Maastricht ( , , ; li, Mestreech ; french: Maestricht ; es, Mastrique ) is a

city A city is a human settlement of notable size.Goodall, B. (1987) ''The Penguin Dictionary of Human Geography''. London: Penguin.Kuper, A. and Kuper, J., eds (1996) ''The Social Science Encyclopedia''. 2nd edition. London: Routledge. It can be def ...

and a municipality in the southeastern Netherlands. It is the

capital Capital may refer to: Common uses * Capital city, a municipality of primary status ** List of national capital cities * Capital letter, an upper-case letter Economics and social sciences * Capital (economics), the durable produced goods used f ...

and largest city of the province of Limburg. Maastricht is located on both sides of the Meuse ( nl, Maas), at the point where the Jeker joins it. Mount Saint Peter (''Sint-Pietersberg'') is largely situated within the city's municipal borders. Maastricht is about 175 km south east of the capital Amsterdam and 65 km from

Eindhoven Eindhoven () is a city and municipality in the Netherlands, located in the southern province of North Brabant of which it is its largest. With a population of 238,326 on 1 January 2022,Belgium and is part of the Meuse-Rhine Euroregion, an international metropolis with a population of about 3.9 million, which includes the nearby German and Belgian cities of

Aachen Aachen ( ; ; Aachen dialect: ''Oche'' ; French and traditional English: Aix-la-Chapelle; or ''Aquisgranum''; nl, Aken ; Polish: Akwizgran) is, with around 249,000 inhabitants, the 13th-largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia, and the 28th- ...

Liège Liège ( , , ; wa, Lîdje ; nl, Luik ; german: Lüttich ) is a major city and municipality of Wallonia and the capital of the Belgian province of Liège. The city is situated in the valley of the Meuse, in the east of Belgium, not far from b ...

and

Hasselt Hasselt (, , ; la, Hasseletum, Hasselatum) is a Belgian city and municipality, and capital and largest city of the province of Limburg in the Flemish Region of Belgium. It is known for its former branding as "the city of taste", as well as its ...

. Maastricht developed from a Roman settlement (''Trajectum ad Mosam'') to a medieval religious centre. In the 16th century it became a garrison town and in the 19th century an early industrial centre. Today, the city is a thriving cultural and regional hub. It became well known through the Maastricht Treaty and as the birthplace of the euro. Maastricht has 1677 national heritage buildings (''

rijksmonument A rijksmonument (, ) is a national heritage site of the Netherlands, listed by the agency Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed (RCE) acting for the Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture and Science. At the end of February 2015, the Netherlands ...

en''), the second highest number in the Netherlands, after Amsterdam. The city is visited by tourists for shopping and recreation, and has a large international student population. In the rest of the Netherlands, the city is often seen as "foreign" mainly because of its distant peripheral location near Belgium and Germany but also its atypical culture and alleged "Burgundian lifestyle" (meaning: with good and plentiful food and beverage).

History

Toponymy

Maastricht is mentioned in ancient documents as '' dTreiectinsem rbem' ab. 575, ''Treiectensis'' in 634, ''Triecto'', ''Triectu'' in 7th century, ''Triiect'' in 768–781, ''Traiecto'' in 945, ''Masetrieth'' in 1051. The place name ''Maastricht'' is an Old Dutch compound ''Masa-'' (> ''Maas'' "the Meuse river") + Old Dutch ''*treiekt'', itself borrowed from Gallo-Romance *TRA(I)ECTU cf. its Walloon name ''li trek'', from Classical Latin ''trajectus'' (" ford, passage, place to cross a river") with the later addition of ''Maas'' "Meuse" to avoid the confusion with the ''-trecht'' of Utrecht having exactly the same original form and etymology. The Latin name first appears in medieval documents and it is not known whether ' was Maastricht's name during Roman times. A resident of Maastricht is referred to as ''Maastrichtenaar'' whilst in the local dialect it is either ''Mestreechteneer'' or, colloquially, '' Sjeng'' (derived from the formerly popular French name ''Jean'').

Early history

Maastricht - rijksmonument 527161 - Museumkelder Derlon 20100821

Neanderthal remains have been found to the west of Maastricht (Belvédère excavations). Of a later date are Palaeolithic remains, between 8,000 and 25,000 years old. Celts lived here around 500 BC, at a spot where the river Meuse was shallow and therefore easy to cross. It is not known when the Romans arrived in Maastricht, or whether the settlement was founded by them. The Romans built a bridge across the Meuse in the 1st century AD, during the reign of

Augustus Caesar Caesar Augustus (born Gaius Octavius; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as Octavian, was the first Roman emperor; he reigned from 27 BC until his death in AD 14. He is known for being the founder of the Roman Pri ...

. The bridge was an important link in the main road between Bavay and Cologne. Roman Maastricht was probably relatively small. Remains of the Roman road, the bridge, a religious shrine, a

Roman bath In ancient Rome, (from Greek , "hot") and (from Greek ) were facilities for bathing. usually refers to the large imperial bath complexes, while were smaller-scale facilities, public or private, that existed in great numbers throughout ...

, a granary, some houses and the 4th-century castrum walls and gates, have been excavated. Fragments of provincial Roman sculptures, as well as coins, jewellery, glass, pottery and other objects from Roman Maastricht are on display in the exhibition space of the city's public library (''Centre Céramique''). According to legend, the Armenian-born Saint Servatius,

Bishop of Tongeren The Diocese of Tongeren (and Maastricht) was an ancient bishopric of Belgium, now a Latin titular bishopric in present Belgium. History In 344, it was established as Diocese of Tongeren on territory split off from the then Roman Catholic Dioc ...

, died in Maastricht in 384 where he was interred along the Roman road, outside the castrum. According to

Gregory of Tours Gregory of Tours (30 November 538 – 17 November 594 AD) was a Gallo-Roman historian and Bishop of Tours, which made him a leading prelate of the area that had been previously referred to as Gaul by the Romans. He was born Georgius Florenti ...

bishop Monulph was to have built around 570 the first stone church on the grave of Servatius, the present-day

Basilica of Saint Servatius The Basilica of Saint Servatius is a Roman Catholic church dedicated to Saint Servatius, in the city of Maastricht, the Netherlands. The architecturally hybrid but mainly Romanesque church is situated next to the Gothic church of Saint John, bac ...

. The city remained an early

Christian Christians () are people who follow or adhere to Christianity, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. The words ''Christ'' and ''Christian'' derive from the Koine Greek title ''Christós'' (Χρι ...

diocese until it lost the distinction to nearby

in the 8th or 9th century.

Middle Ages

Maastricht, St-Servaasbasiliek, Keizerzaal, middenbeuk 03

In the early Middle Ages Maastricht was part of the heartland of the Carolingian Empire along with

and the area around

. The town was an important centre for trade and manufacturing. Merovingian coins minted in Maastricht have been found in places throughout Europe. In 881 the town was plundered by the Vikings. In the 10th century it briefly became the capital of the duchy of Lower Lorraine. During the 12th century the town flourished culturally. The provosts of the church of Saint Servatius held important positions in the Holy Roman Empire during this era. The two collegiate churches were largely rebuilt and redecorated. Maastricht Romanesque stone sculpture and silversmithing are regarded as highlights of Mosan art. Maastricht painters were praised by Wolfram von Eschenbach in his Parzival. Around the same time, the poet

Henric van Veldeke Heinrich von Veldeke (aka: , Dutch Hendrik van Veldeke, born before or around 1150 – died after 1184) is the first writer in the Low Countries known by name who wrote in a European language other than Latin. He was born in Veldeke, which was a ...

wrote a legend of Saint Servatius, one of the earliest works in Dutch literature. The two main churches acquired a wealth of

relic In religion, a relic is an object or article of religious significance from the past. It usually consists of the physical remains of a saint or the personal effects of the saint or venerated person preserved for purposes of veneration as a tangi ...

s and the septennial Maastricht Pilgrimage became a major event. Unlike most Dutch towns, Maastricht did not receive

city rights Town privileges or borough rights were important features of European towns during most of the second millennium. The city law customary in Central Europe probably dates back to Italian models, which in turn were oriented towards the tradition ...

at a certain date. These developed gradually during its long history. In 1204 the city's dual authority was formalised in a treaty, with the prince-bishops of Liège and the dukes of Brabant holding joint sovereignty over the city. Soon afterwards the first ring of medieval walls were built. In 1275, the old Roman bridge collapsed under the weight of a procession, killing 400 people. A replacement, funded by church indulgences, was built slightly to the north and survives until today, the Sint Servaasbrug. Throughout the Middle Ages, the city remained a centre for trade and manufacturing principally of wool and leather but gradually economic decline set in. After a brief period of economic prosperity around 1500, the city's economy suffered during the wars of religion of the 16th and 17th centuries, and recovery did not happen until the industrial revolution in the early 19th century.

