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Kenneth Mackenzie Clark, Baron Clark (13 July 1903 – 21 May 1983) was a British art historian, museum director, and broadcaster. After running two important art galleries in the 1930s and 1940s, he came to wider public notice on television, presenting a succession of programmes on the arts during the 1950s and 1960s, culminating in the ''
and the Tate described him in retrospect as one of the most influential figures in British art of the twentieth century.
Clark was born at 32 Grosvenor Square, London, the only child of Kenneth Mackenzie Clark (1868–1932) and his wife, (Margaret) Alice, daughter of James McArthur of Manchester.Piper, David
"Clark, Kenneth Mackenzie, Baron Clark (1903–1983)"
''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2004, retrieved 14 June 2017 The Clarks were a Scottish family who had grown rich in the textile trade. Clark's great-great-grandfather invented the cotton spool, and the Clark Thread Company of Paisley had grown into a substantial business. Kenneth Clark senior worked briefly as a director of the firm and retired in his mid-twenties as a member of the "idle rich", as Clark junior later put it: although "many people were richer, there can have been few who were idler".Clark (1974), p. 1 The Clarks maintained country homes at Sudbourne Hall, Suffolk, and at
Clark was educated at
"Kenneth Clark: Looking for Civilisation, review"
, ''The Telegraph'', 19 May 2014 Clark attracted the attention of Charles F. Bell (1871–1966), Keeper of the Fine Art Department of the Ashmolean Museum. Bell became a mentor to him and suggested that for his B Litt thesis Clark should write about the Gothic revival in architecture. At that time it was a deeply unfashionable subject; no serious study had been published since the nineteenth century. Although Clark's main area of study was the
In 1929, as a result of his work with Berenson, Clark was asked to catalogue the extensive collection of "Clark,_Sir_Kenneth_MacKenzie"_[sic
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/nowiki> Dictionary of Art Historians, retrieved 18 June 2017 The exhibition covered Italian art "from Cimabue to Giovanni Segantini, Segantini" – from the mid-thirteenth to the late-nineteenth century. It was greeted with public and critical acclaim, and raised Clark's profile, but he came to regret the propaganda value derived from the exhibition by the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini who had been instrumental in making so many sought-after paintings available. Several senior figures in the British art world disapproved of the exhibition; Bell was among them, but nevertheless he continued to regard Clark as his favoured successor at the Ashmolean.
Clark was not convinced that his future lay in administration; he enjoyed writing, and would have preferred to be a scholar rather than a museum director. Nonetheless, when Bell retired in 1931 Clark agreed to succeed him at the Ashmolean. Over the next two years Clark oversaw the building of an extension to the museum to provide a better space for his department. The development was made possible by an anonymous benefactor, subsequently revealed as Clark himself. A later curator of the museum wrote that Clark would be remembered for his time there, "when, with his characteristic mixture of arrogance and energy, he transformed both the collections and their display."
At about the same time as accepting MacDonald's offer of the directorship, Clark had declined one from
, ''The Burlington Magazine'', Vol. 115, No. 844 (July 1973), pp. 415–416 He had rooms re-hung and frames improved; by 1935 he had achieved the installation of a laboratory and introduced electric lighting, which made evening opening possible for the first time. A programme of cleaning was begun, despite sporadic sniping from those opposed in principle to cleaning old pictures; experimentally, the glass was removed from some pictures. In several years he had the gallery opened two hours earlier than usual on the day of the
"Clark, Kenneth"
Grove Art Online, Oxford University Press, retrieved 18 June 2017 Another 1935 publication by Clark offended some in the avant-garde: an essay, published in '' The Listener'', "The Future of Painting", in which he rebuked surrealists on the one hand and abstract artists on the other for claiming to represent the future of art. He judged both as too elitist and too specialised – "the end of a period of self-consciousness, inbreeding and exhaustion". He maintained that good art must be accessible to everyone and must be rooted in the observable world. During the 1930s Clark was in demand as a lecturer, and he frequently used his research for his talks as the basis of his books. In 1936 he gave the Ryerson Lectures at
''The Burlington Magazine'', looking back at Clark's time at the gallery, singled out among the works acquired under his leadership the seven panels forming
, National Gallery, retrieved 18 June 2017 He saw them in 1937 in the possession of a dealer in Vienna, and against the united advice of his professional staff he persuaded the trustees to buy them. He believed them to be by
, The National Gallery, retrieved 18 June 2017 A disused slate mine near Blaenau Ffestiniog in north Wales was chosen as the store. To protect the paintings special storage compartments were constructed, and from careful monitoring of the collection discoveries were made about control of temperature and humidity that benefited its care and display when back in London after the war.
With an empty gallery to preside over, Clark contemplated volunteering for the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve, but was recruited, at Lord Lee's instigation, into the newly-formed Ministry of Information, where he was put in charge of the film division, and was later promoted to be controller of home publicity. He set up the
In July 1946 Clark was appointed
, BBC Genome, retrieved 18 June 2017 During the war he appeared regularly on BBC radio's ''The Brains Trust''. While presiding over the new ITA he generally kept off the air, and concentrated on keeping the new network going during its difficult early years. By the end of his three-year term as chairman, Clark was hailed as a success, but privately considered that there were too few high-quality programmes on the network. Lew Grade, who as chairman of Associated Television (ATV) held one of the ITV franchises, felt strongly that Clark should make arts programmes of his own, and as soon as Clark stood down as chairman in 1957, he accepted Grade's invitation. Stourton comments, "this was the true beginning of arguably his most successful career – as a presenter of the arts on television".
Clark's first series for ATV, ''Is Art Necessary?'', began in 1958. Both he and television were finding their way, and programmes in the series ranged from the stiff and studio-bound to a film in which Clark and Henry Moore toured the British Museum at night, flashing their torches at the exhibits. When the series came to an end in 1959, Clark and the production team reviewed and refined their techniques for the next series, ''Five Revolutionary Painters'', which attracted a considerable audience.Stourton, pp. 284–285 The British Film Institute observes:
By the time in 1960 when he presented a programme about Pablo Picasso, Picasso, Clark had further honed his presentational skills and came across as relaxed as well as authoritative. Two series on architecture followed, culminating in a programme called ''The Royal Palaces of Britain'' in 1966, a joint venture by ITV and the BBC, described as "by far the most important heritage programme shown on British television to date". ''The Guardian'' described Clark as "the ideal man for the job – scholarly, courtly and gently ironical". ''The Royal Palaces'', unlike its predecessors, was shot on 35mm colour film, but transmission was still in black and white, at which Clark chafed. The BBC was by this time planning to broadcast in colour, and his renewed contact with the corporation for this film paved the way for his eventual return to its schedules.Stourton, pp. 288–289 In the interim he remained with ITV for a 1966 series, ''Three Faces of France'', featuring the works of Gustave Courbet, Courbet, Édouard Manet, Manet and Edgar Degas, Degas.
