This is a list of people convicted of

treason Treason is the crime of attacking a state authority to which one owes allegiance. This typically includes acts such as participating in a war against one's native country, attempting to overthrow its government, spying on its military, its diplo ...

. Some countries have a high

constitution A constitution is the aggregate of fundamental principles or established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity, organisation or other type of entity and commonly determine how that entity is to be governed. When these pr ...

al hurdle to conviction for treason, while many countries have less stringent definitions.

Armenia

* Meruzhan Artzruni, Lord Prince of

Vaspurakan Vaspurakan (, Western Armenian pronunciation: ''Vasbouragan'') was the eighth province of the ancient kingdom of Armenia, which later became an independent kingdom during the Middle Ages, centered on Lake Van. Located in what is now southeast ...

(? – 369), for conspiring with one of the Great Persian Kings, Shapur II against his liege-lord, Armenian King Arsaces II (Arshak II), whom he betrayed to Persia. He was captured by Arsaces II's son King Papas (Pap) and executed.

Austria

* Count Lajos Batthyány de Németújvár, for involvement in the

Hungarian Revolution of 1848 The Hungarian Revolution of 1848 or fully Hungarian Civic Revolution and War of Independence of 1848–1849 () was one of many European Revolutions of 1848 and was closely linked to other revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas. Although t ...

. Executed by firing squad on the same day as the

13 Martyrs of Arad The Thirteen Martyrs of Arad ( hu, aradi vértanúk) were the thirteen Hungarian rebel generals who were executed by the Austrian Empire on 6 October 1849 in the city of Arad, then part of the Kingdom of Hungary (now in Romania), after the H ...

Austria-Hungary

Nedeljko Čabrinović Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife, Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, were assassinated on 28 June 1914 by Bosnian Serb student Gavrilo Princip. They were shot at close range while ...

, for conspiring to assassinate

Archduke Franz Ferdinand Archduke Franz Ferdinand Carl Ludwig Joseph Maria of Austria, (18 December 1863 – 28 June 1914) was the heir presumptive to the throne of Austria-Hungary. His assassination in Sarajevo was the most immediate cause of World War I. F ...

Vaso Čubrilović Vaso Čubrilović ( sr-Cyrl, Васо Чубриловић; 14 January 1897 – 11 June 1990) was a Bosnian Serb scholar and politician. As a teenager, he joined the South Slav student movement known as Young Bosnia and was involved in the conspir ...

, for conspiring to assassinate Archduke Franz Ferdinand * Veljko Čubrilović, for conspiring to assassinate Archduke Franz Ferdinand * Trifko Grabez, for conspiring to assassinate Archduke Franz Ferdinand *

Danilo Ilić Danilo Ilić (Serbian Cyrillic: Данило Илић; 27 July 1890 – 3 February 1915) was a Bosnian Serb who was among the chief organisers of the Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Biography Born in what is modern-day Bosnia and He ...

, for conspiring to assassinate Archduke Franz Ferdinand *

Muhamed Mehmedbašić Muhamed Mehmedbašić (1887 – 29 May 1943) was a Bosnian revolutionary and conspirator in the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Early life Mehmedbašić was born in 1887 into a Bosniak family in Stolac, in the region of Herzegovina (a ...

, for conspiring to assassinate Archduke Franz Ferdinand * Cvjetko Popović, for conspiring to assassinate Archduke Franz Ferdinand *

Gavrilo Princip Gavrilo Princip ( sr-Cyrl, Гаврило Принцип, ; 25 July 189428 April 1918) was a Bosnian Serb student who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. Pr ...

, for assassinating Archduke Franz Ferdinand * Nazario Sauro, for fighting in the

Royal Italian Navy The ''Regia Marina'' (; ) was the navy of the Kingdom of Italy (''Regno d'Italia'') from 1861 to 1946. In 1946, with the birth of the Italian Republic (''Repubblica Italiana''), the ''Regia Marina'' changed its name to ''Marina Militare'' ("M ...

in the

First World War World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll, one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, ...

*Nikola Posnovski, for threatening to overthrow the government in the First World Wa

Canada

Louis Riel Louis Riel (; ; 22 October 1844 – 16 November 1885) was a Canadian politician, a founder of the province of Manitoba, and a political leader of the Métis people. He led two resistance movements against the Government of Canada and its first ...

, executed for leading the

Métis The Métis ( ; Canadian ) are Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Indigenous peoples who inhabit Canada's three Canadian Prairies, Prairie Provinces, as well as parts of British Columbia, the Northwest Territories, and the Northern United State ...

in the

North-West Rebellion The North-West Rebellion (french: Rébellion du Nord-Ouest), also known as the North-West Resistance, was a Resistance movement, resistance by the Métis people (Canada), Métis people under Louis Riel and an associated uprising by First Natio ...

against

Canada Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering over , making it the world's second-largest country by to ...

's expansion into the west. * Kanao Inouye,

Kamloops Kamloops ( ) is a city in south-central British Columbia, Canada, at the confluence of the South flowing North Thompson River and the West flowing Thompson River, east of Kamloops Lake. It is located in the Thompson-Nicola Regional District, w ...

