Lycia et Pamphylia
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Lycia et Pamphylia was the name of a
province A province is almost always an administrative division within a country or sovereign state, state. The term derives from the ancient Roman ''Roman province, provincia'', which was the major territorial and administrative unit of the Roman Empire ...
of the
Roman empire The Roman Empire ( la, Imperium Romanum ; grc-gre, Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, Basileía tôn Rhōmaíōn) was the post-Republican period of ancient Rome. As a polity, it included large territorial holdings around the Mediterr ...
, located in southern
Anatolia Anatolia, tr, Anadolu Yarımadası), and the Anatolian plateau, also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula in Western Asia and the westernmost protrusion of the Asian continent. It constitutes the major part of modern-day Turkey. The re ...
. It was created by the emperor
Vespasian Vespasian (; la, Vespasianus ; 17 November AD 9 – 23/24 June 79) was a Roman emperor who reigned from AD 69 to 79. The fourth and last emperor who reigned in the Year of the Four Emperors, he founded the Flavian dynasty that ruled the Empi ...
(69–79), who merged
Lycia Lycia (Lycian language, Lycian: 𐊗𐊕𐊐𐊎𐊆𐊖 ''Trm̃mis''; el, Λυκία, ; tr, Likya) was a state or nationality that flourished in Anatolia from 15–14th centuries BC (as Lukka) to 546 BC. It bordered the Mediterranean ...
and
Pamphylia Pamphylia (; grc, Παμφυλία, ''Pamphylía'') was a region in the south of Asia Minor, between Lycia and Cilicia, extending from the Mediterranean to Mount Taurus (all in modern-day Antalya province, Turkey). It was bounded on the north by ...
into a single administrative unit. In 43 AD, the emperor
Claudius Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (; 1 August 10 BC – 13 October AD 54) was the fourth Roman emperor, ruling from AD 41 to 54. A member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, Claudius was born to Nero Claudius Drusus, Drusu ...
had annexed Lycia. Pamphylia had been a part of the province of
Galatia Galatia (; grc, Γαλατία, ''Galatía'', "Gaul") was an ancient area in the highlands of central Anatolia, roughly corresponding to the provinces of Ankara and Eskişehir, in modern Turkey. Galatia was named after the Gauls from Thrace (c ...
. The borders drawn by Vespasian ran west of the River Indus (which flowed from its upper valley in Caria) from the Pisidian plateau up to Lake Ascanius (Burdur Gölü), to the south of
Apamea Apamea or Apameia ( grc, Απάμεια) is the name of several Hellenistic cities in western Asia, after Apama, the Sogdian wife of Seleucus I Nicator, several of which are also former bishoprics and Catholic titular see. Places called Apamea in ...
. In the north and east it formed a line which followed the shores of the lakes Limna (Hoyran Gölü) and Caralis (
Beyşehir Gölü Beyşehir () is a large town and district of Konya Province in the Akdeniz region of Turkey. The town is located on the southeastern shore of Lake Beyşehir and is marked to the west and the southwest by the steep lines and forests of the Taurus ...
), turned south towards the Gulf of Adalla (mare Pamphylium) and followed the
Taurus Mountains The Taurus Mountains ( Turkish: ''Toros Dağları'' or ''Toroslar'') are a mountain complex in southern Turkey, separating the Mediterranean coastal region from the central Anatolian Plateau. The system extends along a curve from Lake Eğirdir ...
(