"Kenneth Clark by James Stourton: review"
, ''The Guardian'', 1 October 2016 and he described himself on screen as a hero-worshipper and a stick-in-the-mud.Clark, 1969, pp. 346–347 He commented that his outlook was "nothing striking, nothing original, nothing that could not have been written by an ordinary harmless bourgeois of the later nineteenth century":
The broadcaster Huw Wheldon believed that ''Civilisation'' was "a truly great series, a major work ... the first magnum opus attempted and realised in terms of TV." There was a widespread view among critics, including some unsympathetic to Clark's selections, that the filming set new standards. ''Civilisation'' attracted unprecedented viewing figures for a high art series: 2.5 million viewers in Britain and 5 million in the US. Clark's accompanying book has never been out of print, and the BBC continued to sell thousands of copies of the DVD set of ''Civilisation'' every year. In 2016, ''The New Yorker'' echoed the words of John Betjeman, describing Clark as "the man who made the best telly you’ve ever seen".Meis, Morgan
"The Seductive Enthusiasm of Kenneth Clark’s ''Civilisation''"
, ''The New Yorker'', 21 December 2016 The British Film Institute notes how ''Civilisation'' changed the shape of cultural television, setting the standard for later documentary series, from Alastair Cooke's ''America: A Personal History of the United States, America'' (1972) and Jacob Bronowski's ''The Ascent of Man'' (1973) to the present day.
During the war the Clarks lived at Capo Di Monte, Hampstead, Capo Di Monte, a cottage in Hampstead, before moving to the much larger Upper Terrace House nearby. They moved in 1953 when Clark bought the Norman architecture, Norman castle of Saltwood Castle, Saltwood in Kent, which became the family home. In his later years he passed the castle to his elder son, moving to a purpose-built house in the grounds.
Jane Clark died in 1976. Her death was expected, but left Clark devastated. Several of his female friends hoped that he would marry them. His closest female friend, across thirty years, was the photographer Janet Woods, wife of the engraver Reynolds Stone; in common with Clark's daughter and sons, she was dismayed when he announced his intention to marry Nolwen de Janzé-Rice (1924–1989), daughter of Frederic de Janze, Frederic and Alice de Janzé.Stourton, pp. 388–390 The family felt that Clark was acting precipitately in marrying someone he had not known well for very long, but the wedding took place in November 1977. Clark and his second wife remained together until his death.
''Who Was Who'', online edition, Oxford University Press, 2014, retrieved 14 June 2017 Clark was elected a member or honorary member of the Conseil Artistique des Musées Nationaux of France; the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; the American Institute of Architects. the Swedish Academy; the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, Spanish Academy; the Accademia di Belle Arti di Firenze, Florentine Academy; the Académie française; and the Institut de France. He was awarded honorary degrees by the universities of University of Bath, Bath, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, University of London, London,
, The Tate, retrieved 27 June 2917 The BBC called him "arguably the most influential figure in 20th century British art". Clark knew that his broadly traditional view of art would be anathema to the Marxist element in the artistic world, and was unsurprised when he was attacked by younger critics, notably John Berger, in the 1970s. Clark's reputation among critics in the twenty-first century is higher for his books and television series than for his consistency as a collector. At the time of the Tate celebration of Clark in 2014, the critic Richard Dorment commented that both in his public and private capacity Clark made many fine purchases but also many errors. In addition to the Previtali ''Scenes from Tebaldeo's Eclogues'', Dorment lists works misattributed by Clark to Michelangelo, Pontormo, Adam Elsheimer, Elsheimer and Claude Lorrain, Claude, and a Seurat and a Corot that were genuine but poor examples of the artists' work. Other critics agreed with the conclusion that Clark's most lasting achievements were as a writer and populariser. Among his books is "the best introduction to the art of Leonardo da Vinci ever written". Piper singles out, in addition to the Leonardo monograph, Clark's ''Piero della Francesca'' (1951), ''The Nude'' (1956, based on his Mellon lectures in Washington in 1953), and ''Rembrandt and the Italian Renaissance'' (1966 from his Wrightsman lectures in New York). The critic Jackie Wullschlager wrote in 2014 that it was as a writer rather than a collector that Clark excelled: "unrivalled since Ruskin for lucidity, erudition, moral conviction". James Hall, in ''The Guardian'', expressed a similar view, calling Clark "the most seductive writer on art since Ruskin and Walter Pater, Pater ... Today, when most art historians write as joylessly as lawyers and accountants, such verve is sorely needed."Hall, James
"Kenneth Clark: arrogant snob or saviour of art?"
, ''The Guardian'', 16 May 2014
The Sir Kenneth Mackenzie Clark Collection at the Victoria University Library at the University of Toronto
* {{DEFAULTSORT:Clark, Kenneth 1903 births 1983 deaths 20th-century English historians Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford Chancellors of the University of York Converts to Roman Catholicism Directors of the National Gallery, London English art critics English art historians English curators English people of Scottish descent English Roman Catholics English television presenters Fellows of the British Academy Jacob's Award winners Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath Life peers Life peers created by Elizabeth II Members of the Order of Merit Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour People educated at Winchester College People educated at Wixenford School Recipients of the Grand Decoration with Sash for Services to the Republic of Austria Rembrandt scholars Slade Professors of Fine Art (University of Oxford) Surveyors of the Queen's Pictures Writers from London
Kenneth Mackenzie Clark, Baron Clark (13 July 1903 – 21 May 1983) was a British art historian, museum director, and broadcaster. After running two important art galleries in the 1930s and 1940s, he came to wider public notice on television, presenting a succession of programmes on the arts during the 1950s and 1960s, culminating in the ''Civilisation
A civilization (or civilisation) is any complex society characterized by the development of a state, social stratification, urbanization, and symbolic systems of communication beyond natural spoken language (namely, a writing system).
Ci ...
'' series in 1969.
The son of rich parents, Clark was introduced to the arts at an early age. Among his early influences were the writings of John Ruskin
John Ruskin (8 February 1819 20 January 1900) was an English writer, philosopher, art critic and polymath of the Victorian era. He wrote on subjects as varied as geology, architecture, myth, ornithology, literature, education, botany and pol ...
, which instilled in him the belief that everyone should have access to great art. After coming under the influence of the connoisseur and dealer Bernard Berenson
Bernard Berenson (June 26, 1865 – October 6, 1959) was an American art historian specializing in the Renaissance. His book ''The Drawings of the Florentine Painters'' was an international success. His wife Mary is thought to have had a large ...
, Clark was appointed director of the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford
Oxford () is a city in England. It is the county town and only city of Oxfordshire. In 2020, its population was estimated at 151,584. It is north-west of London, south-east of Birmingham and north-east of Bristol. The city is home to the ...
aged twenty-seven, and three years later he was put in charge of Britain's National Gallery
The National Gallery is an art museum in Trafalgar Square in the City of Westminster, in Central London, England. Founded in 1824, it houses a collection of over 2,300 paintings dating from the mid-13th century to 1900. The current Director ...
. His twelve years there saw the gallery transformed to make it accessible and inviting to a wider public. During the Second World War
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposi ...