16th to 18th centuries

1579 Siege of Maastricht - Aranjuez Palace

The important strategic location of Maastricht resulted in the construction of an impressive array of fortifications around the city during this period. The Spanish and Dutch

garrison A garrison (from the French ''garnison'', itself from the verb ''garnir'', "to equip") is any body of troops stationed in a particular location, originally to guard it. The term now often applies to certain facilities that constitute a mil ...

s became an important factor in the city's economy. In 1579 the city was sacked by the Spanish army led by the

Duke of Parma The Duke of Parma and Piacenza () was the ruler of the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza, a historical state of Northern Italy, which existed between 1545 and 1802, and again from 1814 to 1859. The Duke of Parma was also Duke of Piacenza, except ...

( Siege of Maastricht, 1579). For over fifty years the Spanish crown took over the role previously held by the dukes of Brabant in the joint sovereignty over Maastricht. In 1632 the city was conquered by Prince Frederick Henry of Orange and the Dutch States General replaced the Spanish crown in the joint government of Maastricht. Another Siege of Maastricht (1673) took place during the

Franco-Dutch War The Franco-Dutch War, also known as the Dutch War (french: Guerre de Hollande; nl, Hollandse Oorlog), was fought between France and the Dutch Republic, supported by its allies the Holy Roman Empire, Spain, Brandenburg-Prussia and Denmark-Nor ...

. In June 1673, Louis XIV laid siege to the city because French supply lines were being threatened. During this siege, Vauban, the famous French military engineer, developed a new tactic in order to break down the strong fortifications surrounding Maastricht. His systematic approach remained the standard method of attacking fortresses until the 20th century. On 25 June 1673, while preparing to storm the city, captain-lieutenant

Charles de Batz de Castelmore Charles de Batz de Castelmore (), also known as d'Artagnan and later Count d'Artagnan ( 1611 – 25 June 1673), was a French Musketeer who served Louis XIV as captain of the Musketeers of the Guard. He died at the siege of Maastricht in the F ...

, also known as the ''comte d'Artagnan'', was killed by a musket shot outside the Tongerse Poort. This event was embellished in Alexandre Dumas' novel '' The Vicomte de Bragelonne'', part of the D'Artagnan Romances. French troops occupied Maastricht from 1673 to 1678. In 1748 the French again conquered the city at what is known as the Second French Siege of Maastricht, during the War of Austrian Succession. The French took the city for the last time in 1794, when the condominium was dissolved and Maastricht was annexed to the First French Empire (1794–1814). For twenty years Maastricht remained the capital of the French département of Meuse-Inférieure.

19th and early 20th century

After the Napoleonic era, Maastricht became part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1815. It was made the capital of the newly formed Province of Limburg (1815–1839). When the southern provinces of the newly formed kingdom seceded in 1830, the Dutch garrison in Maastricht remained loyal to the Dutch king, William I, even when most of the inhabitants of the town and the surrounding area sided with the Belgian revolutionaries. In 1831, arbitration by the

Great Powers A great power is a sovereign state that is recognized as having the ability and expertise to exert its influence on a global scale. Great powers characteristically possess military and economic strength, as well as diplomatic and soft power in ...

allocated the city to the Netherlands. However, neither the Dutch nor the Belgians agreed to this and the arrangement was not implemented until the 1839

Treaty of London The Treaty of London or London Convention or similar may refer to: *Treaty of London (1358), established a truce between England and France following the Battle of Poitiers *Treaty of London (1359), which ceded western France to England *Treaty of ...

. During this period of isolation Maastricht developed into an early industrial town. Because of its eccentric location in the southeastern Netherlands, and its geographical and cultural proximity to Belgium and Germany, integration of Maastricht and Limburg into the Netherlands did not come about easily. Maastricht retained a distinctly non-Dutch appearance during much of the 19th century and it was not until the First World War that the city was forced to look northwards. Like the rest of the Netherlands, Maastricht remained neutral during World War I. However, being wedged between Germany and Belgium, it received large numbers of refugees, putting a strain on the city's resources. Early in World War II, the city was taken by the Germans by surprise during the Battle of Maastricht of May 1940. On 13 and 14 September 1944 it was the first Dutch city to be liberated by Allied forces of the US Old Hickory Division. The three Meuse bridges were destroyed or severely damaged during the war. As elsewhere in the Netherlands, the majority of Maastricht Jews died in Nazi concentration camps.

After World War II

During the latter half of the century, traditional industries (such as Maastricht's potteries) declined and the city's economy shifted to a service economy. Maastricht University was founded in 1976. Several European institutions found their base in Maastricht. In 1981 and 1991

European Council The European Council (informally EUCO) is a collegiate body that defines the overall political direction and priorities of the European Union. It is composed of the heads of state or government of the EU member states, the President of the E ...

s were held in Maastricht, the latter one resulting a year later in the signing of the Maastricht Treaty, leading to the creation of the European Union and the euro. Since 1988, The European Fine Art Fair, regarded as the world's leading art fair, annually draws in some of the wealthiest art collectors. In recent years, Maastricht launched several campaigns against drug-dealing in an attempt to stop foreign buyers taking advantage of the liberal Dutch legislation and causing trouble in the downtown area. Since the 1990s, large parts of the city have been refurbished, including the areas around the main railway station and the Maasboulevard promenade along the Meuse, the Entre Deux and Mosae Forum shopping centres, as well as some of the main shopping streets. A prestigious quarter designed by international architects and including the new

Bonnefanten Museum The Bonnefanten Museum is a museum of fine art in Maastricht, Netherlands. History The museum was founded in 1884 as the historical and archaeological museum of the Dutch province of Limburg. The name Bonnefanten Museum is derived from the Frenc ...

, a public library, and a theatre was built on the grounds of the former Société Céramique factory near the town centre. Further large-scale projects, such as the redevelopment of the area around the A2 motorway, the Sphinx Quarter and the Belvédère area are under construction.

Geography

Neighbourhoods

Maastricht consists of five districts (''stadsdelen'') and 44 neighbourhoods (''wijken''). Each neighbourhood has a number which corresponds to its postal code. # Maastricht Centrum ( Binnenstad, Jekerkwartier, Kommelkwartier, Statenkwartier, Boschstraatkwartier, Sint Maartenspoort, Wyck-Céramique) # South-West ( Villapark, Jekerdal,

Biesland Biesland was a municipality in the Dutch province of South Holland. It was located to the east of the city of Delft. In the Middle Ages, Biesland was a manor of 3.9 km², owned first by the lords of Alkemade, and then by the city of Delft. W ...

, Campagne, Wolder, Sint Pieter) # North-West (Brusselsepoort, Mariaberg, Belfort, Pottenberg, Malpertuis, Caberg, Malberg, Dousberg-Hazendans, Daalhof, Boschpoort, Bosscherveld, Frontenkwartier, Belvédère, Lanakerveld) # North-East (Beatrixhaven,

Borgharen Borgharen (; li, Hare ) is a town in the Dutch province of Limburg. It is a part of the municipality of Maastricht Maastricht ( , , ; li, Mestreech ; french: Maestricht ; es, Mastrique ) is a city and a municipality in the southeastern N ...