Toros Dağları The Taurus Mountains ( Turkish: ''Toros Dağları'' or ''Toroslar'') are a mountain complex in southern Turkey, separating the Mediterranean coastal region from the central Anatolian Plateau. The system extends along a curve from Lake Eğirdir ...
) for some ten miles towards east up to
Isauria Isauria ( or ; grc, Ἰσαυρία), in ancient geography, is a rugged, isolated, district in the interior of Asia Minor, of very different extent at different periods, but generally covering what is now the district of Bozkır and its surrou ...
. It then followed
Cilicia Trachea Cilicia (); el, Κιλικία, ''Kilikía''; Middle Persian: ''klkyʾy'' (''Klikiyā''); Parthian language, Parthian: ''kylkyʾ'' (''Kilikiyā''); tr, Kilikya). is a geographical region in southern Anatolia in Turkey, extending inland from th ...
to reach the sea to the west of Iotape. The borders were drawn taking into account geographical and economic factors. The whole of the basins of the rivers
Xanthus Xanthus (; grc, Ξάνθος, ''Xanthos'', "yellow, blond") or Xanthos may refer to: In Greek mythology * Xanthos (King of Thebes), the son of Ptolemy, killed by Andropompus or Melanthus *Xanthus (mythology), several figures, including gods, men, ...
,
Cestrus Cestrus was a city in the Roman province of Isauria, in Asia Minor. Its placing within Isauria is given by Hierocles, Georgius Cyprius, and Parthey's (''Notitiae episcopatuum'').
(Ak Su) and Eurymedon (Köprü Irmak) were included. The main cities were at the mouth of the latter two rivers. In
Pisidia Pisidia (; grc-gre, Πισιδία, ; tr, Pisidya) was a region of ancient Asia Minor located north of Pamphylia, northeast of Lycia, west of Isauria and Cilicia, and south of Phrygia, corresponding roughly to the modern-day province of An ...
and in Pamphylia they were in part followed by the few roads into the interior of Anatolia. The most important one was the road from Attalea (
Antalya Antalya () is the List of largest cities and towns in Turkey, fifth-most populous city in Turkey as well as the capital of Antalya Province. Located on Anatolia's southwest coast bordered by the Taurus Mountains, Antalya is the largest Turkish cit ...
) to Apamea. In Lycia the road from Patara towards
Laodicea on the Lycus Laodicea on the Lycus ( el, Λαοδίκεια πρὸς τοῦ Λύκου ''Laodikia pros tou Lykou''; la, Laodicea ad Lycum, also transliterated as ''Laodiceia'' or ''Laodikeia'') (modern tr, Laodikeia) was an ancient city in Asia Minor, ...
followed the coast. Important cities were
Side Side or Sides may refer to: Geometry * Edge (geometry) of a polygon (two-dimensional shape) * Face (geometry) of a polyhedron (three-dimensional shape) Places * Side (Ainis), a town of Ainis, ancient Thessaly, Greece * Side (Caria), a town of an ...
, Ptolemais,
Gagae Gagae or Gagai ( grc, Γάγαι) was a town on the southeast coast of ancient Lycia, in what is now the province of Antalya, from which the ''Gagates lapis'' derived its name. The ruins are located in Kumluca district, Antalya Province, Turkey. ...
and
Myra Myra ( grc, Μύρα, ''Mýra'') was a Lycian, then ancient Greek, then Greco-Roman, then Byzantine Greek, then Ottoman town in Lycia, which became the small Turkish town of Kale, renamed Demre in 2005, in the present-day Antalya Province of ...
on the coast,
Seleucia Seleucia (; grc-gre, Σελεύκεια), also known as or , was a major Mesopotamian city of the Seleucid empire. It stood on the west bank of the Tigris River, within the present-day Baghdad Governorate in Iraq. Name Seleucia ( grc-gre, Σ ...
, inland and
