' Urb. & Ekman (Haiti) * ''Magnolia hamorii'' Howard (Dominican Rep.) * ''Magnolia pallescens'' Urb. & Ekman (Dom. Rep.) * ''Magnolia portoricensis'' Bello (Puerto Rico) * ''Magnolia splendens'' Urban (Puerto Rico)
=Section ''Manglietia''
= * ''Magnolia aromatica'' (Dandy) V.S.Kumar (S China) * ''Magnolia blaoensis'' (Gagnep.) Dandy (Vietnam) * ''Magnolia blumei'' Prantl (Sumatra, Java) ** ''Magnolia blumei'' var. ''blumei'' (Sumatra, Java) ** ''Magnolia blumei'' var. ''sumatrana'' (Miq.) Figlar & Noot. (W Sumatra) * ''Magnolia calophylloides'' Figlar & Noot. (W Sumatra) * ''Magnolia caveana'' (Hook.f. & Thoms.) D.C.Raju & M.P.Nayer (Assam, N Burma) * ''Magnolia changhuntana'' Noot. (Guangdong (China)) * ''Magnolia chevalieri'' (Dandy) V.S.Kumar (Vietnam, Laos) * ''Magnolia conifera'' (Dandy) V.S.Kumar (SE China, Vietnam) ** ''Magnolia conifera'' var. ''chingii'' (Dandy) V.S.Kumar (SE China) ** ''Magnolia conifera'' var. ''conifera'' (SE China, Vietnam) * ''Magnolia crassipes'' (Y.W.Law) V.S.Kumar (Guangdong (China)) * ''Magnolia dandyi'' (Gapnep.) Dandy (S China, Vietnam, Laos) * ''Magnolia decidua'' (Q.Y.Zheng) V.S.Kumar (Jiangxi (China)) * ''Magnolia duclouxii'' Finet & Gagnep. (Vietnam, SW China) * ''Magnolia figlarii'' V.S.Kumar (Sichuan (China)) * ''Magnolia fordiana'' (Oliv.) Hu (Vietnam, S China) ** ''Magnolia fordiana'' var. ''calcarea'' (X.H.Song) Chen & Noot. (Guizhou (China)) ** ''Magnolia fordiana'' var. ''fordiana'' (Vietnam, S China) ** ''Magnolia fordiana'' var. ''forrestii'' (W.W.Sm. Ex Dandy) Chen & Noot. (SW China) ** ''Magnolia fordiana'' var. ''kwangtungensis'' (Merr.) Chen & Noot. (SE China) * ''Magnolia garrettii'' (Craib) V.S.Kumar (SW China, Vietnam, Thailand) * ''Magnolia grandis'' (Hu & W.C.Cheng) V.S.Kumar (Yunnan (China)) * ''Magnolia hongheensis'' (Y.M.Shui & W.H.Chen) V.S.Kumar (Yunnan (China)) * ''Magnolia hookeri'' Cubitt & W.W.Sm. (SW China, N Burma, Thailand) * ''Magnolia insignis'' (Wall.) Blume (S China, Nepal, Burma) * ''Magnolia kwangtungensis'' Merr. (SE China) * ''Magnolia lanuginosoides'' Figlar & Noot. (Sumatra) * ''Magnolia longipedunculata'' (Q.W.Zeng & Law) V.S.Kumar (Guangdong (China)) * ''Magnolia lucida'' (B.L. Chen & S.C. Yang) V.S. Kumar (SW China) * ''Magnolia obovalifolia'' (C.Y.Yu & Law) V.S.Kumar (Yunnan (China)) * ''Magnolia ovoidea'' (H.T.Chang & B.L.Chen) V.S.Kumar (Yunnan (China)) * ''Magnolia patungensis'' (Hu) Noot. (China) * ''Magnolia rufibarbata'' (Dandy) V.S. Kumar (Yunnan (China), Vietnam) * ''Magnolia sabahensis'' (Dandy ex Noot.) Figlar & Noot. (Borneo) * ''Magnolia sapaensis'' (N.H.Xia & Q.N.Vu) Grimshaw & Macer (Vietnam) * ''Magnolia utilis'' (Dandy) V.S.Kumar (N Burma, Thailand) * ''Magnolia ventii'' (N.V.Tiep) V.S.Kumar (Yunnan (China)) * ''Magnolia xinganensis'' Noot. (Guangxi (China)) * ''Magnolia yuyuanensis'' (Y.W.Law) V.S.Kumar (E China) * ''Magnolia zhengyiana'' (N.H.Xia) Noot. (Yunnan (China))=Section ''Kmeria''
= * ''Magnolia duperreana'' Pierre (Vietnam, Cambodia) * ''Magnolia kwangsiensis'' Figlar & Noot. (Yunnan, Guangxi (China)) * ''Magnolia thailandica'' Noot. & Chalermglin (Thailand)=Section ''Rhytidospermum''
=Subsection ''Rhytidospermum'' * ''Magnolia obovata'' Thunb. (Japan) * ''Magnolia officinalis'' Rehd. & Wilson (W China) ** ''Magnolia officinalis'' subsp. ''biloba'' Cheng & Law (E China) ** ''Magnolia officinalis'' subsp. ''officinalis'' (E China) * ''Magnolia rostrata'' W.W.Smith (SW China) * '' Magnolia tripetala'' (L.) L. (SE US)