Itteren Itteren ( Limburgish: ''Ittere'') is a town in the Dutch province of Limburg. It is a part of the municipality of Maastricht Maastricht ( , , ; li, Mestreech ; french: Maestricht ; es, Mastrique ) is a city and a municipality in the southea ...

, Meerssenhoven, Wyckerpoort, Wittevrouwenveld, Nazareth, Limmel, Amby) # South-East (Randwyck, Heugem, Heugemerveld, Scharn,

Heer Heer may refer to: People * Jeet Heer, Canadian author and journalist * Jeffrey Heer (born 1979), American computer scientist and entrepreneur * Kamal Heer (born 1973), Punjabi singer and musician * Oswald Heer (1809–1883), Swiss botanist and ...

, De Heeg, Vroendaal) The neighbourhoods of Itteren, Borgharen, Limmel, Amby, Heer, Heugem, Scharn, Oud-Caberg, Sint Pieter and Wolder all used to be separate municipalities or villages until they were annexed by the city of Maastricht in the course of the 20th century.

Neighbouring municipalities

The outlying areas of the following municipalities are bordering the municipality of Maastricht directly. ''Clockwise from north-east to north-west:'' ''(B = Situated in Belgium)''

Border

Maastricht's

city limits City limits or city boundaries refer to the defined boundary or border of a city. The area within the city limit can be called the city proper. Town limit/boundary and village limit/boundary apply to towns and villages. Similarly, corporate limi ...

has an international border with Belgium. Most of it borders Belgium's Flemish region, but a small part to the south also has a border with Wallonia. Both countries are part of Europe's

Schengen Area The Schengen Area ( , ) is an area comprising 27 European countries that have officially abolished all passport and all other types of border control at their mutual borders. Being an element within the wider area of freedom, security and j ...

thus are open without border controls.

Climate

Maastricht features the same climate as most of the Netherlands (''Cfb'', Oceanic climate), however, due to its more inland location in between hills, summers tend to be warmer (especially in the Meuse valley, which lies 70 metres lower than the meteorological station) and winters a bit colder, although the difference is only noticeable on just a few days a year. The highest temperature recorded was on 25 July 2019 at .

Demographics

Historical population

Inhabitants by nationality

Inhabitants by country of birth

Languages

Maastricht is a city of linguistic diversity, partly as a result of its location at the crossroads of multiple language areas and its international student population. * Dutch is the national language and the language of elementary and secondary education (excluding international institutions) as well as administration. Dutch in Maastricht is often spoken with a distinctive Limburgish

accent Accent may refer to: Speech and language * Accent (sociolinguistics), way of pronunciation particular to a speaker or group of speakers * Accent (phonetics), prominence given to a particular syllable in a word, or a word in a phrase ** Pitch ac ...

, which should not be confused with the Limburgish language. *

Limburgish Limburgish ( li, Limburgs or ; nl, Limburgs ; german: Limburgisch ; french: Limbourgeois ), also called Limburgan, Limburgian, or Limburgic, is a West Germanic language spoken in the Dutch and Belgian provinces of Limburg (Netherlands), L ...

(or ''Limburgian'') is the overlapping term of the tonal dialects spoken in

the Dutch The Dutch (Dutch language, Dutch: ) are an ethnic group and nation native to the Netherlands. They share a common history and culture and speak the Dutch language. Dutch people and their descendants are found in migrant communities worldwide, ...

and the Belgian provinces of Limburg. The

Maastrichtian dialect The Maastrichtian () is, in the International Commission on Stratigraphy, ICS geologic timescale, the latest age (geology), age (uppermost stage (stratigraphy), stage) of the Late Cretaceous epoch (geology), Epoch or Upper Cretaceous series (str ...

(''Mestreechs'') is only one of many variants of Limburgish. It is characterised by stretched vowels and some French influence on its vocabulary. In recent years the Maastricht dialect has been in decline (see dialect levelling) and a language switch to Standard Dutch has been noted. *

French French (french: français(e), link=no) may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to France ** French language, which originated in France, and its various dialects and accents ** French people, a nation and ethnic group identified with Franc ...

used to be the language of education and culture in Maastricht. In the late 18th century the language gained a powerful position as the judicial and administrative language, and throughout the following century it was the preferred language of the upper classes. Between 1851 and 1892 a Francophone newspaper (''Le Courrier de la Meuse'') was published in Maastricht. The language is often part of secondary school curricula. Many proper names are French and the language has left many traces in the local dialect. * German, like French, is often part of secondary school curricula. Due to Maastricht's geographic proximity to Germany and the great number of German students in the city, German is widely spoken. * English has become an important language in education. At Maastricht University and

Hogeschool Zuyd Zuyd University of Applied Sciences ( nl, Zuyd Hogeschool) is a University of Applied Sciences with campuses in Heerlen, Sittard and Maastricht in the southeastern Netherlands. The main focus of Zuyd University is on Bachelor programmes, 52 in ...

it is the language of instruction for many courses. Many foreign students and expatriates use English as a

lingua franca A lingua franca (; ; for plurals see ), also known as a bridge language, common language, trade language, auxiliary language, vehicular language, or link language, is a language systematically used to make communication possible between groups ...

. English is also a mandatory subject in Dutch elementary and secondary schools.

Religion

In 2010–2014, 69.8% of the population of Maastricht regarded themselves as religious. 60.4% of the total population stated an affiliation with the Roman Catholic Church. 13.9% attended a religious ceremony at least once a month.

Economy

Private companies based in Maastricht

* Sappi – South African Pulp and Paper Industry * Royal Mosa – ceramic tiles * O-I Manufacturing – previously Kristalunie Maastricht; glass * BASF – previously Ten Horn; pigments * Mondi – packaging * Rubber Resources/Elgi Rubber – previously

Vredestein Apollo Vredestein B.V. is a Netherlands-based tyre manufacturer. Since 2009, it is owned by Apollo Tyres Ltd of India. Apollo Vredestein has its head office in Amsterdam, Netherlands, and its production facility in Enschede. It designs, manufactur ...

; rubber recycling * Radium Foams – Talalay products *

Hewlett-Packard The Hewlett-Packard Company, commonly shortened to Hewlett-Packard ( ) or HP, was an American multinational information technology company headquartered in Palo Alto, California. HP developed and provided a wide variety of hardware components ...

– previously Indigo, manufacturer of electronic data systems * Vodafone – mobile phone company * Q-Park – international operator of parking garages *

DHL DHL is an American founded, German logistics company providing courier, package delivery and express mail service, which is a division of the German logistics firm Deutsche Post. The company group delivers over 1.8 billion parcels per year. DHL ...

– international express mail services *

Teleperformance Teleperformance SE (TP) is an omnichannel company headquartered in France. The company provides customer acquisition management, customer care, technical support, debt collection, social media services, and other services. It operates in 88 cou ...

– contact center services * Mercedes-Benz – customer contact centre for Europe * VGZ – health insurance, customer contact centre * Pie Medical Imaging – cardiovascular quantitative analysis software * Esaote (former Pie Medical Equipment) – manufacturer of medical and veterinary diagnostic equipment * BioPartner Centre Maastricht – life sciences spin-off companies *

Medtronic Medtronic plc is an American medical device company. The company's operational and executive headquarters are in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and its legal headquarters are in Ireland due to its acquisition of Irish-based Covidien in 2015. While it ...