-born

sergeant Sergeant ( abbreviated to Sgt. and capitalized when used as a named person's title) is a rank in many uniformed organizations, principally military and policing forces. The alternative spelling, ''serjeant'', is used in The Rifles and other ...

in the

Imperial Japanese Army The was the official ground-based armed force of the Empire of Japan from 1868 to 1945. It was controlled by the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office and the Ministry of the Army, both of which were nominally subordinate to the Emper ...

World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the World War II by country, vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great power ...

, executed for killing eight Canadian

prisoners of war A prisoner of war (POW) is a person who is held captive by a belligerent power during or immediately after an armed conflict. The earliest recorded usage of the phrase "prisoner of war" dates back to 1610. Belligerents hold prisoners of w ...

captured at the

Battle of Hong Kong The Battle of Hong Kong (8–25 December 1941), also known as the Defence of Hong Kong and the Fall of Hong Kong, was one of the first battles of the Pacific War in World War II. On the same morning as the attack on Pearl Harbor, forces of the ...

China

Zhou Fohai Zhou Fohai (; Hepburn: ''Shū Futsukai''; May 29, 1897 – February 28, 1948), Chinese politician, and second-in-command of the Executive Yuan in Wang Jingwei's collaborationist Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China during th ...

, for serving in the

Wang Jingwei government The Wang Jingwei regime or the Wang Ching-wei regime is the common name of the Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China ( zh , t = 中華民國國民政府 , p = Zhōnghuá Mínguó Guómín Zhèngfǔ ), the government of the pup ...

in the Second World War *

Chen Gongbo Chen Gongbo (; Japanese: ''Chin Kōhaku''; October 19, 1892 – June 3, 1946) was a Chinese politician, noted for his role as second (and final) President of the collaborationist Wang Jingwei regime during World War II. Biography Chen Gongbo ...

, for serving in the

in the Second World War *

Wang Jingwei Wang Jingwei (4 May 1883 – 10 November 1944), born as Wang Zhaoming and widely known by his pen name Jingwei, was a Chinese politician. He was initially a member of the left wing of the Kuomintang, leading a government in Wuhan in oppositi ...

, president of the

Reorganized National Government of China The Wang Jingwei regime or the Wang Ching-wei regime is the common name of the Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China ( zh , t = 中華民國國民政府 , p = Zhōnghuá Mínguó Guómín Zhèngfǔ ), the government of the pup ...

(puppet government controlled by Japan) in the Second World War

Republic of Congo

Pascal Lissouba Pascal Lissouba (15 November 1931 – 24 August 2020) was a Congolese politician who was the first democratically elected President of the Republic of the Congo and served from 31 August 1992 until 25 October 1997. He was overthrown by the form ...

, former President of the

Republic of Congo The Republic of the Congo (french: République du Congo, ln, Republíki ya Kongó), also known as Congo-Brazzaville, the Congo Republic or simply either Congo or the Congo, is a country located in the western coast of Central Africa to the w ...

, was convicted of treason after being overthrown by Denis Sassou Nguesso in the

Second Republic of the Congo Civil War The second (symbol: s) is the unit of time in the International System of Units (SI), historically defined as of a day – this factor derived from the division of the day first into 24 hours, then to 60 minutes and finally to 60 seconds each ...

Czechoslovakia

Karel Čurda Karel Čurda (10 October 1911 in Stará Hlína, today part of Třeboň – 29 April 1947 in Prague) was a Czech Nazi collaborator during World War II. Wartime activities A soldier of the Czechoslovak army in exile, Čurda was parachuted into t ...

, for betraying the

Czech Resistance Resistance to the German occupation of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia during World War II began after the occupation of the rest of Czechoslovakia and the formation of the protectorate on 15 March 1939. German policy deterred acts ...

and the assassins of

Reinhard Heydrich Reinhard Tristan Eugen Heydrich ( ; ; 7 March 1904 – 4 June 1942) was a high-ranking German SS and police official during the Nazi era and a principal architect of the Holocaust. He was chief of the Reich Security Main Office (inclu ...

Denmark

Henrik Kauffmann Henrik Kauffmann (26 August 1888 – 5 June 1963) was the Danish ambassador to the United States during World War II, who signed over part of Greenland to the US. Career Kauffmann started his foreign career by serving as envoy in Rome, 1921� ...

was charged with grand treason by the Nazi-occupied Danish government for helping the Allied Powers by allowing the United States to occupy

Greenland Greenland ( kl, Kalaallit Nunaat, ; da, Grønland, ) is an island country in North America that is part of the Kingdom of Denmark. It is located between the Arctic and Atlantic oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Greenland ...

East Germany

Werner Teske Werner Teske (24 April 1942 – 26 June 1981) was an East German (Captain) of the Ministry for State Security (Stasi). Teske was a senior intelligence officer in the Stasi's economic espionage division when he was accused of plotting to de ...

was accused, convicted, and executed for "planned treason" by embezzling funds and plotting to defect to

West Germany West Germany is the colloquial term used to indicate the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG; german: Bundesrepublik Deutschland , BRD) between its formation on 23 May 1949 and the German reunification through the accession of East Germany on 3 ...