Subsection ''Oyama'' * ''Magnolia globosa'' Hook. f. & Thoms. (Nepal, Burma) * ''Magnolia sieboldii'' K. Koch (Korea, E China, Japan) ** ''Magnolia sieboldii'' subsp. ''japonica'' K.Ueda (Japan, central China) ** ''Magnolia sieboldii'' subsp. ''sieboldii'' (Japan) ** ''Magnolia sieboldii'' subsp. ''sinensis'' (Rehd. & Wilson) Spongberg (central China) * ''Magnolia wilsonii'' (Finet. & Gagnep.) Rehd. - Wilson's magnolia (SW China)
= Section ''Auriculata''
= * ''Magnolia fraseri'' Walt. - Fraser magnolia or ear-leaved magnolia (SE US) ** ''Magnolia fraseri'' var. ''fraseri'' - Fraser magnolia or ear-leaved magnolia (SE US) ** ''Magnolia fraseri'' var. ''pyramidata'' (Bartram) Pampanini - pyramid magnolia (SE US)Often treated as a distinct species, ''Magnolia pyramidata.''=Section ''Macrophylla''
= * ''Magnolia macrophylla'' Michx. (SE US, E Mexico) ** ''Magnolia macrophylla'' var. ''ashei'' (Weatherby) D. Johnson (SE US)Often treated as a distinct species, ''Magnolia ashei.'' ** Magnolia macrophylla var. dealbata, ''Magnolia macrophylla'' var. ''dealbata'' (Zuccarini) D. Johnson (E Mexico)Often treated as a distinct species, ''Magnolia dealbata.'' ** ''Magnolia macrophylla'' var. ''macrophylla'' (SE US)Subgenus ''Yulania''
Anthers open by splitting at the sides, deciduous, flowers mostly produced before leaves (except ''M. acuminata'')=Section ''Yulania''
=Subsection ''Yulania'' * ''Magnolia amoena'' W.C. Cheng (E China) * ''Magnolia biondii'' Pampan (E China) * ''Magnolia campbellii'' Hook. f. & Thomson (W China, Himalayas, India, Nepal, Assam) ** ''Magnolia campbellii'' var. ''alba'' Treseder (Himalayas) ** ''Magnolia campbellii'' var. ''campbellii''. (Himalayas) ** ''Magnolia campbellii'' var. ''mollicomata'' (W.W. Smith) F. Kingdon-Ward (W China, Himalayas) * ''Magnolia cylindrica'' Wilson (E China) * ''Magnolia dawsoniana'' Rehd. & Wilson (Sichuan (China)) * '' Magnolia denudata'' Desr. (E China) * '' Magnolia kobus'' DC. (Japan, Korea) – mokryeon, kobus magnolia, or kobushi magnolia * ''
Subsection ''Tulipastrum'' * '' Magnolia acuminata'' (L.) L. (E North America) ** ''Magnolia acuminata'' var. ''acuminata'' (E North America) ** ''Magnolia acuminata'' var. ''subcordata'' (Spach) Dandy (SE US)
=Section ''Michelia''
=Subsection ''Michelia'' * Magnolia × alba, ''Magnolia'' × ''alba'' (DC.) Figlar & Noot. (hybrid origin) * ''Magnolia angustioblonga'' (Law & Wu) Figlar (SW China) * ''Magnolia baillonii'' Pierre (SW China, Vietnam) * ''Magnolia balansae'' A.DC. (S China, Vietnam) * ''Magnolia banghamii'' (Noot.) Figlar & Noot. (Malaysia, Sumatra) * ''Magnolia braianensis'' (Gagnep.) Figlar (Vietnam) * ''Magnolia cavaleriei'' (Finet & Gagnep.) Figlar (S China) * ''Magnolia champaca'' (L.) Baillon ex Pierre (S India, Lesser Sunda isl., Java, Malay penn.) ** ''Magnolia champaca'' var. ''champaca'' (S India, Lesser Sunda isl.) ** ''Magnolia champaca'' var. ''pubinervia'' (Blume) Figlar & Noot. (Java, Malay penn.) * ''Magnolia chapensis'' (Dandy) Sima (S China, N Vietnam) * ''Magnolia citrata'' Noot. & Chalermglin (NE Thailand) * ''Magnolia compressa'' Maxim. (Japan, SW China) * ''Magnolia coriacea'' (H.T. Chang & B.L. Chen) Figlar (SE Yunnan (China)) * ''Magnolia doltsopa'' (Buch.