– medical devices, R&D center

Public institutions

Provincial Government Buildings on the Meuse

Since the 1980s, a number of European and international institutions have made Maastricht their base. They provide an increasing number of employment opportunities for expats living in the Maastricht area. * Administration of the Dutch province of Limburg * Meuse-Rhine Euroregion * Limburg Development Company LIOF * RHCL and SHCL – archives of the province of Limburg * Eurocontrol – The European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation *

European Journalism Centre The European Journalism Centre (EJC) is an independent, non-profit institute, based in Maastricht, Limburg, The Netherlands. Operations Its aim is to give further training to mid-career journalists and media professionals. The institute also a ...

* European Institute of Public Administration (EIPA) * European Centre for Development Policy Management (ECDPM) * European centre for work and society (ECWS) * Maastricht Centre for Transatlantic Studies (MCTS) * Expert Centre for Sustainable Business and Development Cooperation (ECSAD) * Council of European Municipalities and Regions (REGR) * European Centre for Digital Communication (EC/DC) * UNU-MERIT * Maastricht Research School of Economics of TEchnology and ORganization (METEOR) * Research Institute for Knowledge Systems (RIKS) * Cicero Foundation (CF)

Culture and tourism

Maastricht, kerstverlichting 2014, Onze-Lieve-Vrouweplein04

2018 Bonnefantenmuseum, collectie Neutelings, zaaloverzicht 1

10e internationale Reuzenstoet - Maastricht - 2 June 2019 - 34

Sights of Maastricht

Maastricht is known in the Netherlands and beyond for its lively squares, narrow streets, and historic buildings. The city has 1,677 national heritage buildings (''

en''), more than any Dutch city outside Amsterdam. In addition to that there are 3,500 locally listed buildings (''gemeentelijke monumenten''). The entire city centre is a conservation area (''beschermd stadsgezicht'') and largely traffic-free. The tourist information office ( VVV) is located in the basement of Dinghuis, a late-medieval courthouse overlooking Grote Staat. Maastricht's main sights include: * Meuse ( nl, Maas) river, with several parks and promenades along the river, and some interesting bridges: ** Sint Servaasbrug, partly from the 13th century; the oldest bridge in the Netherlands; ** Hoge Brug ("High Bridge"), a modern pedestrian bridge designed by René Greisch. * City fortifications, including: ** Remnants of the first and second medieval city wall and several towers (13th and 14th centuries); ** Helpoort ("Hell's Gate"), an imposing gate with two towers, built around 1230, the oldest city gate in the Netherlands; ** Wycker Waterpoort, a medieval gate in Wyck, used for accessing the city from the Meuse, demolished in the 19th century but rebuilt shortly afterwards; ** Hoge Fronten (or: Linie van Du Moulin), remnants of 17th- and 18th-century fortifications, including a number of well-preserved

bastions A bastion or bulwark is a structure projecting outward from the curtain wall of a fortification, most commonly angular in shape and positioned at the corners of the fort. The fully developed bastion consists of two faces and two flanks, with fi ...

, couvrefaces, lunettes and dry

moat A moat is a deep, broad ditch, either dry or filled with water, that is dug and surrounds a castle, fortification, building or town, historically to provide it with a preliminary line of defence. In some places moats evolved into more extensive ...

s; ** Fort Sint-Pieter, an early 18th-century

fortress A fortification is a military construction or building designed for the defense of territories in warfare, and is also used to establish rule in a region during peacetime. The term is derived from Latin ''fortis'' ("strong") and ''facere'' ...

on the flanks of Mount Saint Peter, offering guided tours and panoramic views of the city; and Fort Willem I, an early 19th-century fortress on the Caberg elevation; **

Casemate A casemate is a fortified gun emplacement or armored structure from which artillery, guns are fired, in a fortification, warship, or armoured fighting vehicle.Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary When referring to Ancient history, antiquity, th ...

s, an underground network of tunnels, built as sheltered emplacements for guns and cannons. These connected tunnels built of brick and limestone run for around fourteen kilometres underneath the city's fortifications. Guided tours are available. * Binnenstad: inner-city pedestrianized district with popular shopping streets Grote and Kleine Staat, high-end shopping streets Stokstraat and Maastrichter Smedenstraat, and two indoor shopping centres. Several main sights in Maastricht as well as a large number of cafés, pubs and restaurants are centred around the three main squares in Binnenstad: ** Vrijthof, the largest and possibly best-known square in Maastricht, with many well-known pubs and restaurants (including two - one former - gentlemen's clubs). Other sights include: ***

, a predominantly Romanesque church with an imposing westwork and important 12th and 13th-century sculptures; most notably the westwork interior figurative

capitals Capital may refer to: Common uses * Capital city, a municipality of primary status ** List of national capital cities * Capital letter, an upper-case letter Economics and social sciences * Capital (economics), the durable produced goods used f ...

, the westwork reredo, and the sculpted South Portal. The tomb of Saint Servatius in the crypt is a favoured place of pilgrimage. The church has an important church treasury; *** Sint-Janskerk, a Gothic church dedicated to Saint John the Baptist, the city's main Protestant church since 1632, adjacent to the Basilica of Saint Servatius, with a distinctive limestone tower painted red; *** Spaans Gouvernement ("Spanish Government Building"), a 16th-century former canon's house, later used as a residence for the

Brabant Brabant is a traditional geographical region (or regions) in the Low Countries of Europe. It may refer to: Place names in Europe * London-Brabant Massif, a geological structure stretching from England to northern Germany Belgium * Province of Bra ...

and

Habsburg The House of Habsburg (), alternatively spelled Hapsburg in Englishgerman: Haus Habsburg, ; es, Casa de Habsburgo; hu, Habsburg család, it, Casa di Asburgo, nl, Huis van Habsburg, pl, dom Habsburgów, pt, Casa de Habsburgo, la, Domus Hab ...

rulers, now housing the

Fotomuseum aan het Vrijthof The Fotomuseum aan het Vrijthof (previously: ''Museum aan het Vrijthof'' and ''Museum Spaans Gouvernement'') is a museum of photography in Maastricht, Netherlands. History of the building The museum is housed in the so-called ''Spanish Governm ...

; *** Hoofdwacht, an 18th-century military guard house, built in the style of the Dutch Baroque, used for exhibitions; *** Generaalshuis ("General's House"), a Neoclassical mansion, now the city's main theater (Theater aan het Vrijthof). **

Onze Lieve Vrouweplein The Onze Lieve Vrouweplein ("Square of Our Lady"; ; li, Slevrouweplein ) is a square in the historic center of Maastricht, the Netherlands. The square is situated south of Maastricht's pedestrianised shopping district. Well known for its many ca ...

, a tree-lined square with a number of pavement cafes. Main sights: ***

Basilica of Our Lady In Ancient Roman architecture, a basilica is a large public building with multiple functions, typically built alongside the town's forum. The basilica was in the Latin West equivalent to a stoa in the Greek East. The building gave its name ...

, a partly 11th-century church, one of the Netherlands' most significant Romanesque buildings with an imposing Mosan westwork and an important church treasury. Perhaps best known for the shrine of Our Lady, Star of the Sea in an adjacent Gothic chapel; *** Derlon Museumkelder, a permanent exhibition of ancient Roman remains in the basement of Hotel Derlon. ** Markt, the town's historic market square. Sights include: *** The Town Hall, built in the 17th century by Pieter Post and considered one of the highlights of Dutch Baroque architecture. Nearby is Dinghuis, the late medieval town hall and courthouse with an early Renaissance façade; *** Mosae Forum, a shopping centre and civic building designed by Jo Coenen and

Bruno Albert Bruno may refer to: People and fictional characters *Bruno (name), including lists of people and fictional characters with either the given name or surname * Bruno, Duke of Saxony (died 880) * Bruno the Great (925–965), Archbishop of Cologne, ...

in the early 2000s. Inside the Mosae Forum parking garage is a small exhibition of

Citroën Citroën () is a French automobile brand. The "Automobiles Citroën" manufacturing company was founded in March 1919 by André Citroën. Citroën is owned by Stellantis since 2021 and previously was part of the PSA Group after Peugeot acquired ...