, when the collection was moved from London for safe keeping, Clark made the building available for a series of daily concerts which proved a celebrated morale booster during the Blitz
The Blitz was a German bombing campaign against the United Kingdom in 1940 and 1941, during the Second World War. The term was first used by the British press and originated from the term , the German word meaning 'lightning war'.
The Germa ...
.
After the war, and three years as Slade Professor of Fine Art
The Slade Professorship of Fine Art is the oldest professorship of art and art history at the universities of Cambridge, Oxford and University College, London.
History
The chairs were founded concurrently in 1869 by a bequest from the art collect ...
at Oxford
Oxford () is a city in England. It is the county town and only city of Oxfordshire. In 2020, its population was estimated at 151,584. It is north-west of London, south-east of Birmingham and north-east of Bristol. The city is home to the ...
, Clark surprised many by accepting the chairmanship of the UK's first commercial television network. Once the service had been successfully launched he agreed to write and present programmes about the arts. These established him as a household name in Britain, and he was asked to create the first colour series about the arts, ''Civilisation'', first broadcast in 1969 in Britain and in many other countries soon afterwards.
Among many honours, Clark was knighted at the unusually young age of thirty-five, and three decades later was made a life peer shortly before the first transmission of ''Civilisation''. Three decades after his death, Clark was celebrated in an exhibition at Tate Britain
Tate Britain, known from 1897 to 1932 as the National Gallery of British Art and from 1932 to 2000 as the Tate Gallery, is an art museum on Millbank in the City of Westminster in London, England. It is part of the Tate network of galleries in ...
in London, prompting a reappraisal of his career by a new generation of critics and historians. Opinions varied about his aesthetic judgment, particularly in attributing paintings to old masters, but his skill as a writer and his enthusiasm for popularising the arts were widely recognised. Both the BBC #REDIRECT BBC #REDIRECT BBC
Here i going to introduce about the best teacher of my life b BALAJI sir. He is the precious gift that I got befor 2yrs . How has helped and thought all the concept and made my success in the 10th board exam. ...
...Life and career
Early years
Clark was born at 32 Grosvenor Square, London, the only child of Kenneth Mackenzie Clark (1868–1932) and his wife, (Margaret) Alice, daughter of James McArthur of Manchester.Piper, David"Clark, Kenneth Mackenzie, Baron Clark (1903–1983)"
''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2004, retrieved 14 June 2017 The Clarks were a Scottish family who had grown rich in the textile trade. Clark's great-great-grandfather invented the cotton spool, and the Clark Thread Company of Paisley had grown into a substantial business. Kenneth Clark senior worked briefly as a director of the firm and retired in his mid-twenties as a member of the "idle rich", as Clark junior later put it: although "many people were richer, there can have been few who were idler".Clark (1974), p. 1 The Clarks maintained country homes at Sudbourne Hall, Suffolk, and at
Ardnamurchan
Ardnamurchan (, gd, Àird nam Murchan: headland of the great seas) is a peninsula in the ward management area of Lochaber, Highland, Scotland, noted for being very unspoiled and undisturbed. Its remoteness is accentuated by the main access ...
, Argyll, and wintered on the French Riviera. Kenneth senior was a sportsman, a gambler, an eccentric and a heavy drinker. Clark had little in common with his father, though he always remained fond of him. Alice Clark was shy and distant, but her son received affection from a devoted nanny. An only child not especially close to his parents, the young Clark had a boyhood that was often solitary, but he was generally happy. He later recalled that he used to take long walks, talking to himself, a habit he believed stood him in good stead as a broadcaster: "Television is a form of soliloquy".Coleman, Terry. "Lord Clark", ''The Guardian'', 26 November 1977, p. 9 On a modest scale Clark senior collected pictures, and the young Kenneth was allowed to rearrange the collection. He developed a competent talent for drawing, for which he later won several prizes as a schoolboy."Obituary: Lord Clark", ''The Times'', 23 May 1983, p. 16 When he was seven he was taken to an exhibition of Japanese art in London, which was a formative influence on his artistic tastes; he recalled, "dumb with delight, I felt that I had entered a new world".
Clark was educated at Wixenford School
Wixenford School, also known as Wixenford Preparatory School and Wixenford-Eversley, was an independent preparatory school for boys near Wokingham, founded in 1869. A feeder school for Eton, after it closed in 1934 its former buildings were ...
and, from 1917 to 1922, Winchester College
Winchester College is a public school (fee-charging independent day and boarding school) in Winchester, Hampshire, England. It was founded by William of Wykeham in 1382 and has existed in its present location ever since. It is the oldest of ...
. The latter was known for its intellectual rigour and – to Clark's dismay – enthusiasm for sports, but it also encouraged its pupils to develop interests in the arts. The headmaster, Montague Rendall, was a devotee of Italian painting and sculpture, and inspired Clark, among many others, to appreciate the works of Giotto
Giotto di Bondone (; – January 8, 1337), known mononymously as Giotto ( , ) and Latinised as Giottus, was an Italian painter and architect from Florence during the Late Middle Ages. He worked during the Gothic/ Proto-Renaissance period. G ...
, Botticelli, Bellini and their compatriots. The school library contained the collected writings of John Ruskin
John Ruskin (8 February 1819 20 January 1900) was an English writer, philosopher, art critic and polymath of the Victorian era. He wrote on subjects as varied as geology, architecture, myth, ornithology, literature, education, botany and pol ...
, which Clark read avidly, and which influenced him for the rest of his life, not only in their artistic judgments but in their progressive political and social beliefs.
From Winchester, Clark won a scholarship to Trinity College, Oxford
(That which you wish to be secret, tell to nobody)
, named_for = The Holy Trinity
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, sister_college = Churchill College, Cambridge
, president = Dame Hilary Boulding
, location = Broad Street, Oxford OX1 3BH
, coordinates ...
, where he studied modern history. He graduated in 1925 with a second-class honours degree. In the ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
The ''Dictionary of National Biography'' (''DNB'') is a standard work of reference on notable figures from British history, published since 1885. The updated ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (''ODNB'') was published on 23 September ...
'', Sir David Piper
Sir David Towry Piper CBE FSA FRSL (21 July 1918 – 29 December 1990) was a British museum curator and author. He was director of the National Portrait Gallery 1964–1967, and of the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, 1967–1973; and Fellow of ...
comments that Clark had been expected to gain a first-class degree, but had not applied himself single-mindedly to his historical studies: "his interests had already turned conclusively to the study of art".
While at Oxford, Clark was greatly impressed by the lectures of Roger Fry
Roger Eliot Fry (14 December 1866 – 9 September 1934) was an English painter and critic, and a member of the Bloomsbury Group. Establishing his reputation as a scholar of the Old Masters, he became an advocate of more recent developme ...