-Ham. Ex DC.) Figlar (SW China, Himalayas) * ''Magnolia elegantifolia'' Noot. (Zhejiang (China)) * ''Magnolia ernestii'' Figlar. (Sichuan (China)) ** ''Magnolia ernestii'' subsp. ''ernestii'' (Sichuan (China)) ** ''Magnolia ernestii'' subsp. ''szechuanica'' (Dandy) Sima & Figlar (Sichuan (China)) * ''Magnolia figo'' (Lour.) DC. (SE China) ** ''Magnolia figo'' var. ''crassipes'' (Law) Figlar & Noot. (SE China) ** ''Magnolia figo'' var. ''figo'' . (SE China) ** ''Magnolia figo'' var. ''skinneriana'' ined. (SE China) * ''Magnolia flaviflora'' (Law & Wu) Figlar (Vietnam, SW China) * ''Magnolia floribunda'' (Finet & Gagnep.) Figlar. (S China, Vietnam) * ''Magnolia foveolata'' (Merr. Ex Dandy) Figlar (S China, Vietnam) * ''Magnolia fujianensis'' (Q.F.Zheng) Figlar (SE China) * ''Magnolia fulva'' (H.T. Chang & B.L. Chen) Figlar (Yunnan (China), Vietnam?) ** ''Magnolia fulva'' var. ''calcicola'' Sima & Yu (Yunnan (China)) ** ''Magnolia fulva'' var. ''fulva'' . (Yunnan (China)) * ''Magnolia gioi'' (A.Chevalier) Noot. (S China, Vietnam) * ''Magnolia guangdongensis'' (Y.H.Yan, Q.W.Zeng & F.W.Xing) Noot. (Guandong (China)) * ''Magnolia guangxiensis'' (Law & R.Z.Zhou) Sima (Guangxi (China)) * ''Magnolia hypolampra'' (Dandy) Figlar (S China, Vietnam) * ''Magnolia iteophylla'' (C.Y.Wu ex Y.W.Law & Y.F.Wu) Noot. (Yunnan (China)) * ''Magnolia kingii'' (Dandy) Figlar (Bangladesh, Assam) * ''Magnolia kisopa'' (Bush.-Ham. ex DC.) Figlar (Vietnam, Nepal) * ''Magnolia koordersiana'' (Noot.) Figlar (Malaysia, W Sumatra) * ''Magnolia lacei'' (W.W.Smith) Figlar (SW China, Vietnam) * ''Magnolia laevifolia'' (Law & Y.F.Wu) Noot. (Yunnan (China)) * ''Magnolia lanuginosa'' (Wall.) Figlar & Noot. (Yunnan (China), Nepal) * ''Magnolia leveilleana'' (Dandy) Figlar (SW China) * ''Magnolia macclurei'' (Dandy) Figlar (S China, N Vietnam) ** ''Magnolia macclurei'' var. ''macclurei''. (S China, N Vietnam) ** ''Magnolia macclurei'' var. ''sublanea'' Dandy (Guangdong (China)) * ''Magnolia mannii'' (King) King (Assam) * ''Magnolia martinii'' H.Lev. (SE China, Vietnam) * ''Magnolia masticata'' (Dandy) Figlar (Yunnan (China), Laos) * ''Magnolia maudiae'' (Dunn) Figlar (SE China, Hainan isl.) ** ''Magnolia maudiae'' var. ''hunanensis'' (C.L.Peng & L.H.Yan) Sima (Hunan (China)) ** ''Magnolia maudiae'' var. ''maudiae'' (SE China, Hainan Isl.) ** ''Magnolia maudiae'' var. ''platypetala'' (Hand.-Mazz.) Sima (s.central China) * ''Magnolia mediocris'' (Dandy) Figlar (S China, Vietnam) * ''Magnolia microcarpa'' (B.L.Chen & S.C.Yang) Sima (S China) * ''Magnolia microtricha'' (Hand.-Mazz.) Figlar. (Yunnan (China)) * ''Magnolia montana'' (Blume) Figlar & Noot. (Malaysia to Borneo) * ''Magnolia nilagirica'' (Zenker) Figlar (S India, Sri Lanka) * ''Magnolia oblonga'' (Wall. Ex Hook.f. & Thomson) Figlar. (Assam) * ''Magnolia odora'' (Chun) Figlar & Noot. (SE China, N Vietnam) * ''Magnolia opipara'' (H.T.Chang & B.L.Chen) Sima (Yunnan (China)) * ''Magnolia philippinensis'' P.Pharm (Philippines) * ''Magnolia punduana'' (Hook.f. & Thoms.) Figlar (Assam) * ''Magnolia rajaniana'' (Craib.) Figlar. (Thailand) * ''Magnolia scortechinii'' (King) Figlar & Noot. (Malay penn., W Sumatra) * ''Magnolia shiluensis'' (Chun & Y.F.Wu) Figlar (Hainan isl.) * ''Magnolia sirindhorniae'' Noot. & Chalermglin (Thailand) * ''Magnolia sphaerantha'' (C.Y.Wu ex Z.S.Yue) Sima (SW China) * ''Magnolia subulifera'' (Dandy) Figlar (Vietnam) * ''Magnolia sumatrae'' (Dandy) Figlar & Noot. (Malaysia, Sumatra) * ''Magnolia xanthantha'' (C.Y.Wu ex Law & Y.F.Wu) Figlar (Yunnan (China))