; his sentence was posthumously overturned after

German reunification German reunification (german: link=no, Deutsche Wiedervereinigung) was the process of re-establishing Germany as a united and fully sovereign state, which took place between 2 May 1989 and 15 March 1991. The day of 3 October 1990 when the Ge ...

England

Estonia

Aleksei Dressen Aleksei Dressen (born 1968 in Riga) is a former Estonian Internal Security Service officer convicted for treason. He was convicted with cooperating with Russian intelligence service FSB. He is an ethnic Volga German. Biography During Soviet rul ...

* Herman Simm * Vladimir Veitman

Fiji

George Speight George Speight (born 1957) is a Fijian businessman and politician who was the leader of the 2000 Fijian coup d'état, in which he and rebel soldiers from Fiji's Counter Revolutionary Warfare Unit seized the Fijian Parliament and held Prime Minister ...

, for plotting the

Fiji coup of 2000 Fiji ( , ,; fj, Viti, ; Fiji Hindi: फ़िजी, ''Fijī''), officially the Republic of Fiji, is an island country in Melanesia, part of Oceania in the South Pacific Ocean. It lies about north-northeast of New Zealand. Fiji consists ...

. Death sentence commuted to life in prison. * Ratu Jope Seniloli, incumbent Vice-President (in 2004), for his role in the coup of 2000. Sentenced to four years in prison; released by a sympathetic government after three months.

Finland

Lauri Törni Lauri Allan Törni (28 May 1919 – 18 October 1965), later known as Larry Alan Thorne, was a Finnish-born soldier who fought under three flags: as a Finnish Army officer in the Winter War and the Continuation War ultimately gaining a rank of ca ...

, for having served with the

Waffen-SS The (, "Armed SS") was the combat branch of the Nazi Party's ''Schutzstaffel'' (SS) organisation. Its formations included men from Nazi Germany, along with Waffen-SS foreign volunteers and conscripts, volunteers and conscripts from both occup ...

at the end of World War II, later received a presidential pardon

France

Marshal Ney - Trial of Marshal Ney for high treason (1816), frontispiece - BL

François Achille Bazaine François Achille Bazaine (13 February 181123 September 1888) was an officer of the French army. Rising from the ranks, during four decades of distinguished service (including 35 years on campaign) under Louis-Philippe and then Napoleon III, he ...

, imprisoned for treason after being blamed for France's loss of the Franco-Prussian War *

Robert Brasillach Robert Brasillach (; 31 March 1909 – 6 February 1945) was a French author and journalist. Brasillach was the editor of ''Je suis partout'', a nationalist newspaper which advocated fascist movements and supported Jacques Doriot. After the liberat ...

, for anti-Semitic and fascist writings, including his newspaper ''

Je suis partout ''Je suis partout'' (, lit. ''I am everywhere'') was a French newspaper founded by , first published on 29 November 1930. It was placed under the direction of Pierre Gaxotte until 1939. Journalists of the paper included Lucien Rebatet, , the illu ...

'', in

Vichy France Vichy France (french: Régime de Vichy; 10 July 1940 – 9 August 1944), officially the French State ('), was the fascist French state headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II. Officially independent, but with half of its t ...

* Marcel Bucard, for founding the collaborationist

Mouvement Franciste The Francist Movement (french: Mouvement franciste, MF) was a French Fascist and anti-semitic league created by Marcel Bucard in September 1933 that edited the newspaper ''Le Francisme''. Mouvement franciste reached a membership of 10,000 and wa ...

and the

Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism The Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism (french: Légion des volontaires français contre le bolchévisme, LVF) was a unit of the German Army during World War II consisting of collaborationist volunteers from France. Officially design ...

Louis-Ferdinand Céline Louis Ferdinand Auguste Destouches (27 May 1894 – 1 July 1961), better known by the pen name Louis-Ferdinand Céline ( , ) was a French novelist, polemicist and physician. His first novel ''Journey to the End of the Night'' (1932) won the '' Pr ...

, for writing anti-Semitic and fascist pamphlets supporting Vichy France * Cinq-Mars *

Joseph Darnand Joseph Darnand (19 March 1897 – 10 October 1945) was a French collaborator with Nazi Germany during World War II. A decorated soldier in the French Army of World War I and early World War II, he went on to become the organizer and ''de facto ...

, for leading the

Vichy French Vichy France (french: Régime de Vichy; 10 July 1940 – 9 August 1944), officially the French State ('), was the fascist French state headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II. Officially independent, but with half of its ter ...

Milice The ''Milice française'' (French Militia), generally called ''la Milice'' (literally ''the militia'') (), was a political paramilitary organization created on 30 January 1943 by the Vichy regime (with German aid) to help fight against the Fre ...

. * Émile Dewoitine, aviation industrialist sentenced to 20 years forced labour sentence for collaboration. *

Charles François Dumouriez Charles-François du Périer Dumouriez (, 26 January 1739 – 14 March 1823) was a French general during the French Revolutionary Wars. He shared the victory at Valmy with General François Christophe Kellermann, but later deserted the Rev ...