, the influential art critic who staged the first Post-Impressionism
Post-Impressionism (also spelled Postimpressionism) was a predominantly French art movement that developed roughly between 1886 and 1905, from the last Impressionist exhibition to the birth of Fauvism. Post-Impressionism emerged as a reaction a ...
exhibitions in Britain. Under Fry's influence he developed an understanding of modern French painting, particularly the work of Cézanne.Dorment, Richard"Kenneth Clark: Looking for Civilisation, review"
, ''The Telegraph'', 19 May 2014 Clark attracted the attention of Charles F. Bell (1871–1966), Keeper of the Fine Art Department of the Ashmolean Museum. Bell became a mentor to him and suggested that for his B Litt thesis Clark should write about the Gothic revival in architecture. At that time it was a deeply unfashionable subject; no serious study had been published since the nineteenth century. Although Clark's main area of study was the
Renaissance
The Renaissance ( , ) , from , with the same meanings. is a period in European history
The history of Europe is traditionally divided into four time periods: prehistoric Europe (prior to about 800 BC), classical antiquity (800 BC to AD ...
, his admiration for Ruskin, the most prominent defender of the neo-Gothic style, drew him to the topic. He did not complete the thesis, but later turned his researches into his first full-length book, ''The Gothic Revival'' (1928). In 1925, Bell introduced Clark to Bernard Berenson
Bernard Berenson (June 26, 1865 – October 6, 1959) was an American art historian specializing in the Renaissance. His book ''The Drawings of the Florentine Painters'' was an international success. His wife Mary is thought to have had a large ...
, an influential scholar of the Italian Renaissance and consultant to major museums and collectors. Berenson was working on a revision of his book ''Drawings of the Florentine Painters'', and invited Clark to help. The project took two years, overlapping with Clark's studies at Oxford.
Early career
In 1929, as a result of his work with Berenson, Clark was asked to catalogue the extensive collection of Leonardo da Vinci
Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (15 April 14522 May 1519) was an Italian polymath of the High Renaissance who was active as a painter, Drawing, draughtsman, engineer, scientist, theorist, sculptor, and architect. While his fame initially res ...
drawings at Windsor Castle
Windsor Castle is a royal residence at Windsor in the English county of Berkshire. It is strongly associated with the English and succeeding British royal family, and embodies almost a millennium of architectural history.
The original c ...
. That year he was the joint organiser of an exhibition of Italian painting which opened at the Royal Academy on 1 January 1930. He and his co-organiser Lord Balniel secured masterpieces never seen before outside Italy, many of them from private collections._/nowiki>.html" ;"title="ic">
/nowiki>">ic">
/nowiki> Dictionary of Art Historians, retrieved 18 June 2017
National Gallery
In 1933 the director of theNational Gallery
The National Gallery is an art museum in Trafalgar Square in the City of Westminster, in Central London, England. Founded in 1824, it houses a collection of over 2,300 paintings dating from the mid-13th century to 1900. The current Director ...
in London, Sir Augustus Daniel, was aged sixty-seven, and due to retire at the end of the year. His assistant director, W. G. Constable, who had been in line to succeed him, had moved to the new Courtauld Institute of Art
The Courtauld Institute of Art (), commonly referred to as The Courtauld, is a self-governing college of the University of London specialising in the study of the history of art and conservation. It is among the most prestigious specialist coll ...
as its director in 1932. The historian Peter Stansky
Peter David Lyman Stansky (born January 18, 1932) is an American historian specializing in modern British history.
Works
*''Ambitions and Strategies: The Struggle for the Leadership of the Liberal Party in the 1890s'' (1964)
*''England Since 186 ...
writes that behind the scenes the National Gallery "was in considerable turmoil; the staff and the trustees were in a state of continual warfare with each other." The chairman of the trustees, Lord Lee, convinced the prime minister
A prime minister, premier or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. Under those systems, a prime minister i ...
, Ramsay MacDonald, that Clark would be the best appointment, acceptable to the professional staff and the trustees, and able to restore harmony. When he received MacDonald's offer of the post, Clark was not enthusiastic. He thought himself too young, aged 30, and once again felt torn between a scholarly and an administrative career. He accepted the directorship, although, as he wrote to Berenson, "in between being the manager of a large department store I shall have to be a professional entertainer to the landed and official classes".At about the same time as accepting MacDonald's offer of the directorship, Clark had declined one from King George V
George V (George Frederick Ernest Albert; 3 June 1865 – 20 January 1936) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 until his death in 1936.
Born during the reign of his grandmother Qu ...
's officials to succeed C. H. Collins Baker as Surveyor of the King's Pictures. He felt that he could not do justice to the post in tandem with his new duties at the gallery. The king, determined to succeed where his staff had failed, went with Queen Mary to the National Gallery and persuaded Clark to change his mind. The appointment was announced in ''The London Gazette
''The London Gazette'' is one of the official journals of record or government gazettes of the Government of the United Kingdom, and the most important among such official journals in the United Kingdom, in which certain statutory notices are ...
'' in July 1934; Clark held the post for the next ten years.
Clark believed in making fine art accessible to everyone, and while at the National Gallery he devised many initiatives with this aim in mind. In an editorial, ''The Burlington Magazine
''The Burlington Magazine'' is a monthly publication that covers the fine and decorative arts of all periods. Established in 1903, it is the longest running art journal in the English language. It has been published by a charitable organisation s ...
'' said, "Clark put all his insight and imagination into making the National Gallery a more sympathetic place in which the visitor could enjoy a great collection of European paintings"."Kenneth Clark at 70", ''The Burlington Magazine'', Vol. 115, No. 844 (July 1973), pp. 415–416 He had rooms re-hung and frames improved; by 1935 he had achieved the installation of a laboratory and introduced electric lighting, which made evening opening possible for the first time. A programme of cleaning was begun, despite sporadic sniping from those opposed in principle to cleaning old pictures; experimentally, the glass was removed from some pictures. In several years he had the gallery opened two hours earlier than usual on the day of the
FA Cup Final
The FA Cup Final, commonly referred to in England as just the Cup Final, is the last match in the Football Association Challenge Cup. It has regularly been one of the most attended domestic football events in the world, with an official atten ...
, for the benefit of people coming to London for the match.
Clark wrote and lectured during the decade. The annotated catalogue of the royal collection of Leonardo da Vinci's drawings, on which he had begun work in 1929, was published in 1935, to highly favourable reviews; eighty years later Oxford Art Online
Oxford Art Online is an Oxford University Press online gateway into art research, which was launched in 2008. It provides access to several online art reference works, including Grove Art Online (originally published in 1996 in a print version, ''T ...
called it "a work of firm scholarship, the conclusions of which have stood the test of time".Cast, David"Clark, Kenneth"
Grove Art Online, Oxford University Press, retrieved 18 June 2017 Another 1935 publication by Clark offended some in the avant-garde: an essay, published in '' The Listener'', "The Future of Painting", in which he rebuked surrealists on the one hand and abstract artists on the other for claiming to represent the future of art. He judged both as too elitist and too specialised – "the end of a period of self-consciousness, inbreeding and exhaustion". He maintained that good art must be accessible to everyone and must be rooted in the observable world. During the 1930s Clark was in demand as a lecturer, and he frequently used his research for his talks as the basis of his books. In 1936 he gave the Ryerson Lectures at
Yale University
Yale University is a Private university, private research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Established in 1701 as the Collegiate School, it is the List of Colonial Colleges, third-oldest institution of higher education in the United Sta ...