Subsection ''Elmerrillia'' * ''Magnolia platyphylla'' (Merr.) Figlar & Noot. (Philippines) * ''Magnolia pubescens'' (Merr.) Figlar & Noot. (Philippines) * ''Magnolia sulawesiana'' Brambach, Noot. & Culmsee (Sulawesi) * ''Magnolia tsiampacca'' (L.) Figlar & Noot. (Sumatra, Borneo, Sulawesi, Moluccas, New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago) ** ''Magnolia tsiampacca'' subsp. ''mollis'' (Dandy) Figlar & Noot. (Sumatra, Borneo) ** ''Magnolia tsiampacca'' subsp. ''tsiampacca'' (Sulawesi, Moluccas, New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago) *** ''Magnolia tsiampacca'' subsp. ''tsiampacca'' var. ''glaberrima'' (Dandy) Figlar & Noot. (New Guinea) *** ''Magnolia tsiampacca'' subsp. ''tsiampacca'' var. ''tsiampacca'' (Sulawesi, Moluccas, New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago) * ''Magnolia vrieseana'' (Miq.) Baill. ex Pierre (Sulawesi, Moluccas)
Subsection ''Maingola'' * ''Magnolia annamensis'' Dandy (Vietnam) * ''Magnolia carsonii'' Dandy ex Noot. (Borneo, Celebes) ** ''Magnolia carsonii'' var. ''carsonii'' (Borneo) ** ''Magnolia carsonii'' var. ''drymifolia'' Noot. (Borneo) ** ''Magnolia carsonii'' var. ''phaulanta'' (Dandy ex Noot.) S.Kim (Celebes) * ''Magnolia cathcartii'' (Hook.f. & Thoms.) Noot. (SW China, Burma) * ''Magnolia griffithii'' King (India, Assam) * ''Magnolia gustavii'' King (India, Assam) * ''Magnolia macklottii'' (Korth.) Dandy (W Java, Borneo, Sumatra) ** ''Magnolia macklottii'' var. ''beccariana'' (Agostini) Noot. (Sumatra) ** ''Magnolia macklottii'' var. ''macklottii'' (W Java, Borneo) * ''Magnolia pealiana'' King (Assam)
Subsection ''Aromadendron'' * ''Magnolia ashtonii'' Dandy ex. Noot. (Sumatra, Borneo) * ''Magnolia bintuluensis'' (Agostini) Noot. (Sumatra, Borneo) * ''Magnolia borneensis'' Noot. (Borneo, Philippines) * ''Magnolia elegans'' (Blume) Keng (Sumatra, Java) * ''Magnolia pahangensis'' Noot. (Borneo, Philippines)
Subgenus ''Gynopodium''
=Section ''Gynopodium''
= * ''Magnolia kachirachirai'' (Kanehira & Yamamoto) Dandy (Taiwan) * ''Magnolia lotungensis'' Chun & Tsoon (S China) * ''Magnolia nitida'' W.W.Smith (NW Yunnan (China)) * ''Magnolia omeiensis'' (Hu & Cheng) Dandy (Sichuan (China)) * ''Magnolia yunnanensis'' (Hu) Noot. (SE Yunnan (China))=Section ''Manglietiastrum''
= * ''Magnolia pleiocarpa'' (Dandy) Figlar & Noot. (Assam) * ''Magnolia praecalva'' (Dandy) Figlar & Noot. (Vietnam, Malay penn.) * ''Magnolia sinica'' (Law) Noot. (SE Yunnan (China))Uses
Horticultural uses
In general, the genus ''Magnolia'' has attracted horticultural interest. Some, such as the shrub ''Magnolia stellata, M. stellata'' (star magnolia) and the tree Magnolia × soulangeana, ''M.'' × ''soulangeana'' (saucer magnolia) flower quite early in the spring, before the leaves open. Others flower in late spring or early summer, including Magnolia virginiana, ''M. virginiana'' (sweetbay magnolia) and Magnolia grandiflora, ''M. grandiflora'' (southern magnolia). Hybrid (biology), Hybridisation has been immensely successful in combining the best aspects of different species to give plants which flower at an earlier age than the parent species, as well as having more impressive flowers. One of the most popular garden magnolias, ''M''. × ''soulangeana'', is a hybrid of ''M. liliiflora'' and ''M. denudata''. In the eastern United States, five native species are frequently in cultivation: ''M. acuminata'' (as a shade tree), ''M. grandiflora'', ''M. virginiana'', ''M. tripetala'', and ''M. macrophylla''. The last two species must be planted where high winds are not a frequent problem because of the large size of their leaves.Culinary uses