Isabeau of Bavaria Isabeau of Bavaria (or Isabelle; also Elisabeth of Bavaria-Ingolstadt; c. 1370 – September 1435) was Queen of France from 1385 to 1422. She was born into the House of Wittelsbach as the only daughter of Duke Stephen III of Bavaria-Ingols ...

John the Fearless John I (french: Jean sans Peur; nl, Jan zonder Vrees; 28 May 137110 September 1419) was a scion of the French royal family who ruled the Burgundian State from 1404 until his death in 1419. He played a key role in French national affairs durin ...

Pierre Laval Pierre Jean Marie Laval (; 28 June 1883 – 15 October 1945) was a French politician. During the Third Republic, he served as Prime Minister of France from 27 January 1931 to 20 February 1932 and 7 June 1935 to 24 January 1936. He again occ ...

, for being Prime Minister of

. *

Jean Victor Marie Moreau Jean Victor Marie Moreau (, 14 February 1763 – 2 September 1813) was a French general who helped Napoleon Bonaparte to power, but later became a rival and was banished to the United States. Biography Rise to fame Moreau was born at Morl ...

Michel Ney Michel Ney, 1st Duke of Elchingen, 1st Prince of the Moskva (; 10 January 1769 – 7 December 1815), was a French military commander and Marshal of the Empire who fought in the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. He was one o ...

Philippe Pétain Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Pétain (24 April 1856 – 23 July 1951), commonly known as Philippe Pétain (, ) or Marshal Pétain (french: Maréchal Pétain), was a French general who attained the position of Marshal of France at the end of Worl ...

Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord (, ; 2 February 1754 – 17 May 1838), 1st Prince of Benevento, then Prince of Talleyrand, was a French clergyman, politician and leading diplomat. After studying theology, he became Agent-General of the ...

Marie Antoinette Marie Antoinette Josèphe Jeanne (; ; née Maria Antonia Josepha Johanna; 2 November 1755 – 16 October 1793) was the last queen of France before the French Revolution. She was born an archduchess of Austria, and was the penultimate child a ...

Louis XVI Louis XVI (''Louis-Auguste''; ; 23 August 175421 January 1793) was the last King of France before the fall of the monarchy during the French Revolution. He was referred to as ''Citizen Louis Capet'' during the four months just before he was ...

Germany

Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler (; 20 April 188930 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was dictator of Germany from 1933 until his death in 1945. He rose to power as the leader of the Nazi Party, becoming the chancellor in 1933 and the ...

, for his role in the

Beer Hall Putsch The Beer Hall Putsch, also known as the Munich Putsch,Dan Moorhouse, ed schoolshistory.org.uk, accessed 2008-05-31.Known in German as the or was a failed coup d'état by Nazi Party ( or NSDAP) leader Adolf Hitler, Erich Ludendorff and othe ...

in 1923 *

Marinus van der Lubbe Marinus van der Lubbe (13 January 1909 – 10 January 1934) was a Dutch communist who was tried, convicted, and executed by the Nazis for setting fire to the German Reichstag building on 27 February 1933. During his trial, the prosecution a ...

, for high treason and arson in the

Reichstag fire The Reichstag fire (german: Reichstagsbrand, ) was an arson attack on the Reichstag building, home of the German parliament in Berlin, on Monday 27 February 1933, precisely four weeks after Nazi leader Adolf Hitler was sworn in as Chancellor of ...

case, in 1933; the extent of his true responsibility is still disputed by historians *

Anton Schmid Anton Schmid (9 January 1900 – 13 April 1942) was an Austrian recruit in the '' Wehrmacht'' who saved Jews during the Holocaust in Lithuania. A devout but apolitical Roman Catholic and an electrician by profession, Schmid was conscripted in ...

, for saving Jews and helping

Jewish partisans Jewish partisans were fighters in irregular military groups participating in the Jewish resistance movement against Nazi Germany and its collaborators during World War II. A number of Jewish partisan groups operated across Nazi-occupied Euro ...

, in 1942. The

Bundeswehr The ''Bundeswehr'' (, meaning literally: ''Federal Defence'') is the armed forces of the Federal Republic of Germany. The ''Bundeswehr'' is divided into a military part (armed forces or ''Streitkräfte'') and a civil part, the military part con ...

has named two barracks after him. *

Sophie Scholl Sophia Magdalena Scholl (9 May 1921 – 22 February 1943) was a German student and anti-Nazi political activist, active within the White Rose non-violent resistance group in Nazi Germany. She was convicted of high treason after having bee ...