; from these came his study of Leonardo, published three years later; it too, attracted much praise, at the time and subsequently.
''The Burlington Magazine'', looking back at Clark's time at the gallery, singled out among the works acquired under his leadership the seven panels forming Sassetta
''For the village near Livorno, see Sassetta, Tuscany''
Stefano di Giovanni di Consolo, known as il Sassetta (ca.1392–1450 or 1451) was an Tuscan painter of the Renaissance, and a significant figure of the Sienese School.Judy Metro, ''Italia ...
's San Sepolcro Altarpiece from the fifteenth century, four works by Giovanni di Paolo
Giovanni di Paolo di Grazia (''c.'' 1403–1482) was an Italian painter, working primarily in Siena, becoming a prolific painter and illustrator of manuscripts, including Dante's texts. He was one of the most important painters of the 15th cent ...
from the same period, Niccolò dell'Abate's ''The Death of Eurydice'' from the sixteenth century and Ingres' '' Madame Moitessier'' from the nineteenth. Other important acquisitions, listed by Piper, were Rubens's ''Watering Place'', Constable's ''Hadleigh Castle'', Rembrandt's ''Saskia as Flora'', and Poussin
Nicolas Poussin (, , ; June 1594 – 19 November 1665) was the leading painter of the classical French Baroque style, although he spent most of his working life in Rome. Most of his works were on religious and mythological subjects painted for ...
's '' The Adoration of the Golden Calf''.
One of Clark's least successful acts as director was buying four early-sixteenth century paintings now known as ''Scenes from Tebaldeo's Eclogues
''Scenes from Tebaldeo's Eclogues'' is a set of four small square oil on panel paintings by Andrea Previtali, executed between 1505 and 1510, now in the National Gallery, London. They show scenes from the Ferrarese writer Antonio Tebaldeo's ecl ...
''."Scenes from Tebaldeo's Eclogues", National Gallery, retrieved 18 June 2017 He saw them in 1937 in the possession of a dealer in Vienna, and against the united advice of his professional staff he persuaded the trustees to buy them. He believed them to be by
Giorgione
Giorgione (, , ; born Giorgio Barbarelli da Castelfranco; 1477–78 or 1473–74 – 17 September 1510) was an Italian painter of the Venetian school during the High Renaissance, who died in his thirties. He is known for the elusive poetic quali ...
, whose work was inadequately represented in the gallery at the time. The trustees authorised the expenditure of £14,000 of public funds and the paintings went on display in the gallery with considerable fanfare. His staff did not accept the attribution to Giorgione, and within a year scholarly research established the paintings as the work of Andrea Previtali, one of Giorgione's minor contemporaries. The British press protested at the waste of taxpayers' money, Clark's reputation suffered a considerable blow, and his relations with his professional team, already uneasy, were further strained.
Wartime
The approach of war with Germany in 1939 obliged Clark and his colleagues to consider how to protect the National Gallery's collection from bombing raids. It was agreed that all the works of art must be moved out of central London, where they were acutely vulnerable. One suggestion was to send them to Canada for safekeeping, but by this time the war had started and Clark was worried about the possibility of submarine attacks on the ships taking the collection across the Atlantic; he was not displeased when the prime minister,Winston Churchill
Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill (30 November 187424 January 1965) was a British statesman, soldier, and writer who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom twice, from 1940 to 1945 during the Second World War, and again from ...
, vetoed the idea: "Hide them in caves and cellars, but not one picture shall leave this island.""The Gallery in wartime", The National Gallery, retrieved 18 June 2017 A disused slate mine near Blaenau Ffestiniog in north Wales was chosen as the store. To protect the paintings special storage compartments were constructed, and from careful monitoring of the collection discoveries were made about control of temperature and humidity that benefited its care and display when back in London after the war.
With an empty gallery to preside over, Clark contemplated volunteering for the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve, but was recruited, at Lord Lee's instigation, into the newly-formed Ministry of Information, where he was put in charge of the film division, and was later promoted to be controller of home publicity. He set up the War Artists' Advisory Committee The War Artists Advisory Committee (WAAC), was a British government agency established within the Ministry of Information at the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939 and headed by Sir Kenneth Clark. Its aim was to compile a comprehensive artist ...
, and persuaded the government to employ official war artists in considerable numbers. There were up to two hundred engaged under Clark's initiative. Those designated "official war artists" included Edward Ardizzone, Paul
Paul may refer to:
*Paul (given name), a given name (includes a list of people with that name)
* Paul (surname), a list of people
People
Christianity
*Paul the Apostle (AD c.5–c.64/65), also known as Saul of Tarsus or Saint Paul, early Chri ...
and John Nash, Mervyn Peake
Mervyn Laurence Peake (9 July 1911 – 17 November 1968) was an English writer, artist, poet, and illustrator. He is best known for what are usually referred to as the '' Gormenghast'' books. The four works were part of what Peake conceived ...
, John Piper and Graham Sutherland
Graham Vivian Sutherland (24 August 1903 – 17 February 1980) was a prolific English artist. Notable for his paintings of abstract landscapes and for his portraits of public figures, Sutherland also worked in other media, including printmaking ...
. Artists employed on short-term contracts included Jacob Epstein
Sir Jacob Epstein (10 November 1880 – 21 August 1959) was an American-British sculptor who helped pioneer modern sculpture. He was born in the United States, and moved to Europe in 1902, becoming a British subject in 1911.
He often produce ...
, Laura Knight
Dame Laura Knight ( Johnson; 4 August 1877 – 7 July 1970) was an English artist who worked in oils, watercolours, etching, engraving and drypoint. Knight was a painter in the figurative, realist tradition, who embraced English Impressi ...
, L. S. Lowry
Laurence Stephen Lowry ( ; 1 November 1887 – 23 February 1976) was an English artist. His drawings and paintings mainly depict Pendlebury, Lancashire (where he lived and worked for more than 40 years) as well as Salford and its vicinity ...
, Henry Moore and Stanley Spencer.
Although the pictures were in storage, Clark kept the National Gallery open to the public during the war, hosting a celebrated series of lunchtime and early evening concerts. They were the inspiration of the pianist Myra Hess
Dame Julia Myra Hess, (25 February 1890 – 25 November 1965) was an English pianist best known for her performances of the works of Bach, Mozart, Beethoven and Schumann.
Career Early life
Julia Myra Hess was born on 25 February 1890 to a J ...
, whose idea Clark greeted with delight, as a suitable way for the building to be "used again for its true purposes, the enjoyment of beauty." There was no advance booking, and audience members were free to eat their sandwiches and walk in or out during breaks in the performance. The concerts were an immediate and enormous success. ''The Musical Times
''The Musical Times'' is an academic journal of classical music edited and produced in the United Kingdom and currently the oldest such journal still being published in the country.
It was originally created by Joseph Mainzer in 1842 as ''Mainzer ...