The flowers of many species are considered edible. In parts of England, the petals of ''M. grandiflora'' are pickled and used as a spicy condiment. In some Asian cuisines, the buds are pickled and used to flavor rice and scent tea. In Japan, the young leaves and flower buds of ''Magnolia hypoleuca'' are broiled and eaten as a vegetable. Older leaves are made into a powder and used as seasoning; dried, whole leaves are placed on a charcoal brazier and filled with miso, leeks, daikon, and shiitake, and broiled. There is a type of miso which is seasoned with magnolia, hoba miso.Traditional medicine
The bark and flower buds of ''M. officinalis'' have long been used in traditional Chinese medicine, where they are known as ''hou po'' (厚朴). In Japan, ''kōboku'', ''M. obovata'', has been used in a similar manner.Timber
The cucumbertree, ''M. acuminata'', grows to large size and is harvested as a timber tree in northeastern US forests. Its wood is sold as "yellow poplar" along with that of the tuliptree, ''Liriodendron tulipifera''. The Fraser magnolia, ''M. fraseri'', also attains enough size sometimes to be harvested, as well.Other uses
Magnolias are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including the giant leopard moth.Chemical compounds and bioeffects
The aromatic bark contains magnolol, honokiol, 4-O-methylhonokiol, and obovatol. Magnolol and honokiol activate the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma.Culture
Symbols
* White or Yulan magnolia (subgenus ''Yulania'') is the official flower of the Chinese metropolis Shanghai. *'' Magnolia grandiflora'' is the official List of U.S. state flowers, state flower of both Mississippi and Louisiana. The flower's abundance in Mississippi is reflected in its state nickname, nickname of "Magnolia State" and the state Flag of Mississippi, flag. The magnolia is also the official List of U.S. state trees, state tree of Mississippi. One of the many nicknames for the city of Houston is "Magnolia City". Historically, magnolias have been associated with the Southern United States. *''Magnolia sieboldii'' is the national flower of North Korea. *''Magnolia sieboldii'' is the official flower of Gangnam (Seoul), Gangnam.Arts
Film and television
*Paul Thomas Anderson created a movie titled ''Magnolia (film), Magnolia''. *''Steel Magnolias'' is a 1989 American comedy-drama film about the bond among a group of women from Louisiana, who can be as beautiful as magnolias, but are as tough as steel. The name 'magnolia' specifically refers to a magnolia tree about which they are arguing at the beginning.Music