Hans Scholl Hans Fritz Scholl (; 22 September 1918 – 22 February 1943) was, along with Alexander Schmorell, one of the two founding members of the White Rose resistance movement in Nazi Germany. The principal author of the resistance movement's ...

and

Christoph Probst Christoph Ananda Probst (6 November 1919 – 22 February 1943) was a German student of medicine and member of the White Rose (''Weiße Rose'') resistance group. Early life Probst was born in Murnau am Staffelsee. His father, Hermann Probs ...

in 1943 for their involvement in the anti-Nazi

White Rose The White Rose (german: Weiße Rose, ) was a Nonviolence, non-violent, intellectual German resistance to Nazism, resistance group in Nazi Germany which was led by five students (and one professor) at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, ...

movement * Ulrich Wilhelm Graf Schwerin von Schwanenfeld (1902–1944), a key conspirator in the failed assassination attempt in the

July 20 plot On 20 July 1944, Claus von Stauffenberg and other conspirators attempted to assassinate Adolf Hitler, Führer of Nazi Germany, inside his Wolf's Lair field headquarters near Rastenburg, East Prussia, now Kętrzyn, in present-day Poland. The ...

in 1944 on Hitler's life *

Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg Colonel Claus Philipp Maria Justinian Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg (; 15 November 1907 – 21 July 1944) was a German army officer best known for his failed attempt on 20 July 1944 to assassinate Adolf Hitler at the Wolf's Lair. Despite ...

, for the attempted assassination of Hitler in the

in 1944 *

Günter Guillaume Günter Guillaume (1 February 1927 – 10 April 1995) was a German spy who gathered intelligence as an agent for East Germany's secret service, the Stasi, in West Germany. Guillaume became West German chancellor Willy Brandt's secretary, a ...

, Private Secretary to then-chancellor

Willy Brandt Willy Brandt (; born Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm; 18 December 1913 – 8 October 1992) was a German politician and statesman who was leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) from 1964 to 1987 and served as the chancellor of West Ger ...

, and his wife Christel Guillaume, both officers of

East German East Germany, officially the German Democratic Republic (GDR; german: Deutsche Demokratische Republik, , DDR, ), was a country that existed from its creation on 7 October 1949 until its dissolution on 3 October 1990. In these years the state ...

Stasi The Ministry for State Security, commonly known as the (),An abbreviation of . was the state security service of the East Germany from 1950 to 1990. The Stasi's function was similar to the KGB, serving as a means of maintaining state autho ...

'', in 1975 * Clyde Lee Conrad, former

U.S. Army The United States Army (USA) is the land service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services, and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution.Article II, section 2, cl ...

non-commissioned officer A non-commissioned officer (NCO) is a military officer who has not pursued a commission. Non-commissioned officers usually earn their position of authority by promotion through the enlisted ranks. (Non-officers, which includes most or all enli ...

, the only person to have been handed down a lifetime sentence for treason by a court of the

Federal Republic of Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated between ...

, in 1990 * , counter-intelligence officer with the Bundesverfassungsschutz who had spied for East German ''Stasi'', in 1992

Great Britain

Archibald Cameron of Locheil Archibald Cameron of Lochiel (1707 – 7 June 1753) was a Scottish physician and a prominent leader in the Jacobite rising of 1745. The personal physician of Prince Charles Edward Stuart, On 7 June 1753, at Tyburn, he was the last Jacobite ...

, for his part in the

1745 Jacobite rising The Jacobite rising of 1745, also known as the Forty-five Rebellion or simply the '45 ( gd, Bliadhna Theàrlaich, , ), was an attempt by Charles Edward Stuart to regain the British throne for his father, James Francis Edward Stuart. It took pl ...

Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat (c. 1667 – 9 April 1747, London), nicknamed the Fox, was a Scottish Jacobite and Chief of Clan Fraser of Lovat, known for his feuding and changes of allegiance. In 1715, he had been a supporter of the Hou ...

, for his part in the

William Maxwell, 5th Earl of Nithsdale {{Infobox noble, type , name = William Maxwell , title = 5th Earl of Nithsdale , image = , caption = , alt = , CoA = , more = no , succession ...

, for supporting the

Jacobite rising of 1715 The Jacobite rising of 1715 ( gd, Bliadhna Sheumais ; or 'the Fifteen') was the attempt by James Edward Stuart (the Old Pretender) to regain the thrones of England, Ireland and Scotland for the exiled Stuarts. At Braemar, Aberdeenshire, ...

Thomas Paine Thomas Paine (born Thomas Pain; – In the contemporary record as noted by Conway, Paine's birth date is given as January 29, 1736–37. Common practice was to use a dash or a slash to separate the old-style year from the new-style year. In th ...

, for publishing revolutionary literature supporting the French Revolution and criticizing the

British monarchy The monarchy of the United Kingdom, commonly referred to as the British monarchy, is the constitutional form of government by which a hereditary sovereign reigns as the head of state of the United Kingdom, the Crown Dependencies (the Bailiwi ...

Charles Radclyffe Charles Radclyffe (3 September 1693 – 8 December 1746), titular 5th Earl of Derwentwater, was one of the few English participants in the Risings of 1715 and 1745. The Radclyffes were Roman Catholics from Northumberland, with long-standing ...

, for supporting the

Greece

Dimitrios Gounaris Dimitrios Gounaris (; 5 January 1867 – 28 November 1922) was a Greek politician who served as the Prime Minister of Greece from 25 February to 10 August 1915 and 26 March 1921 to 3 May 1922. Leader of the People's Party, he was the main ri ...

, Prime Minister of Greece (1921–1922), convicted of treason in 1922 for the

Asia Minor catastrophe Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an area ...