'' commented, "Countless Londoners and visitors to London, civilian and service alike, came to look on the concerts as a haven of sanity in a distraught world." 1,698 concerts were given to an aggregate audience of more than 750,000 people. Clark instituted an additional public attraction of a monthly featured picture brought from storage and exhibited along with explanatory material. The institution of a "picture of the month" was retained after the war, and, at 2022, continues to the present day.
In 1945, after overseeing the return of the collections to the National Gallery, Clark resigned as director, intending to devote himself to writing. During the war years he had published little. For the gallery he wrote a slim volume about Constable's ''The Hay Wain
''The Hay Wain'' – originally titled ''Landscape: Noon'' – is a painting by John Constable, completed in 1821, which depicts a rural scene on the River Stour between the English counties of Suffolk and Essex. It hangs in the National Galler ...
'' (1944); from a lecture he gave in 1944 he published a short treatise on Leon Battista Alberti
Leon Battista Alberti (; 14 February 1404 – 25 April 1472) was an Italian Renaissance humanist author, artist, architect, poet, priest, linguist, philosopher, and cryptographer; he epitomised the nature of those identified now as polymaths. H ...
's ''On Painting'' (1944). The following year he contributed an introduction and notes to a volume on Florentine paintings in a series of art books published by Faber and Faber. The three publications totalled fewer than eighty pages between them.
Postwar
In July 1946 Clark was appointed Slade Professor of Fine Art
The Slade Professorship of Fine Art is the oldest professorship of art and art history at the universities of Cambridge, Oxford and University College, London.
History
The chairs were founded concurrently in 1869 by a bequest from the art collect ...
at Oxford
Oxford () is a city in England. It is the county town and only city of Oxfordshire. In 2020, its population was estimated at 151,584. It is north-west of London, south-east of Birmingham and north-east of Bristol. The city is home to the ...
for a three-year term. The post required him to give eight public lectures each year on the "History, Theory, and Practice of the Fine Arts". The first holder of the professorship had been Ruskin; Clark took as his first subject Ruskin's tenure of the post. James Stourton, Clark's authorised biographer, judges the appointment to be the most rewarding his subject ever held, and notes how, during this period, Clark established himself as Britain's most sought-after lecturer, and wrote two of his finest books, ''Landscape into Art'' (1947) and ''Piero della Francesca'' (1951).Stourton, pp. 224–225 By this time Clark no longer hankered after a career in pure scholarship, but saw his role as sharing his knowledge and experience with the wide public.
Clark served on numerous official committees during this period, and helped to stage a ground-breaking exhibition in Paris of works by his friend and protégé Henry Moore. He was more in sympathy with modern painting and sculpture than with much of modern architecture. He admired Giles Gilbert Scott
Sir Giles Gilbert Scott (9 November 1880 – 8 February 1960) was a British architect known for his work on the New Bodleian Library, Cambridge University Library, Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford, Battersea Power Station, Liverpool Cathedral, and ...
, Maxwell Fry, Frank Lloyd Wright
Frank Lloyd Wright (June 8, 1867 – April 9, 1959) was an American architect, designer, writer, and educator. He designed more than 1,000 structures over a creative period of 70 years. Wright played a key role in the architectural movements o ...
, Alvar Aalto and others, but found many contemporary buildings mediocre. Clark had been among the first to conclude that private patronage could no longer support the arts; during the war he had been a prominent member of the state-funded Council for the Encouragement of Music and the Arts. When it was reconstituted as the Arts Council of Great Britain in 1945 he was invited to serve as a member of its executive committee, and as chairman of the council's arts panel.
In 1953 Clark became the Arts Council's chairman. He held the post until 1960, but it was a frustrating experience for him; he found himself chiefly a figurehead. Moreover, he was concerned that the way the council went about funding the arts was in danger of damaging the individualism of the artists whom it supported.
Broadcasting: administrator, 1954–1957
The year after becoming chairman of the Arts Council, Clark surprised many and shocked some by accepting the chairmanship of the new Independent Television Authority (ITA). It had been set up by the Conservative government to introduce ITV (TV network), ITV, commercial television, funded by advertising, as a rival to the British Broadcasting Corporation. Many of those opposed to the new broadcaster feared vulgarisation on the lines of American television, and although Clark’s appointment reassured some, others thought his acceptance of the post a betrayal of artistic and intellectual standards. Clark was no stranger to broadcasting. He had appeared on air frequently from 1936, when he gave a radio talk on an exhibition of Chinese Art at Burlington House; the following year he made his television debut, presenting Florentine paintings from the National Gallery."Kenneth Clark", BBC Genome, retrieved 18 June 2017 During the war he appeared regularly on BBC radio's ''The Brains Trust''. While presiding over the new ITA he generally kept off the air, and concentrated on keeping the new network going during its difficult early years. By the end of his three-year term as chairman, Clark was hailed as a success, but privately considered that there were too few high-quality programmes on the network. Lew Grade, who as chairman of Associated Television (ATV) held one of the ITV franchises, felt strongly that Clark should make arts programmes of his own, and as soon as Clark stood down as chairman in 1957, he accepted Grade's invitation. Stourton comments, "this was the true beginning of arguably his most successful career – as a presenter of the arts on television".
Broadcasting: ITV, 1957–1966
Clark's first series for ATV, ''Is Art Necessary?'', began in 1958. Both he and television were finding their way, and programmes in the series ranged from the stiff and studio-bound to a film in which Clark and Henry Moore toured the British Museum at night, flashing their torches at the exhibits. When the series came to an end in 1959, Clark and the production team reviewed and refined their techniques for the next series, ''Five Revolutionary Painters'', which attracted a considerable audience.Stourton, pp. 284–285 The British Film Institute observes:
By the time in 1960 when he presented a programme about Pablo Picasso, Picasso, Clark had further honed his presentational skills and came across as relaxed as well as authoritative. Two series on architecture followed, culminating in a programme called ''The Royal Palaces of Britain'' in 1966, a joint venture by ITV and the BBC, described as "by far the most important heritage programme shown on British television to date". ''The Guardian'' described Clark as "the ideal man for the job – scholarly, courtly and gently ironical". ''The Royal Palaces'', unlike its predecessors, was shot on 35mm colour film, but transmission was still in black and white, at which Clark chafed. The BBC was by this time planning to broadcast in colour, and his renewed contact with the corporation for this film paved the way for his eventual return to its schedules.Stourton, pp. 288–289 In the interim he remained with ITV for a 1966 series, ''Three Faces of France'', featuring the works of Gustave Courbet, Courbet, Édouard Manet, Manet and Edgar Degas, Degas.