* The folksong "Bungong Jeumpa", from Aceh, Indonesia, means magnolia flower. * The French song by Salvatore Adamo "Les collines de Rabiah" in the 1970s describes the magnolia trees in Beirut and calls for peace. * The Grateful Dead recorded a song titled "Sugar Magnolia" that was first released on the 1970 album ''American Beauty (album), American Beauty''. The song made its live debut on June 7, 1970, at the Fillmore West in San Francisco. The semiofficial 1972 Dead movie ''Sunshine Daydream'' has its title taken from the song's coda section. * Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers second studio album ''You're Gonna Get It!'' includes a track called "Magnolia", written by Tom Petty. * J.J. Cale (1938–2013) wrote a song about a woman named Magnolia, which has been covered by Poco, Beck and Lucinda Williams. * "The Scent of Magnolia" is the first track in David Sylvian, David Sylvian's compilation album, Everything and Nothing. * In 2003, Songs: Ohia released ''The Magnolia Electric Co.'' This was the last release under that project's name for Jason Molina before renaming his band Magnolia Electric Co. after the album. * "Magnolia" is the fifth track on Australian indie rock group Gang of Youths' debut album, ''The Positions''. * "Magnolia" is a hit song by rapper Playboi Carti * In his song titled "Marry Me" Thomas Rhett mentions the magnolia flower. * In his song titled "Roller Coaster" Danny Vera (singer), Danny Vera mentions the magnolia flower. * "The Sweet Magnolia Tree" is the eighth track on Doug Wamble, Doug Wamble's 2003 CD ''Country Libations''. * Singer-songwriter Brian Fallon of The Gaslight Anthem included "Honey Magnolia" to his first solo debut album titled ''Painkillers'' released in March 2016. * "Magnolia" is an album by progressive rock band The Pineapple Thief. It includes a track called "Magnolia".Literature
* The 1989 movie ''Steel Magnolias'' is based on a 1987 play, ''Steel Magnolias (play), Steel Magnolias'', by Robert Harling (writer), Robert Harling. * In the 1939 song "Strange Fruit", originally written as a poem by New York schoolteacher and communist activist Abel Meeropol to condemn the practice of lynching, the magnolia flower was referred to as being associated with the Southern United States, where many lynchings took place: :::Pastoral scene of the gallant south :::The bulging eyes and the twisted mouth :::''Scent of magnolias, sweet and fresh'', :::Then the sudden smell of burning flesh. Despite Meeropol's frequent mention of the South and magnolia trees, the horrific image which inspired his poem, Lawrence Beitler's 1930 photograph capturing the lynching of Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith following the robbery and murder of Claude Deteer, actually occurred in Marion, Indiana, where magnolia trees are less common. * In the 1960s, magnolias were a symbol of the South in the popular press: the ''New York Post'' noted of Lyndon Johnson that "A man who wore a ten-gallon Stetson and spoke with a magnolia accent had little hope of winning the Democratic nomination in 1960", and biographer Robert Caro picks up the symbol by saying that when Johnson became president "[t]he taint of magnolias still remained to be scrubbed off."Visual arts
The Canadian artist, Sarah Maloney, has created a series of sculptures of magnolia flowers in bronze and steel, entitled ''First Flowers'', in which she draws our attention to the dual symbols of beginnings in the flower, as both an evolutionary archetype and also one of the first trees to flower in spring (see illustration).See also
* List of AGM magnoliasNotes
References
Bibliography
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