. Executed 15 November 1922. *

Petros Protopapadakis Petros Protopapadakis ( el, Πέτρος Πρωτοπαπαδάκης; 1854–1922) was a Greek politician and Prime Minister of Greece in May–September 1922. Life and work Born in 1854 in Apeiranthos, Naxos, Protopapadakis studied mathemati ...

, Minister of Economy in Dimitrios Gounaris' government and later Prime Minister of Greece (1922), convicted of treason for the Asia Minor catastrophe. Executed 15 November 1922. *

Nikolaos Stratos Nikolaos Stratos ( el, Νικόλαος Στράτος; 16 May 1872 – 28 November 1922 (15 November Old Style dating)) was a Prime Minister of Greece for a few days in May 1922. He was later tried and executed for his role in the Catastrophe ...

, Minister of Internal Affairs in Gounaris' government, convicted of treason for the Asia Minor catastrophe. Executed 15 November 1922. * , Minister of Foreign Affairs in Gounaris' government, convicted of treason for the Asia Minor catastrophe. Executed 15 November 1922. * , Minister of Military Affairs in Gounaris' government, convicted of treason for the Asia Minor catastrophe. Executed 15 November 1922. * Georgios Hatzanestis, commanding officer of the Asia Minor and Eastern Thrace Greek army, convicted of treason for the Asia Minor catastrophe. Executed 15 November 1922. * , rear admiral and minister in Gounaris' government, convicted of treason for the Asia Minor catastrophe. Sentenced to life imprisonment. * Xenophon Stratigos, major general and minister in Gounaris' government, convicted of treason for the Asia Minor catastrophe. Sentenced to life imprisonment. * George Papadopoulos, Greek colonel, leader of a military junta (1967–1973), convicted of treason and jailed for life, died in

Korydallos prison Korydallos Prison Complex is Greece's largest jail and contains the country's main maximum-security prison (Type B), housing both maximum-security men and women. It is located in Korydallos, Piraeus. Famous detainees include members of the anarc ...

27 June 1999.

Hawaii

The Republic of Hawaii government had one trial for treason after the failed 1895 Counter-Revolution in Hawaii. Those charged were found guilty, but pardoned after serving time in prison. * Charles T. Gulick (1841–1897), former cabinet minister * Robert William Wilcox (1855–1903), military leader, later delegate to US Congress

Hungary

* Imre Nagy, Prime Minister of Hungary, for leading the 1956 Hungarian Revolution. * Count Fidel Palffy * László Rajk * Sándor Szűcs, international footballer, for defecting.

Israel

*Meir Tobianski, falsely accused of treason during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war. Executed by firing squad but pardoned after his death. *Mordechai Vanunu, for revealing details of Israel's nuclear weapons program to the British press in 1986. *"Prisoner X2", a Mole (espionage), mole within Mossad.

Japan

* Ozaki Hotsumi, journalist and Soviet agent (nominally convicted under the Peace Preservation Law) * Daisuke Namba, Japanese left-wing activist * Kotoku Shusui, Japanese anarchist

Kenya

* Hezekiah Ochuka, Kenya airforce soldier, for conspiring to overthrow the government of Daniel Moi in 1982

Kuwait

* Alaa Hussein Ali, for heading the Iraqi puppet government during the Gulf War

Mexico

* Agustín de Iturbide, for fighting for the royalists' army during the Mexican War of Independence.

Netherlands

* Anton Mussert, for leading the Dutch puppet regime under Nazi occupation.

New Zealand

*Patrick Stanley Vaughan Heenan, for passing information to the Japanese during World War II (was not convicted under New Zealand civil law) *Hamiora Pere, for fighting against the British government in Te Kooti's War; only person executed for treason in New Zealand

Norway

* Albert Viljam Hagelin, member of Quisling's government. * Vidkun Quisling, for being Minister President of Nazism, Nazi-occupied Norway during World War II. The word 'quisling' now means 'traitor'. * Ragnar Skancke, Quisling's minister of Church and Educational Affairs. * Arne Treholt Norwegian diplomat, turned by the KGB

Pakistan

* Shakil Afridi, for spying for the Central Intelligence Agency of the United States * Hussain Haqqani, for involvement with a secret memo to Admiral Michael Mullen asking for US intervention in changing Pakistan's military and intelligence agencies. * Pervez Musharraf, for abrogating and suspending the Constitution of Pakistan, Pakistani Constitution on 3 November 2007

Poland

For the betrayal of General Stefan Rowecki to the Gestapo: * ("Sroka"), as above, emigrated to France in 1971 * Ludwik Kalkstein ("Hanka"), protected by the Gestapo during the war, emigrated to France in 1982 * Eugeniusz Świerczewski ("Gens"), executed 1944 For betrayal of the Polish People's Republic: * Witold Pilecki ("Druh"), death for espionage for the Polish government-in-exile, Polish Government-in-exile, executed in 1948, posthumously acquitted in 1990 * Ryszard Kukliński ("Jack Strong"), escaped to the US in 1981, sentenced to death in absentia in 1984, in 1990 sentence changed to 25 years of imprisonment, in 1995 sentence cancelled due to search of the 1st President of the Supreme Court, fully pardoned in 1997 * Adam Kaczmarczyk, death for espionage for Directorate of Military Intelligence (United Kingdom), MI16, executed in 1969

Russia

* Valentin Danilov – 14 years for espionage for China * Mikhail Shein * Igor Sutyagin (2004) – 15 years for espionage for USA. Exchanged for Illegals Program, Russian spies in 2010.