Cremna Cremna (Greek Κρῆμνα), or Kremna, was an ancient town in Pisidia. It is situated in the district of Bucak. It stands in a remote valley on a high plateau dominating the ancient Cestrus River (today Aksu), with limited access and good de ...
, Colbhasa and Comama, on the Pisidian Plateau, where Augustus had founded Roman colonies (settlements). On the
Milyas Milyas ( grc, Μιλυάς) was a mountainous country in ancient south-west Anatolia (modern Turkey). However, it is generally described as being mostly in the northern part of the successor kingdom of Lycia, as well as southern Pisidia, and part ...
plateau there were
Oenoanda Oenoanda or Oinoanda ( Hittite: 𒃾𒅀𒉌𒌓𒉿𒀭𒁕 ''Wiyanawanda'', el, τὰ Οἰνόανδα) was a Lycian city, in the upper valley of the River Xanthus. It is noted for the philosophical inscription by the Epicurean, Diogen ...
,
Tlos Tlos ( Lycian: 𐊗𐊍𐊀𐊇𐊀 ''Tlawa'', Hittite: 𒁕𒆷𒉿 ''Dalawa'', grc, Τλώς or Τλῶς) was an ancient Lycian city near the modern town of Seydikemer in the Mugla Province of southern Turkey, some 4 kilometres northwest o ...
, Nisa, Podalia,
Termessus Termessos (Greek Τερμησσός ''Termissós'') was a Pisidian city built at an altitude of more than 1000 metres at the south-west side of the mountain Solymos (modern-day Güllük Dağı) in the Taurus Mountains (modern-day Antalya pr ...
, and Trebenna. Other important cities in Lycia include
Pednelissus Pednelissus or Petnelissus (both forms are used in ancient writings and on the city's coins, the latter form alone appearing in its later coins) ( el, Πεδνηλισσός) was a city on the border between Pamphylia and Pisidia in Asia Minor. L ...
,
Ariassus Ariassus or Ariassos ( grc, Άριασσός) was a town in Pisidia, Asia Minor built on a steep hillside about 50 kilometres inland from Attaleia (modern Antalya). History The town was founded in the Hellenistic period in the 3rd century BC. ...
, and Sagalassus; along the Eurymedon,
Aspendus Aspendos or Aspendus (Pamphylian Greek, Pamphylian: ΕΣΤϜΕΔΥΣ; Ancient Greek, Attic: Ἄσπενδος) was an ancient Greco-Roman city in Antalya province of Turkey. The site is located 40 km east of the modern city of Antalya. It ...
and
Perge Perga or Perge ( Hittite: ''Parha'', el, Πέργη ''Perge'', tr, Perge) was originally an ancient Lycian settlement that later became a Greek city in Pamphylia. It was the capital of the Roman province of Pamphylia Secunda, now located in ...
, which had a sanctuary of Artemis. The most important city in the region was Patara, at the mouth of the Xanthus. Under the administrative reforms of emperor
Diocletian Diocletian (; la, Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus, grc, Διοκλητιανός, Diokletianós; c. 242/245 – 311/312), nicknamed ''Iovius'', was Roman emperor from 284 until his abdication in 305. He was born Gaius Valerius Diocles ...
(reigned AD 284–305), who doubled the number of Roman provinces by reducing their size, Lycia et Pamphylia was split into two separate provinces. The provinces were grouped into twelve
dioceses In church governance, a diocese or bishopric is the ecclesiastical district under the jurisdiction of a bishop. History In the later organization of the Roman Empire, the increasingly subdivided provinces were administratively associat ...
which were under the four Praetorian prefectures of the empire. Lycia and Pamphylia were under of
Diocese of Asia The Diocese of Asia ( la, Dioecesis Asiana, el, Διοίκησις Ἀσίας/Άσιανῆς) was a diocese of the later Roman Empire, incorporating the provinces of western Asia Minor and the islands of the eastern Aegean Sea. The diocese was ...
(Dioecesis Asiana), of the Praetorian Prefecture of Oriens (the East).