miniature cars; *** Entre Deux, a rebuilt shopping centre in Postmodern style, which has won several international awards. It includes a bookstore located inside a former 13th-century Dominican church. In 2008, British newspaper '' The Guardian'' proclaimed this the world's most beautiful bookshop. * Jekerkwartier, a neighbourhood named after the small river Jeker, which pops up between old houses and remnants of city walls. The western part of the neighbourhood (named the Maastricht Latin Quarter) is dominated by university buildings and (performing) arts schools. Sights include: ** several churches and monasteries: the 13th-century First Franciscan Monastery, the 17th-century "Veiled Sisters" and Bonnefanten monasteries, and the 18th-century Second Franciscan Monastery and Walloon and Lutheran churches; ** Maastricht Natural History Museum, a small museum of natural history in a former monastery; ** Grote Looiersstraat ("Great Tanners' Street"), a former canal that was filled in during the 19th century, lined with elegant houses, the city's poorhouse (now part of the university library) and Sint-Maartenshofje, a typically Dutch hofje. * Kommelkwartier, Statenkwartier and Boschstraatkwartier, three relatively quiet inner city neighbourhoods with several monasteries, university buildings and industrial heritage building: ** Crosier Monastery in Kommelkwartier, a well-preserved Gothic monastery, now a five-star hotel; ** Sint-Matthiaskerk, a 14th-century parish church dedicated to Saint Matthew; ** Sphinx Quarter, an upcoming neighbourhood and cultural hotspot in the north of the city centre. Several of the industrial buildings of the former Sphinx glass, crystal and ceramics factories have been transformed for new uses; ** Bassin, a restored early 19th-century inner harbor surrounded by industrial heritage buildings, re-used as cultural venues, bars and restaurants. * Wyck, the old quarter on the right bank of the river Meuse. ** Saint Martin's Church, a

Gothic Revival Gothic Revival (also referred to as Victorian Gothic, neo-Gothic, or Gothick) is an architectural movement that began in the late 1740s in England. The movement gained momentum and expanded in the first half of the 19th century, as increasingly ...

church designed by Pierre Cuypers in 1856; ** Rechtstraat and Hoogbrugstraat are the oldest streets in Wyck with many historic buildings and a mix of specialty shops, art galleries and restaurants; ** Stationsstraat and Wycker Brugstraat are elegant streets with the majority of the buildings dating from the late 19th century. At the east end of Stationsstraat stands the Maastricht railway station from 1913. * Céramique, a modern neighbourhood on the site of the former Société Céramique potteries, including a park along the river Meuse (Charles Eyckpark) and a showcase of architectural highlights: ** Wiebengahal, one of the few remaining industrial buildings in the neighbourhood and an early example of modernist architecture in the Netherlands, dating from 1912; **

Aldo Rossi Aldo Rossi (3 May 1931 – 4 September 1997) was an Italian architect and designer who achieved international recognition in four distinct areas: architectural theory, drawing and design and also product design. He was one of the leading exponen ...

, featuring a landmark rocket-shaped tower; ** Centre Céramique, a public library and exhibition space by Jo Coenen; ** La Fortezza, a red brick office and apartment building by

Mario Botta Mario Botta (born 1 April 1943) is a Swiss architect. Career Botta designed his first building, a two-family house at Morbio Superiore in Ticino, at age 16. He graduated from the Università Iuav di Venezia (1969). While the arrangements of ...

; ** Siza Tower, a residential tower clad with zinc and white marble, by Álvaro Siza Vieira; ** Other buildings in Céramique by MBM, Cruz y Ortiz, Luigi Snozzi,

Aurelio Galfetti Aurelio Galfetti (2 April 1936 – 5 December 2021) was a Swiss architect. Biography Galfetti was born in Biasca, Ticino, on 2 April 1936. Together with Mario Botta, Luigi Snozzi, and Livio Vacchini, he is one of the foremost 20th century arc ...

, Herman Hertzberger, Wiel Arets,

Hubert-Jan Henket Hubert-Jan Henket (born 11 March 1940, in Heerlen) is a Dutch architect. He is a specialist in the relations between old and new buildings, the redesign of buildings, renovation and restoration. He is the founder of DOCOMOMO international. Life ...

Charles Vandenhove Charles, Knight Vandenhove (3 July 1927, Teuven – 22 January 2019, Liège) was one of the leading Belgian architects of the 20th century. His company ''Charles Vandenhove et associés'' is based in Liège, Belgium. He is mostly known for h ...

and

Bob Van Reeth Bob Van Reeth (Temse, 26 February 1943), who usually signs as bOb Van Reeth, is a Belgian architect. Biography Bob Van Reeth started working as an architect in 1965 with designing buildings in Mechelen and Kalmthout. In 1972, he became a teacher ...

. *

Sint-Pietersberg Mount Saint Peter (French: ''Montagne Saint-Pierre''; Dutch: ''Sint-Pietersberg''), also referred to as Caestert Plateau, is the northern part of a plateau running north to south between the valleys of the river Geer to the west, and the Meuse to ...

("Mount Saint Peter"): modest hill and nature reserve south of the city, peaking at

above sea level Height above mean sea level is a measure of the vertical distance (height, elevation or altitude) of a location in reference to a historic mean sea level taken as a vertical datum. In geodesy, it is formalized as ''orthometric heights''. The comb ...

. It serves as Maastricht's main recreation area and a viewing point. The main sights include: ** Fort Sint-Pieter, an early 18th-century military fortress fully restored in recent years; ** Caves of Maastricht aka ''Grotten Sint-Pietersberg'', an underground network of man-made tunnels ("caves") in limestone quarries. Guided tours are available; ** ENCI Quarry: a former quarry and nature reserve with several lakes, accessible via a spectacular staircase with viewing platforms; ** Slavante, a 19th-century former gentlemen's club on the site of a Franciscan monastery (of which parts are still standing), now a popular hang-out, offering panoramic views over the Meuse valley; ** Lichtenberg, a ruined medieval castle keep and an adjacent 18th-century farmstead; ** D'n Observant ("The Observer"), an artificial hilltop, made with the spoils of a nearby quarry, now a nature reserve.

Museums in Maastricht

is the foremost museum for old masters and contemporary fine art in the province of Limburg. The collection features medieval sculpture ( The Virgin and Child with St. Anne), early Italian painting ( Giovanni del Biondo,

Domenico di Michelino Domenico di Michelino (1417–1491) was an Italian Renaissance painter who was born and died in Florence. His real name was Domenico di Francesco. The patronymic "di Michelino" was adopted in honor of his teacher, the cassone painter Michelino di ...

, Jacopo del Casentino, Sano di Pietro,

Pietro Nelli Pietro Nelli (1672 – after 1730) was an Italian painter of the late-Baroque period. He was born in Massa, where he had been a pupil of Giovanni Maria Morandi in Rome. He was known for his portraits including those of Cardinal Lodovico Pico (en ...

), Southern Netherlandish and German Renaissance painting (

Colijn de Coter Colijn de Coter (c. 1440–1445 – c. 1522–1532) was an early Netherlandish painter who produced mainly altarpieces. He worked primarily in Brussels and Antwerp. His name was sometimes given as ''Colijn van Brusele'' (Colijn of Brussels), in ...

Roelandt Savery Roelant Savery (or ''Roeland(t) Maertensz Saverij'', or ''de Savery'', or many variants; 1576 – buried 25 February 1639) was a Flanders-born Dutch Golden Age painter. Life Savery was born in Kortrijk. Like so many other artists, he belonge ...

Pieter Coecke van Aelst Pieter Coecke van Aelst or Pieter Coecke van Aelst the Elder ( Aalst, 14 August 1502 – Brussels, 6 December 1550) was a Flemish painter, sculptor, architect, author and designer of woodcuts, goldsmith's work, stained glass and tapestries.