Scotland

* Baillie of Jerviswood, Robert Baillie, for involvement in the Rye House Plot * William Ruthven, 1st Earl of Gowrie, for leading the Raid of Ruthven on James I of England, King James VI * Murdoch Stewart, 2nd Duke of Albany * Patrick Stewart, 2nd Earl of Orkney, Patrick Stewart, Earl of Orkney, for usurping James VI of Scotland, King James VI on the Orkney Islands

South Africa

* The 1956 Treason Trial was a trial in Johannesburg in which 156 people, including Nelson Mandela, were arrested in a raid and accused of treason by the Apartheid, apartheid regime of South Africa in 1956.

South Vietnam

* Lê Chiêu Thống * Trần Ích Tắc * Nguyễn Văn Trỗi

Soviet Union

* Leonid Eitingon, during the Doctors' plot, Doctors' Plot *Oleg Penkovsky, for providing GRU intelligence to the United Kingdom and the United States, including during the Cuban Missile Crisis * Adolf Tolkachev, for providing designs of Soviet military aircraft to the CIA, executed 1986 * Gennady Varenik KGB, worked for CIA * Andrey Vlasov, for defecting to Nazi Germany during World War II and forming the Russian Liberation Army * Genrikh Yagoda, during the Great Purge

Spain

* Francisco Xavier Mina, for fighting against the Spanish government in the Mexican War of Independence. * Camilo Torres Tenorio, for leading the independence movement in Colombia

Sri Lanka

* Velupillai Prabhakaran, the Tamil rebel leader who fought with the government for 30 years.

Sweden

* Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt, attempted to overthrow the guardian-government of King Gustav IV Adolf with Russian military assistance. * Johann Patkul, protested the land-recovery project of Charles XI of Sweden and, when unsuccessful, sided with Augustus the Strong and tried to wrest Duchy of Livonia (1629–1721), Livonia from Sweden. * Magdalena Rudenschöld, for taking part in the Armfelt Conspiracy, Armfelt conspiracy. * Brita Tott, for exposing military movements to Denmark * Stig Wennerström (colonel), Stig Wennerström, for espionage activities on behalf of the Soviet Union in 1964.

Switzerland

* Jean-Louis Jeanmaire, sentenced to 18 years of prison (released after 12 for good behavior) for leaking information to the Soviet KGB.

Turkey

*Abdullah Öcalan, life sentence (originally death penalty) for trying to establish a Kurdish state in Turkey.

Ukraine

*Viktor Yanukovych, found guilty of treason in absentia by a Kyiv court. Yanukovych fled Ukraine to Russia after the 2014 Ukrainian Revolution. He was subsequently impeached and tried for treason in absentia.

United Kingdom

* John Amery, for trying to recruit soldiers to the British Free Corps and broadcasting propaganda for Nazi Germany. * Roger Casement, for negotiating with German Empire, Germany to provide arms to the Irish Republican Brotherhood during the First World War for use in the Easter Rising, Irish Easter 1916 rising; hanged in August 1916. * William Comstive, Charles Stanfield, Richard Addy, Benjamin Hanson and eighteen others were tried and convicted for High Treason for Yorkshire West Riding Revolt of 1820, revolt in the West Riding of Yorkshire in 1820. * William Joyce, alias 'Lord Haw-Haw', for broadcasting Propaganda in Nazi Germany, Nazi propaganda to the United Kingdom during World War II. Hanged on 3 January 1946. Last person to be executed for treason in the United Kingdom. * Members of the British Free Corps: Thomas Haller Cooper and Walter Purdy (death sentences commuted) * William Smith O'Brien, William Smith O'Brien MP, for his part in leading the Young Irelander Rebellion of 1848. * Arthur Thistlewood, John Brunt, William Davidson, James Ings, Richard Tidd, Charles Cooper, Richard Bradburn, John Harrison, James Wilson and John Shaw Strange participants of the 1820 Cato Street Conspiracy * James Wilson (revolutionary) convicted and executed for High Treason, following his part in the Scottish Insurrection of 1820. * Jeremiah Brandreth, Isaac Ludlam and William Turner convicted and executed for High Treason following their part in the Pentrich Revolution of 1817.