''Civilisation'', 1966–1969
David Attenborough, the controller of the BBC's new second television channel, BBC2, was in charge of introducing colour broadcasting to the UK. He conceived the idea of a series about great paintings as the standard-bearer for colour television, and had no doubt that Clark would be much the best presenter for it. Clark was attracted by the suggestion, but at first declined to commit himself. He later recalled that what convinced him that he should take part was Attenborough’s use of the word "civilisation" to sum up what the series would be about. The series consisted of thirteen programmes, each fifty minutes long, written and presented by Clark, covering western European civilisation from the end of the Dark Ages to the early twentieth century. As the civilisation under consideration excluded Graeco-Roman, Asian and other historically important cultures, a title was chosen that disclaimed comprehensiveness: ''Civilisation: A Personal View by Kenneth Clark''. Although it focused chiefly on the visual arts and architecture, there were substantial sections about drama, literature, philosophy and socio-political movements. Clark wanted to include more about law and philosophy, but "I could not think of any way of making them visually interesting."Hearn, p. 16 After initial mutual antipathy, Clark and his principal director, Michael Gill, established a congenial working relationship. They and their production team spent three years from 1966 filming in a hundred and seventeen locations in thirteen countries. The filming was to the highest technical standards of the day, and quickly went over budget; it cost £500,000 by the time it was complete. Attenborough rejigged his broadcasting schedules to spread the cost. There were complaints, then and later, that by focusing on a traditional choice of the great artists over the centuries – all men – Clark had neglected women, and presented "a saga of noble names and sublime objects with little regard for the shaping forces of economics or practical politics". His ''modus operandi'' was dubbed "the great man approach",Mary Beard (classicist), Beard, Mary"Kenneth Clark by James Stourton: review"
, ''The Guardian'', 1 October 2016 and he described himself on screen as a hero-worshipper and a stick-in-the-mud.Clark, 1969, pp. 346–347 He commented that his outlook was "nothing striking, nothing original, nothing that could not have been written by an ordinary harmless bourgeois of the later nineteenth century":
The broadcaster Huw Wheldon believed that ''Civilisation'' was "a truly great series, a major work ... the first magnum opus attempted and realised in terms of TV." There was a widespread view among critics, including some unsympathetic to Clark's selections, that the filming set new standards. ''Civilisation'' attracted unprecedented viewing figures for a high art series: 2.5 million viewers in Britain and 5 million in the US. Clark's accompanying book has never been out of print, and the BBC continued to sell thousands of copies of the DVD set of ''Civilisation'' every year. In 2016, ''The New Yorker'' echoed the words of John Betjeman, describing Clark as "the man who made the best telly you’ve ever seen".Meis, Morgan"The Seductive Enthusiasm of Kenneth Clark’s ''Civilisation''"
, ''The New Yorker'', 21 December 2016 The British Film Institute notes how ''Civilisation'' changed the shape of cultural television, setting the standard for later documentary series, from Alastair Cooke's ''America: A Personal History of the United States, America'' (1972) and Jacob Bronowski's ''The Ascent of Man'' (1973) to the present day.
Later years: 1970–1983
Clark made a series of six programmes for ITV. They were collectively titled ''Pioneers of Modern Painting'', directed by his son Colin. They were screened in November and December 1971, with a programme on each of Édouard Manet, Manet, Cezanne, Monet, Georges Seurat, Seurat, Henri Rousseau, Rousseau, and Edvard Munch, Munch. Although they were shown on commercial television, there were no advertising breaks during each programme. With the aid of a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities, the National Gallery of Art in Washington DC acquired copies of the series and distributed them to colleges and universities throughout the US. Five years later, Clark returned to the BBC, presenting five programmes about Rembrandt. The series, directed by Colin Clark, considered various aspects of the painter's work, from his self-portraits to his biblical scenes. The National Gallery observes about this series, "These art history lectures are an authoritative study of Rembrandt and feature examples of his work from over fifty museums". Clark was Chancellor (education), chancellor of the University of York from 1967 to 1978 and a trustee of the British Museum. During his last ten years he wrote thirteen books. As well as some drawn from his researches for his lectures and television series, there were two volumes of memoirs, ''Another Part of the Wood'' (1974) and ''The Other Half'' (1977). He was known throughout his life for his impenetrable façade and enigmatic character, which were reflected in the two autobiographical books: Piper describes them as "elegantly and subtly polished, at times very moving, often very funny [but] somewhat distanced, as if about someone else." In his last years Clark suffered from arteriosclerosis. He died at the age of seventy-nine in a nursing home in Hythe, Kent, Hythe, Kent, after a fall.Stourton, p. 398Family and personal life
In 1927 Clark married a fellow student, Elizabeth Winifred Martin, known as "Jane" (1902–1976), the daughter of Robert Macgregor Martin, a Dublin businessman, and his wife, Emily Winifred Dickson. The couple had three children: Alan Clark, Alan, in 1928, and twins, Colette (known as Celly, pronounced "Kelly") and Colin Clark (filmmaker), Colin, in 1932. Away from his official duties, Clark enjoyed what he described as "the Great Clark Boom" in the 1930s. He and his wife lived and entertained in considerable style in a large house in Portland Place. In Piper's words, "the Clarks in joint alliance became stars of London high society, intelligentsia, and fashion, from Mayfair to Windsor". The Clarks' marriage was devoted but stormy. Clark was a womaniser, and although Jane had love affairs, notably with the composer William Walton, she took some of her husband's extramarital relationships badly. She suffered severe mood swings and later alcoholism and a stroke. Clark remained firmly supportive of his wife during her decline. The Clarks' relations with their three children were sometimes difficult, particularly with their elder son, Alan. He was regarded by his father as a fascist by conviction though also as the ablest member of the Clark family "parents included"; he became a Conservative Party (UK), Conservative member of parliament and junior minister, and a celebrated diarist. The younger son, Colin, became a film-maker, who among other work directed his father in television series in the 1970s. The twin daughter, Colette, became an official and board member of the Royal Opera House; she outlived her parents and brothers, and was the key source for James Stourton's authorised biography of her father, published in 2016.
During the war the Clarks lived at Capo Di Monte, Hampstead, Capo Di Monte, a cottage in Hampstead, before moving to the much larger Upper Terrace House nearby. They moved in 1953 when Clark bought the Norman architecture, Norman castle of Saltwood Castle, Saltwood in Kent, which became the family home. In his later years he passed the castle to his elder son, moving to a purpose-built house in the grounds.
Jane Clark died in 1976. Her death was expected, but left Clark devastated. Several of his female friends hoped that he would marry them. His closest female friend, across thirty years, was the photographer Janet Woods, wife of the engraver Reynolds Stone; in common with Clark's daughter and sons, she was dismayed when he announced his intention to marry Nolwen de Janzé-Rice (1924–1989), daughter of Frederic de Janze, Frederic and Alice de Janzé.Stourton, pp. 388–390 The family felt that Clark was acting precipitately in marrying someone he had not known well for very long, but the wedding took place in November 1977. Clark and his second wife remained together until his death.