Governors

(List based on Rémy Bernard
''Les carrières sénatoriales dans les provinces romaines d'Anatolie au Haut-Empire (31 av. J.-C. - 284 ap. J.-C.)''
(Istanbul: Institut Français d'Études Anatoliennes-Georges Dumézil, 1989), pp. 279-329)


Imperial legates

*
Quintus Veranius Quintus Veranius (died AD 57) was a distinguished Roman general around the mid-first century CE. He was ''III vir monetalis'', tribune of Legio IV ''Scythica'' and quaestor under Tiberius. He was appointed tribune of the plebs in 41 and praetor i ...
(AD 43–48) * M. Calpurnius Rufus (48-53) *
Titus Clodius Eprius Marcellus Titus Clodius Eprius Marcellus (died AD 79) was a Roman senator, twice consul, best known for his prosecution of the Stoic senator Thrasea Paetus and his bitter quarrel with Helvidius Priscus. Eprius was also notorious for his ability to ingr ...
(53-56) *
Gaius Licinius Mucianus Gaius Licinius Mucianus (fl. 1st century AD) was a Roman general, statesman and writer. He is considered to have played a role behind the scenes in the elevation of Vespasian to the throne. Life His name shows that he had passed by adoption fr ...
(c. 60) * Sextus Marcius Priscus (67-70) *
Marcus Hirrius Fronto Neratius Pansa Marcus Hirrius Fronto Neratius Pansa was a Roman senator who held several posts in the emperor's service. He was appointed suffect consul in either AD 73 or 74. Pansa is known primarily through epigraphic inscriptions. The origins of the gens Ne ...
(70-72) * Gnaeus Avidius Celer Fiscillinus Firmus (72-74) * Lucius Luscius Ocrea (74-76) * Marcus Petronius Umbrinus (76-78) * Titus Aurelius Quietus (78-81) *
Gaius Caristanius Fronto Gaius Caristanius Fronto was a Roman soldier and equites whom Vespasian promoted to the Roman Senate for his loyalty to the latter in the Year of Four Emperors (AD 69). He was appointed suffect consul in AD 90 as the colleague of Quintus Accaeus ...
(81-84) * Publius Baebius Italicus (84-87) * Gaius Antius Aulus Iulius Quadratus (c. 90–93) *
Lucius Domitius Apollinaris Lucius Domitius Apollinaris was a Roman senator of the late first century. He is best known for his literary activities, as an acquaintance of Pliny the Younger and a patron of the poet Martial. He was appointed suffect consul in the '' nundini ...
(c. 93–96) *
Lucius Julius Marinus Caecilius Simplex Lucius Julius Marinus Caecilius Simplex was a Roman empire, Roman Roman senate, senator who held several posts in the emperor's service. Simplex was then appointed Roman consul, suffect consul in late 101, with Lucius Arruntius Stella as his collea ...
(96-99) *
Gaius Trebonius Proculus Mettius Modestus Gaius Trebonius Proculus Mettius Modestus was a Roman senator of the 2nd century AD who held a number of offices in the imperial service, as well as serving as suffect consul in 103 as the colleague of Marcus Flavius Aper. Modestus was a member ...
(99-103) *
Quintus Pompeius Falco Quintus Pompeius Falco (c. 70after 140 AD) was a Roman senator and general of the early 2nd century AD. He was governor of several provinces, most notably Roman Britain, where he hosted a visit to the province by the Emperor Hadrian in the last ...
(103-105) * Lucius Julius Frugi (113-115) * Gaius Trebius Maximus (115-117) *
Titus Pomponius Antistianus Funisulanus Vettonianus Titus Pomponius Antistianus Funisulanus Vettonianus was a Roman senator active in the first quarter of the second century AD. He was suffect consul for the '' nundinium'' of May to June AD 121 with Lucius Pomponius Silvanus as his colleague. Vett ...
(117-119 ''or'' 120) *
Gaius Valerius Severus Gaius Valerius Severus was a Roman senator of the second century. He was suffect consul in the '' nundinium'' of September to December 124 as the colleague of Gaius Julius Gallus. Severus is primarily known from inscriptions. Severus is attested ...
(120-122 or 121–123) * Marcus Flavius Aper (c. 125–128) *
Publius Sufenas Verus Publius may refer to: Roman name * Publius (praenomen) * Ancient Romans with the name: ** Publius Valerius Publicola (died 503 BC), Roman consul, co-founder of the Republic **Publius Clodius Pulcher (c. 93 BC – 52 BC), Republican politician * ...
(128?-131?) * ?Mettius Modestus (130-133) * omitis Seneca (133-135 ''or'' 136) * Titus Calestrius Tiro Julius Maternus (135 ''or'' 136–138) *
Gnaeus Arrius Cornelius Proculus Gnaeus Arrius Cornelius Proculus was a Roman senator who held at least one appointment in the emperor's service. His career is primarily known through inscriptions. The combination of Proculus' praenomen and nomen led Olli Salomies to observe, "Cn ...
(138-140) * Julius Aqui
inus Causality (also referred to as causation, or cause and effect) is influence by which one Event (relativity), event, process, state, or object (''a'' ''cause'') contributes to the production of another event, process, state, or object (an ''eff ...
(140-142) * Decimus Junius Paetus (?142-?144) * Quintus Voconius Saxa Fidus (?143-147) * Gaius Julius Avitus (?147-?149) * Decimus Ruplius Severus (149-151) * Julius Proculus (attested September 152) * Gaius Septimius Severus (c. 154 and 159)