, Pieter Brueghel the Younger, Lucas Cranach the Elder), and contemporary art (Sol LeWitt, Robert Mangold, Richard Serra, Luciano Fabro, Marcel Broodthaers, Joseph Beuys, Neo Rauch, Gilbert and George, Peter Doig, Gary Hume, Grayson Perry, Luc Tuymans, Ai Weiwei). * The Treasury of the Basilica of Saint Servatius includes religious artifacts from the 4th to 20th centuries, notably those related to Saint Servatius. Highlights include the shrine, the key and the crosier of Saint Servatius, and the reliquary bust donated by Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma. * The Basilica of Our Lady, Maastricht#Treasury Basilica of Our Lady, Treasury of the Basilica of Our Lady contains religious art, textiles, reliquaries, liturgical vessels and other artifacts from the Middle Ages and later periods. * Derlon Museumkelder is a preserved archeological site in the basement of a hotel with Roman and pre-Roman remains. * The Maastricht Natural History Museum exhibits collections relating to the geology, paleontology and flora and fauna of Limburg. Highlights in the collection are several fragment of skeletons of Mosasaurs found in a quarry in Mount Saint Peter. *

is a local museum of photography housed in the 16th-century Spanish Government building, featuring some period rooms and temporary exhibitions of photographers.

Events and festivals

* ''Dies natalis'', birthday of the University of Maastricht, with procession of university faculty to St. John's Church where honorary degrees are awarded (9 January). * Carnival (Maastrichtian dialect, Maastrichtian: ''Vastelaovend'') - a traditional three-day festival in the southern part of the Netherlands; in Maastricht mainly outdoors with typical ''Zaate Herremeniekes'' (February/March). * The European Fine Art Fair (TEFAF), the world's leading art and antiques fair (March).
Tattoo Expo Maastricht
an anunual international tattoo exhibition (March). * Amstel Gold Race, an international cycling race which starts in Maastricht (usually April). * KunstTour, an annual art festival (May). * European Model United Nations (EuroMUN), an annual international conference (May). * ''Stadsprocessie'', religious procession with reliquaries of Servatius of Tongeren, Saint Servatius and other local saints (first Sunday after 13 May). * Pilgrimage of the Relics, Maastricht, Pilgrimage of the Relics (Dutch: ''Heiligdomsvaart''), pilgrimage with relics display and processions dating from the Middle Ages (May/June; once in 7 years; next: 2025). * Giants' Parade (Dutch: ''Reuzenstoet''), parade of Processional giants and dragons in Belgium and France, processional giants, mainly from Belgium and France (June; once in 5 years; next: 2024). * ''Maastrichts Mooiste'', an annual running and walking event (June). * Fashionclash, international fashion event throughout the city (June). * Vrijthof concerts by André Rieu and the Johann Strauss Orchestra (July/August). * ''Preuvenemint'', a large culinary event held on the Vrijthof square (August). * ''Inkom'', the traditional opening of the academic year and introduction for new students of Maastricht University (August). * Musica Sacra (Maastricht), Musica Sacra, a festival of religious (classical) music (September). * ''Nederlandse Dansdagen'' (Netherlands Dance Days), a modern dance festival (October). * Jazz Maastricht, a jazz festival formerly known as Jeker Jazz (autumn). * ''11de van de 11de'' (the 11th of the 11th), the official start of the carnival season (11 November). * Jumping Indoor Maastricht, an international ''concours hippique'' (showjumping) (November). * Magic Maastricht (''Magisch Maastricht''), a winter-themed funfair and Christmas market held on Vrijthof square and other locations throughout the city (December/January). Furthermore, the Maastricht Exposition and Congress Centre (MECC) hosts many events throughout the year.

Nature

20130504 Maastricht Céramique 09 Charles Eyckpark

Parks

There are several city parks and recreational areas in Maastricht: * Stadspark, the main public park in Maastricht, partly 19th-century, with remnants of the medieval city walls, a branch of the Jeker river, a mini-zoo and several public sculptures (e.g. the statue of d'Artagnan in Aldenhofpark, a 20th-century extension of Stadspark). Other extensions of the park are called Kempland, Henri Hermanspark, Monseigneur Nolenspark and Waldeckpark. From 2014 onwards, the grounds of the former Tapijn military barracks will be gradually added to the park; * Jekerpark, a new park along the river Jeker, separated from Stadspark by a busy road; * Frontenpark, a new park west of the city centre, incorporating parts of the fortifications of Maastricht from the 17th to 19th centuries; * Charles Eykpark, a modern park between the public library and

on the east bank of the Meuse river, designed in the late 1990s by Swedish landscape architect Gunnar Martinsson. * Griendpark, a modern park on the east bank of the river with an inline-skating and skateboarding course. * Geusseltpark in eastern Maastricht and J.J. van de Vennepark in western Maastricht, both with elaborate sports facilities.

Natural areas

* The Meuse river and its green banks in outlying areas. In the northern areas around

and

'new nature' is being created in combination with river protection measures and gravel mining. * Pietersplas, an artificial lake between Maastricht and Gronsveld that was the result of gravel pits on the banks of the Meuse river. There is a beach on the northern slope of the lake and a marina near Castle Hoogenweerth. The eastern riverbed between Pietersplas and the provincial government building is a nature reserve (Kleine Weerd). * The Jeker Valley, along the river Jeker, starts near the city centre in Stadspark and leads via Jekerpark to an area with green meadows, fertile fields, some vineyards on the slopes of Cannerberg, several water mills and Château Neercanne, and continues further south into Belgium. * The green flanks of Mount Saint Peter, including many footpaths. * Dousberg and Zouwdal, a modest hill and valley surrounded by urban development on the western edge of the city, partly in Belgium. A large part of the hill is now in use as an international golf course (Golfclub Maastricht). * Landgoederenzone, an extended area in the northeast of Maastricht (partly in Meerssen) consisting of around fifteen country estates, such as Severen, Geusselt, Bethlehem, Mariënwaard, Kruisdonk, Vaeshartelt, Meerssenhoven,

and Hartelstein. Some of the castles, villas and stately homes are surrounded by industrial areas or quarries. * Bike paths through agricultural areas in several outlying quarters (like "Biesland" and "Wolder").

Sports

* In association football, football, Maastricht is represented by MVV Maastricht (Dutch: ''Maatschappelijke Voetbal Vereniging Maastricht''), who (as of the 2016–2017 season) play in the Dutch first division of the national competition (which is the second league after the Eredivisie league). MVV's home is the De Geusselt, Geusselt stadium near the A2 highway. * Maastricht is also home to the Maastricht Wildcats, an American Football League team and member of the AFBN (American Football Bond Nederland). * Since 1998, Maastricht has been the traditional starting place of the annual Amstel Gold Race, the only Dutch cycling classic. For several years the race also finished in Maastricht, but since 2002 the finale has been in the municipality of Valkenburg aan de Geul, Valkenburg. Tom Dumoulin was born in Maastricht. * Since 2000, Maastricht has been the first city in the Netherlands with a Lacrosse team. The Student Sport Association "Maaslax" is closely linked to Maastricht University and a member of the NLB (Dutch Lacrosse Association, Nederlandse Lacrosse Bond).

Politics

City council

The municipal government of Maastricht consists of a city council, a mayor and a number of aldermen. The city council, a 39-member legislative body directly elected for four years, appoints the aldermen on the basis of a coalition agreement between two or more parties after each election. The Dutch municipal elections, 2006, 2006 municipal elections in the Netherlands were, as often, dominated by national politics and led to a shift from right to left throughout the country. In Maastricht, the traditional broad governing coalition of Christian Democrats (Christian Democratic Appeal, CDA), Labour (Labour Party (Netherlands), PvdA), Greens (GroenLinks, GreenLeft) and Liberals (People's Party for Freedom and Democracy, VVD) was replaced by a centre-left coalition of Labour, Christian Democrats and Greens. Two Labour aldermen were appointed, along with one Christian Democrat and one Green alderman. Due to internal disagreements, one of the VVD council members left the party in 2005 and formed a new liberal group in 2006 (Liberalen Maastricht). The other opposition parties in the current city council are the Socialist Party (Socialist Party (Netherlands), SP), the Democrats (Democrats 66, D66) and two local parties (Stadsbelangen Mestreech (SBM) and the Seniorenpartij).