Beliefs
Clark's parents were Liberal Party (UK), Liberal in outlook, and Ruskin's social and political views influenced the young Clark. Mary Beard (classicist), Mary Beard wrote in a ''The Guardian, Guardian'' article that Clark was a lifelong Labour Party (UK), Labour voter. His religious outlook was unconventional, but he believed in the divine, rejected atheism, and found the Church of England too secular in its outlook. Shortly before his death he was received into the Roman Catholic Church.Honours and legacy
Awards and memorials
State and other honours received by Clark included Order of the Bath, Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in 1938; Fellow of the British Academy, 1949, Companion of Honour, 1959; life peerage, 1969; Royal Society of Literature, Companion of Literature, 1974; and the Order of Merit 1976. Overseas honours included Commander of the Legion of Honour, France; Commander of the Order of the Lion of Finland and the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria, Order of Merit, Austria."Clark, Baron"''Who Was Who'', online edition, Oxford University Press, 2014, retrieved 14 June 2017 Clark was elected a member or honorary member of the Conseil Artistique des Musées Nationaux of France; the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; the American Institute of Architects. the Swedish Academy; the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, Spanish Academy; the Accademia di Belle Arti di Firenze, Florentine Academy; the Académie française; and the Institut de France. He was awarded honorary degrees by the universities of University of Bath, Bath, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, University of London, London,
Oxford
Oxford () is a city in England. It is the county town and only city of Oxfordshire. In 2020, its population was estimated at 151,584. It is north-west of London, south-east of Birmingham and north-east of Bristol. The city is home to the ...
, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, University of Warwick, Warwick, University of York, York, and in the US Columbia University, Columbia and Brown University, Brown universities. He was an honorary fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects and the Royal College of Art. Other honours and awards included Serena Medal of the British Academy (for Italian Studies); the Gold Medal and Citation of Honour of New York University; and the US National Gallery of Art Medal.
Clark's old school, Winchester College, holds an annual art history speaking competition for the Kenneth Clark Prize. The winner of the competition is awarded a golden Lord Clark Medal sculpted by a fellow Old Wykehamist, Anthony Smith (sculptor), Anthony Smith. At the Courtauld Institute in London, the lecture theatre is named in Clark's honour.
Reputation
In 2014 Tate, The Tate held the "Kenneth Clark: Looking for Civilisation" exhibition, highlighting Clark's impact "as one of the most influential figures in British art of the twentieth century". The exhibition, drawing on works from Clark's personal collection and many other sources, examined his role as "a patron and collector, art historian, public servant and broadcaster ... bringing art in the twentieth century to a more popular audience"."Kenneth Clark – Looking for Civilisation", The Tate, retrieved 27 June 2917 The BBC called him "arguably the most influential figure in 20th century British art". Clark knew that his broadly traditional view of art would be anathema to the Marxist element in the artistic world, and was unsurprised when he was attacked by younger critics, notably John Berger, in the 1970s. Clark's reputation among critics in the twenty-first century is higher for his books and television series than for his consistency as a collector. At the time of the Tate celebration of Clark in 2014, the critic Richard Dorment commented that both in his public and private capacity Clark made many fine purchases but also many errors. In addition to the Previtali ''Scenes from Tebaldeo's Eclogues'', Dorment lists works misattributed by Clark to Michelangelo, Pontormo, Adam Elsheimer, Elsheimer and Claude Lorrain, Claude, and a Seurat and a Corot that were genuine but poor examples of the artists' work. Other critics agreed with the conclusion that Clark's most lasting achievements were as a writer and populariser. Among his books is "the best introduction to the art of Leonardo da Vinci ever written". Piper singles out, in addition to the Leonardo monograph, Clark's ''Piero della Francesca'' (1951), ''The Nude'' (1956, based on his Mellon lectures in Washington in 1953), and ''Rembrandt and the Italian Renaissance'' (1966 from his Wrightsman lectures in New York). The critic Jackie Wullschlager wrote in 2014 that it was as a writer rather than a collector that Clark excelled: "unrivalled since Ruskin for lucidity, erudition, moral conviction". James Hall, in ''The Guardian'', expressed a similar view, calling Clark "the most seductive writer on art since Ruskin and Walter Pater, Pater ... Today, when most art historians write as joylessly as lawyers and accountants, such verve is sorely needed."Hall, James
"Kenneth Clark: arrogant snob or saviour of art?"
, ''The Guardian'', 16 May 2014
Books by Clark
*''The Gothic Revival'' (1928) *''Catalogue of Drawings of Leonardo da Vinci in the collection of His Majesty the King at Windsor Castle'' (1935) 2 vols. *''One Hundred Details in the National Gallery'' (1938) *''Last Lectures by Roger Fry'', edited with an introduction (1939) *''Leonardo da Vinci: An Account of his development as an Artist'' (1939) revised ed. 1952 & 1967 *''Constable’s Hay Wain'' (1944) *''L. B. Alberti on Painting'' (1944) *''Florentine Painting: The Fifteenth Century'' (1945) *Introduction to ''Praeterita'' (1949) *''Landscape into Art'' (1949) adapted from his Slade Lectures *''Piero della Francesca'' (1951) "complete" ed. 1969 *''Moments of Vision'' (1954) the Romanes Lecture for 1954 *''The Nude: A Study in Ideal Form'' (1956) A w mellon lectures, A. W. Mellon Lectures in the Fine Arts, delivered in 1953 *''Looking at Pictures'' (1960 & 1972) *''Ruskin Today'' (1964) *''Rembrandt and the Italian Renaissance'' (1966) *''A Failure of Nerve'' (1967) *''The Drawings by Leonardo da Vinci in the Collection of Her Majesty the Queen at Windsor Castle'' (1968–1969) with Carlo Pedretti, 3 vols. *''Civilisation: A Personal View'' (1969) book version of the television series *''The Artist Grows Old'' (1972) Rede Lecture *''Westminster Abbey'' (1972) *''Blake and Visionary Art'' (1973) *''Romantic versus Classic Art'' (1973) *''The Romantic Rebellion'' (1973) book version of the television series *''Another Part of the Wood: A Self-Portrait'' (1974) vol. 1 of autobiography *''Henry Moore Drawings'' (1974) *''The Drawings by Sandro Botticelli for Dante’s Divine Comedy'' (1976) *''The Other Half: A Self-Portrait'' (1977) vol. 2 of autobiography *''Animals and Men'' (1977) *''The Best of Aubrey Beardsley'' (1978) *''An Introduction to Rembrandt'' (1979) *''What is a Masterpiece?'' (1979) *''Feminine Beauty'' (1980) *''The Art of Humanism'' (1983) : Source: ''Who's Who (UK), Who's Who''.Notes, references and sources
Notes
References
Sources
* * * * * * * * * * * * * *Further reading
* *External links
*The Sir Kenneth Mackenzie Clark Collection at the Victoria University Library at the University of Toronto
* {{DEFAULTSORT:Clark, Kenneth 1903 births 1983 deaths 20th-century English historians Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford Chancellors of the University of York Converts to Roman Catholicism Directors of the National Gallery, London English art critics English art historians English curators English people of Scottish descent English Roman Catholics English television presenters Fellows of the British Academy Jacob's Award winners Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath Life peers Life peers created by Elizabeth II Members of the Order of Merit Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour People educated at Winchester College People educated at Wixenford School Recipients of the Grand Decoration with Sash for Services to the Republic of Austria Rembrandt scholars Slade Professors of Fine Art (University of Oxford) Surveyors of the Queen's Pictures Writers from London