United States

*Philip Vigil and John Mitchell, convicted of treason and sentenced to hanging; pardoned by George Washington; see Whiskey Rebellion. *John Fries, the leader of Fries' Rebellion, was convicted of treason in 1800 along with two accomplices, and pardoned that same year by John Adams. *In Burr conspiracy, a case famous at the time, Aaron Burr was acquitted of treason, and then burned in effigy, in 1807. He voluntarily exiled himself to the United Kingdom for 5 years. * Governor Thomas Dorr 1844, convicted of treason against the state of Rhode Island; see Dorr Rebellion; released in 1845; civil rights restored in 1851; verdict annulled in 1854. * Hipolito Salazar, hanged on April 9, 1847. Convicted of treason for rebelling against the military occupation of New Mexico in the Taos Revolt during the Mexican–American War, Mexican-American War. He was a Mexican citizen on then-Mexican soil, and George W. Crawford, United States Secretary of War, Secretary of War in the Zachary Taylor administration, later concluded that Salazar had been wrongfully convicted. * The abolitionism in the United States, abolitionist John Brown (abolitionist), John Brown, the first person executed for treason within the United States, convicted in 1859 of treason against the Commonwealth of Virginia, murder, and fomenting a Slave rebellion, slave insurrection for his part in the John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry, Harpers Ferry raid. * Aaron Dwight Stevens took part in John Brown's raid and was executed in 1860 for treason against Virginia. * William Bruce Mumford, convicted of treason and hanged in 1862 for tearing down a Flag of the United States, United States flag during the American Civil War. * Walter Allen was convicted of treason on September 16, 1922 for taking part in the 1921 Miner's March against the coal companies and the Battle of Blair Mountain, U.S. Army at Blair Mountain, West Virginia. He was sentenced to 10 years and fined. During his appeal to the Supreme Court, he disappeared while out on bail. United Mine Workers, United Mineworkers of America leader William Blizzard was acquitted of the charge of treason by the jury on May 25, 1922. * Max Stephan, a German-born Detroit tavernkeeper, was convicted of treason on July 2, 1942, after the jury deliberated for only one hour and 23 minutes. In April 1942, Stephan harbored and fed a Luftwaffe pilot at his tavern who escaped from a Canadian POW camp. On August 6, Judge Arthur J. Tuttle sentenced Stephan to death by hanging. He was the first man convicted and sentenced to death on a federal treason charge since the Civil War. His sentence was later commuted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to life in prison. * Hans Max Haupt, Walter Otto Froehling and Otto Richard Wergin were convicted of treason and sentenced to death, and Erna Emma Haupt, Lucille Froehling and Kate Martha Wergin were convicted of treason and sentenced to 25 years in prison on November 24, 1942, in a joint indictment. All six individuals were charged with treason for giving aid and comfort to the executed German saboteur Herbert Hans Haupt. On appeal, these judgments were reversed and remanded to be retried. Hans Max Haupt was convicted again on June 9, 1944. He was sentenced to life in prison. He appealed again, but the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed this judgement. Walter Otto Froehling and Otto Richard Wergin were sentenced to 5 years in prison on July 22, 1944 as accessories to treason. Hans Max Haupt eventually appealed the case up to the Supreme Court, which sustained the verdict against him. * Martin James Monti, United States Army Air Forces pilot, convicted of treason for defecting to the

in 1944. He was paroled in 1960. * Max Otto Koischwitz, charged with treason for defecting to Nazi Germany during

in 1943, died of tuberculosis in 1944. * Edward Leo Delaney, charged with treason for defecting to Nazi Germany during

in 1943, charges were dropped in 1947. * Jane Anderson (American journalist), Jane Anderson, American journalist indicted on charges of treason in 1943, defected to Nazi Germany in

, charges were dropped in 1947. * Frederick Wilhelm Kaltenbach, indicted for defecting to Germany during

as a broadcaster in 1943, died in Soviet Union, Soviet custody * Douglas Chandler, worker for National Geographic, convicted of treason in 1947 for defecting to Germany during

, sentence commuted by President John F. Kennedy. * Robert Henry Best, convicted of treason on April 16, 1948, and served a life sentence. * Iva Toguri D'Aquino, who is frequently identified by the name "Tokyo Rose", convicted 1949. Subsequently pardoned by President Gerald Ford. * Mildred Gillars, also known as "Axis Sally", convicted of treason on March 8, 1949; served 12 years of a 10- to 30-year prison sentence. * Herbert John Burgman, convicted in 1949 of treason during WWII for spreading Nazi propaganda; sentenced to 6–20 years in prison. * Tomoya Kawakita, sentenced to death for treason in 1952, but eventually released by President John F. Kennedy to be deported to Japan.

Zambia

* Steven Lungu, also known as Captain Solo. Sentenced to death for an attempted coup in 1997, he was pardoned in 2010 by President Rupiah Banda.

Zimbabwe

* Ndabaningi Sithole, for conspiring to kill Robert Mugabe

References

{{reflist People convicted of treason, List of people convicted of treason Lists of people by occupation, Treason Lists of suspected criminals, Treason

Armenia

Austria

Austria-Hungary

Canada

China

Republic of Congo

Czechoslovakia

Denmark

East Germany

England

Estonia

Fiji

Finland

France

Germany

Great Britain

Greece

Hawaii

Hungary

Israel

Japan

Kenya

Kuwait

Mexico

Netherlands

New Zealand

Norway

Pakistan

Poland

Russia

Scotland

South Africa

South Vietnam

Soviet Union

Spain

Sri Lanka

Sweden

Switzerland

Turkey

Ukraine

United Kingdom

United States

Zambia

Zimbabwe

See also

References