Aldermen and mayors

The aldermen and the mayor make up the executive branch of the municipal government. After the previous mayor, Gerd Leers (Christian Democratic Appeal, CDA), decided to step down in January 2010 following the 'Bulgarian Villa' affair, an affair concerning a holiday villa project in Byala, Bulgaria, in which the mayor was alleged to have been involved in shady deals to raise the value of villas he had ownership of. Up until 1 July 2015 the mayor of Maastricht was Onno Hoes, a Liberal (People's Party for Freedom and Democracy, VVD), the only male mayor in the country, who officially was married to a male person. In 2013 Hoes was the subject of some political commotion, after facts had been disclosed about intimate affairs with several other male persons. The affair had no consequences for his political career. Because of a new affair in 2014 Hoes eventually stepped down. Since 1 July 2015 the current mayor of Maastricht has been Annemarie Penn-te Strake. Penn is independent and serves no political party, although her husband is a former chairman of the Maastricht Seniorenpartij. She has served for the Dutch judicial system for many years in many different positions. During her tenure as mayor she still serves as attorney general.

Cannabis

One controversial issue which has dominated Maastricht politics for many years and which has also affected national and international politics, is the city's approach to soft drugs. Under the pragmatic Drug policy of the Netherlands, Dutch soft drug policy, a policy of non-enforcement, individuals may buy and use cannabis from Cannabis coffee shop, 'coffeeshops' (cannabis bars) under certain conditions. Maastricht, like many other border towns, has seen a growing influx of 'drug tourism, drug tourists', mainly young people from Belgium, France and Germany, who provide a large amount of revenue for the coffeeshops (around 13) in the city centre. The city government, most notably ex-mayor Leers, have been actively promoting drug policy reform in order to deal with its negative side effects. 2018 Maastricht, Maaspromenade, coffeeshop boten 2

2018 Maastricht, Maaspromenade, coffeeshop boten 2

One of the proposals, known as the 'Coffee Corner Plan', proposed by then-mayor Leers and supported unanimously by the city council in 2008, was to relocate the coffeeshops from the city centre to the outskirts of the town (in some cases near the national Dutch-Belgian border). The purpose of this plan was to reduce the impact of drug tourism on the city centre, such as parking problems and the illegal sale of hard drugs in the vicinity of the coffeeshops, and to monitor the sale and use of cannabis more closely in areas away from the crowded city centre. The Coffee Corner Plan, however, has met with fierce opposition from neighbouring municipalities (some in Belgium) and from members of the Dutch and Belgian parliament. The plan has been the subject of various legal challenges and has not been carried out up to this date (2014). On 16 December 2010, the Court of Justice of the European Union upheld a local Maastricht ban on the sale of cannabis (drug), cannabis to foreign tourists, restricting entrance to coffeeshops to residents of Maastricht. The ban did not affect scientific or medical usage. In 2011, the Dutch government introduced a similar national system, the ''wietpas'' ("cannabis pass"), restricting access to Dutch coffeeshops to residents of the Netherlands. After protests from local mayors about the difficulty of implementing the issuing of wietpasses, Dutch parliament in 2012 agreed to replace the pass by any proof of residency. The new system has led to a slight reduction in drug tourism to cannabis shops in Maastricht but at the same time to an increase of drug dealing on the street.

Transport

By car

Maastricht is served by the A2 motorway (Netherlands), A2 and A79 motorway (Netherlands), A79 motorways. The city can be reached from Brussels and Cologne in approximately one hour and from Amsterdam in about two and a half hours. The A2 motorway runs through Maastricht in a double-decked tunnel. Before 2016, the A2 motorway ran through the city; heavily congested, it caused air pollution in the urban area. Construction of a two-level tunnel designed to solve these problems started in 2011 and was opened (in stages) by December 2016. In spite of several large underground car parks, parking in the city centre forms a major problem during weekends and bank holidays because of the large numbers of visitors. Parking fees are deliberately high to encourage visitors to use public transport or park and ride facilities away from the centre.

By train

Maastricht is served by three rail operators, all of which call at the main Maastricht railway station near the centre and two of which call at the smaller Maastricht Randwyck railway station, Maastricht Randwyck, near the business and university district. Only Arriva also calls at Maastricht Noord railway station, Maastricht Noord, which opened in 2013. Intercity trains northwards to Amsterdam,

Eindhoven Eindhoven () is a city and municipality in the Netherlands, located in the southern province of North Brabant of which it is its largest. With a population of 238,326 on 1 January 2022,Liège Liège ( , , ; wa, Lîdje ; nl, Luik ; german: Lüttich ) is a major city and municipality of Wallonia and the capital of the Belgian province of Liège. The city is situated in the valley of the Meuse, in the east of Belgium, not far from b ...

in Belgium. The westbound railway to

(Belgium) closed in 1954. The former railway to

was closed down in the 1980s. However, Aachen can still be reached via Heerlen.

By bus

Regular bus lines connect the city centre, outer areas, business districts and railway stations. The regional Arriva#Netherlands, Arriva bus network extends to most parts of South Limburg (Netherlands), South Limburg and

(Germany). Regional buses by De Lijn connect Maastricht with

, Tongeren and Maasmechelen, and one bus connects Maastricht with

, operated by Société Régionale Wallonne du Transport, TEC. Various bus companies such as Flixbus and Eurolines provide intercity bus services from Maastricht to many European destinations.

By air

Maastricht is served by the nearby Maastricht Aachen Airport , in nearby Beek, and it is informally referred to by that name. The airport is located about north of the city centre. The airport is served by Corendon Dutch Airlines and Ryanair which operate scheduled flights to destinations around the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands, North-Africa and also London Stansted Airport from March 2022. There are also charter flights to Lourdes which are operated by Enter Air.

By boat

Maastricht has a river port (''Beatrixhaven'') and is connected by water with Belgium and the rest of the Netherlands through the river Meuse, the Juliana Canal, the Albert Canal and the Zuid-Willemsvaart. Although there are no regular boat connections to other cities, various organized boat trips for tourists connect Maastricht with Belgium cities such as

Distances to other cities

These distances are as the crow flies and so do not represent actual overland distances. *

: south *

: east *

Eindhoven Eindhoven () is a city and municipality in the Netherlands, located in the southern province of North Brabant of which it is its largest. With a population of 238,326 on 1 January 2022,Amsterdam: north-west * Lille: west * Frankfurt am Main: south-east * Groningen: north * Strasbourg: south-east * Paris: south-west * Hannover: north-east * Stuttgart: south-east * Basel: south-east * London: north-west * Zürich: south-east

Education

Secondary education

* ''Bernard Lievegoedschool'' (Anthroposophical education) * ''Bonnefantencollege'' * ''Porta Mosana College'' * Sint-Maartenscollege * United World College Maastricht

Tertiary education

* Maastricht University (Dutch: ''Universiteit Maastricht'' or UM) including: ** University College Maastricht * Maastricht School of Management * Teikyo University (Maastricht campus closed in 2007) * Zuyd University, Zuyd University of Applied Sciences (Dutch: ''Hogeschool Zuyd'', also has departments in Sittard and Heerlen) including: ** Toneelacademie Maastricht, Academy for Dramatic Arts Maastricht (Dutch: ''Toneelacademie Maastricht'') ** Academie Beeldende Kunsten Maastricht, School of Fine Arts Maastricht (Dutch: ''Academie Beeldende Kunsten Maastricht'') ** Maastricht Academy of Music (Dutch: ''Conservatorium Maastricht'') ** ''Academy of architecture'' ** ''Teachers training college'' ** ''Faculty of International Business and Communication'' ** ''Maastricht Hotel Management School''