Senatorial praetorian proconsuls

* Publius Vigellius Saturninus (c. 162–164) * Sal ..(between 162 and 167) * Tiberius Julius Frugi (c. 167/168) * Licinius Priscus (attested 23 March 178) * Gaius Julius Saturninus (?178/179) * M.? Claudius Cassius Apronianus (?179/180) * Marcus Gavius Crispus Numisius Junior (c. 182–184) * Marcus Umbrius Primus (c. 185) *
Gaius Pomponius Bassus Terentianus Gaius Pomponius Bassus Terentianus (fl. 2nd century AD) was a Roman military officer and senator. Biography Pomponius Bassus Terentianus was a member of the second century '' gens Pomponia'' by adoption and of '' gens Terentia'' by birth, as his ' ...
(186?/187?) * Titus Flavius Carminius Athenagoras Claudianus (during reign of Commodus) * Sulpicius Justus (between 193 and 200) * Gnaeus Pomepeius Hermippus Aelianus (between 180 and 212) * Julius Tarius Titianus (around 202 and 205)Nuray Gökalp, "Iulius Tarius Titianus, ''proconsul'' of ''Lycia et Pamphylia''", ''Gephyra'' 8 (2011), pp. 125-128 * Gaius Porcius Priscus Longinus (reign of Caracalla?) * Titus Flavius Philinus (c. 225–230) * Quintus Ranius Terentius Honoratianus Festus (reign of Alexander Severus) *
Tiberius Pollenius Armenius Peregrinus Tiberius Pollienus Armenius Peregrinus (fl. 3rd century AD) was a Roman senator who was appointed consul in AD 244. Biography Pollienus Armenius Peregrinus was probably the biological son of Lucius Armenius Peregrinus, who was appointed Praetor in ...
(242/243) * ..Julianus Sura Magnus (c. 245) * Ae(lius)? Pollio (249-251) *
Publius Julius Aemilius Aquila Publius may refer to: Roman name * Publius (praenomen) * Ancient Romans with the name: ** Publius Valerius Publicola (died 503 BC), Roman consul, co-founder of the Republic **Publius Clodius Pulcher (c. 93 BC – 52 BC), Republican politician * ...
(between 253 and 276)


Equestrian procurators

* Terentius Marcianus (reign of Probus) * Flavius Areianus Alypius (reign of Probus)


Notes


References

*Fatih Onur (2008). "Two Procuratorian Inscriptions from Perge". ''Gephyra'' 5: 53–66. *Jones, A. H. M., ''The Cities of the Eastern Roman Provinces'', Oxford University Press academic monograph reprints, 1998; *Şahin, Sencer Mustafa Adak (2007). Stadiasmus Patarensis. Likya Eyaleti Roma Yollari / Itinera Romana Provinciae Lyciae, Arkeoloji Sanat Yayinlari, 2011; (in Turkish) *Syme R., "Galatia and Pamphylia under Augustus: The Governorships of Piso, Quirinius and Silvanus", '' Klio'', 27 (1934), pp. 122–147; *Syme R., "Pamphylia from Augustus to Vespasian", ''Klio'', 30 (1937), pp. 227–231 {{coord, 36.2603, N, 29.3142, E, source:wikidata, display=title Lycia Pamphylia States and territories established in the 70s 70s establishments in the Roman Empire 70s establishments