Other

* Jan Van Eyck Academie - post-academic art institute * Berlitz Language Schools, Berlitz Language School Maastricht * ''Talenacademie Nederland''

International relations

Twin towns

Maastricht is Twin towns and sister cities, twinned with:

Notable people

Giro d'Italia 2017, dumoulin (34343448193)

Maastricht - Victor de Stuers - Kruisherengang 12 - 20100717

Born in Maastricht

* Jean-Eugène-Charles Alberti (1777 – after 1843) – painter * Henri Arends (1921–1993) – conductor * Doris Baaten (born 1956) – voice actress * Gerard Bergholtz (born 1939) – footballer * Mieke de Boer (born 1980) – female darts player * Alphons Boosten (1893–1951) – architect * Theo Bovens (born 1959) – politician * Joseph Bruyère (born 1948) – Belgian cyclist * Jeu van Bun (1918–2002) – footballer * Jean-Baptiste Coclers (1696–1772) – painter * Louis Bernard Coclers (1740–1817) – painter * Peter Debye (1884–1966) – Nobel prize winning chemist * Tom Dumoulin (born 1990) – cyclist, 2017 Giro d'Italia, Giro d'Italia winner * Robin Frijns (born 1991) - Racing Driver * Hendrick Fromantiou (1633/4 – after 1693) – still life painter * Joop Haex (1911–2002) – politician * André Henri Constant van Hasselt (1806–1874) – French-writing poet * Hubert Hermans (born 1937) – psychologist and creator of Dialogical Self Theory * Pieter van den Hoogenband (born 1978) – swimmer and a triple Olympic champion * Pierre Kemp (1886–1967) – poet * Sjeng Kerbusch (1947–1991) – behavior geneticist * Mathieu Kessels (1784–1836) – sculptor * Lambert of Maastricht (c. 636 – c. 705) – bishop, saint * Marie-Louise Linssen-Vaessen (1928–1993) – freestyle swimmer * Eric van der Luer (born 1965) – footballer, football manager * Pierre Lyonnet (1708–1789) – naturalist, cryptographer, engraver * Félix de Mérode (1791–1857) – politician, writer * David de Meyne (1569 – 1620) – painter and cartographer * Andreas Victor Michiels (1797–1849) – military and administrative officer in the Dutch East Indies * Jan Pieter Minckeleers (1748–1824) – scientist and inventor of coal gas lighting * Bram Moszkowicz (born 1960) – ex-barrister * Benny Neyman (1951–2008) – singer of popular songs * Tom Nijssen (born 1964) – tennis player * Jacques Ogg (born 1948) – harpsichordist * Henrietta d'Oultremont (1792–1864) – second wife of William I of the Netherlands * Jan Peumans (born 1951) – Belgian politician * Guido Pieters (born 1948) – film director * Dick Raaymakers (1930–2013) – composer, theater maker * Prince Rajcomar (born 1985) – football player * Louis Regout (1861–1915) – politician * André Rieu (born 1949) – violinist, conductor and composer * Fred Rompelberg (born 1945) – cyclist, former world record holder * Louis Rutten (1884-1946) – Dutch geologist * Henri Sarolea (1844–1900) – railway entrepreneur and contractor * Bryan Smeets (born 1992) - football player * Hubert Soudant (born 1946) – conductor * Victor de Stuers (1843–1916) – politician, monument conservationist * Jac. P. Thijsse (1865–1945) – botanist, conservationist * Frans Timmermans (born 1961) – politician * Johann Friedrich August Tischbein (1750–1812) – portrait painter * Maxime Verhagen (born 1956) – politician * Carel de Vogelaer (1653–1695) – painter * Hubert Vos (1855–1935) – painter * Ad Wijnands (born 1959) – cyclist, Tour de France stage winner * Jeroen Willems (1962–2012) – actor, singer * Henri Winkelman (1876–1952) – general * Danny Wintjens (born 1983) – football goalkeeper * Boudewijn Zenden (born 1976) – football player * Kim Zwarts (born 1955) – photographer

Residing in Maastricht

* Jo Bonfrere (born 1946) – football player * Willy Brokamp (born 1946) – football player * Jeroen Brouwers (born 1940) – writer, journalist * Gondulph of Maastricht (c. 524 – c. 607) – bishop, saint * Theo Hiddema (born 1944) – lawyer * Willem Hofhuizen (1915–1986) – painter * Monulph of Maastricht (6th century) – bishop, saint * Max Moszkowicz (born 1926) – lawyer * Servatius of Tongeren, Servatius of Maastricht (4th century – 384?) – bishop, saint * Jan van Steffeswert (15th/16th century) – sculptor, wood carver * Aert van Tricht (15th/16th century) – metal caster * Heinrich von Veldeke, Henric van Veldeke (12th century) – poet, hagiographer

Local anthem

In 2002 the municipal government officially adopted a local anthem (

(Maastrichtian dialect, Maastrichtian variant): ''Mestreechs Volksleed'', nl, Maastrichts Volkslied) composed of lyrics in Maastrichtian. The theme was originally written by Ciprian Porumbescu (1853–1883).

Gallery

Maastricht 2008 Meuse River.jpg, The Meuse Sint Servaasbrug2.jpg, Sint Servaasbrug, Saint Servatius Bridge Dinghuis.jpg, Dinghuis Maastricht, het stadhuis foto10 2011-01-30 12.07.JPG, Townhall Maastricht 2008 Mosae Forum.jpg, Mosae Forum Maastricht 2008 Saint Servatius Basilica.jpg, Saint Servatius Basilica Maastricht platz vor liebfrauenkirche.jpg, Onze-Lieve-Vrouweplein Apsis Onze Lieve Vrouwkerk Maastricht.jpg, Basilica of Our Lady, Maastricht, Basilica of Our Lady Maastricht 2008 Lang Grachtje.jpg, Lang Grachtje Maastricht Helpoort BW 2017-08-19 13-58-28.jpg, Helpoort ("Hell's Gate") Maastricht 2008 Father Vink Tower.jpg, Pater Vink Tower Maastricht - rijksmonument 28017 - rondeel Haat en Nijd 20100522.jpg, Bastion Haet ende Nijt Maastricht 2008 City Park 02.jpg, Stadspark Maastricht 2008 Jeker River.jpg, Jeker river Bassin12.jpg, Bassin harbour Maastricht, kerk in westelijk stadsdeel 2007-04-27 12.26.JPG, Sint-Lambertuskerk (Maastricht), Saint Lambert Church Maastricht, station.gif, Train station, Wyck Maastricht, Stationsomgeving04.jpg, Stationsplein, Wyck Maastricht 2008 High Bridge.jpg, Hoeg Brögk Maastricht2013, CharlesEyckpark08.jpg, Charles Eyckpark, Céramique 20130505 Maastricht Céramique 01.JPG, Public library, Céramique Maastricht 2008 Fortress Sint Pieter 02.jpg, Fortress Sint Pieter 20130504 Maastricht Slavante 02 Walls of Slavante.JPG, View from Slavante Lichtenberg-002.JPG, Castle ruin Lichtenberg Maastricht - rijksmonument 27963 - Huis de Torentjes - Lage Kanaaldijk 63 20100515.jpg, Huis de Torentjes 20130504 Maastricht Views of ENCI Quarry 03.JPG, ENCI quarry KasteelCastle Neercanne.jpg, Château Neercanne SintPietersbergPanorama001.jpg, View on Cannerberg

References

;Notes ;Literature *

Bibliography

External links

Maastricht city portalMaastricht municipality website

Maastricht tourism website
{{Authority control Maastricht, Belgium–Netherlands border crossings Cities in the Netherlands Municipalities of Limburg (Netherlands) Populated places in Limburg (Netherlands) Provincial capitals of the Netherlands Roman sites in the Netherlands South Limburg (Netherlands) Vauban fortifications