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Family name
affix In linguistics, an affix is a morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word or word form. Affixes may be derivational, like English ''-ness'' and ''pre-'', or inflectional, like English plural ''-s'' and past tense ''-ed''. They ...
es are a clue for
surname In some cultures, a surname, family name, or last name is the portion of one's personal name that indicates one's family, tribe or community. Practices vary by culture. The family name may be placed at either the start of a person's full name ...
etymology Etymology () The New Oxford Dictionary of English (1998) – p. 633 "Etymology /ˌɛtɪˈmɒlədʒi/ the study of the class in words and the way their meanings have changed throughout time". is the study of the history of the form of words ...
and can sometimes determine the
ethnic origin An ethnic group or an ethnicity is a grouping of people who identify with each other on the basis of shared attributes that distinguish them from other groups. Those attributes can include common sets of traditions, ancestry, language, history, ...
of a person. This is a partial list of affixes.


Prefixes

* A – (
Romanian Romanian may refer to: *anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Romania ** Romanians, an ethnic group **Romanian language, a Romance language ***Romanian dialects, variants of the Romanian language **Romanian cuisine, traditiona ...
) "son of" * Ab – (
Welsh Welsh may refer to: Related to Wales * Welsh, referring or related to Wales * Welsh language, a Brittonic Celtic language spoken in Wales * Welsh people People * Welsh (surname) * Sometimes used as a synonym for the ancient Britons (Celtic peopl ...
, Cornish, Breton) "son of" * Af – ( Danish,
Swedish Swedish or ' may refer to: Anything from or related to Sweden, a country in Northern Europe. Or, specifically: * Swedish language, a North Germanic language spoken primarily in Sweden and Finland ** Swedish alphabet, the official alphabet used by ...
), Av (
Norwegian Norwegian, Norwayan, or Norsk may refer to: *Something of, from, or related to Norway, a country in northwestern Europe * Norwegians, both a nation and an ethnic group native to Norway * Demographics of Norway *The Norwegian language, including ...
) "of" * Ap – (
Welsh Welsh may refer to: Related to Wales * Welsh, referring or related to Wales * Welsh language, a Brittonic Celtic language spoken in Wales * Welsh people People * Welsh (surname) * Sometimes used as a synonym for the ancient Britons (Celtic peopl ...
) "son of" * Abu – (
Arabic Arabic (, ' ; , ' or ) is a Semitic language spoken primarily across the Arab world.Semitic languages: an international handbook / edited by Stefan Weninger; in collaboration with Geoffrey Khan, Michael P. Streck, Janet C. E.Watson; Walter ...
) "father of"; * Aït – (
Berber Berber or Berbers may refer to: Ethnic group * Berbers, an ethnic group native to Northern Africa * Berber languages, a family of Afro-Asiatic languages Places * Berber, Sudan, a town on the Nile People with the surname * Ady Berber (1913–19 ...
) "of" * Al – (
Arabic Arabic (, ' ; , ' or ) is a Semitic language spoken primarily across the Arab world.Semitic languages: an international handbook / edited by Stefan Weninger; in collaboration with Geoffrey Khan, Michael P. Streck, Janet C. E.Watson; Walter ...
) "the" * Ālam – ( Persian) "world" * At/Ath – (
Berber Berber or Berbers may refer to: Ethnic group * Berbers, an ethnic group native to Northern Africa * Berber languages, a family of Afro-Asiatic languages Places * Berber, Sudan, a town on the Nile People with the surname * Ady Berber (1913–19 ...
) "(son of" * Aust, Austre – (
Norwegian Norwegian, Norwayan, or Norsk may refer to: *Something of, from, or related to Norway, a country in northwestern Europe * Norwegians, both a nation and an ethnic group native to Norway * Demographics of Norway *The Norwegian language, including ...
) "east", "estern" * Bar – (
Aramaic The Aramaic languages, short Aramaic ( syc, ܐܪܡܝܐ, Arāmāyā; oar, 𐤀𐤓𐤌𐤉𐤀; arc, 𐡀𐡓𐡌𐡉𐡀; tmr, אֲרָמִית), are a language family containing many varieties (languages and dialects) that originated i ...
) "son of" * Bath, bat – (
Hebrew Hebrew (; ; ) is a Northwest Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family. Historically, it is one of the spoken languages of the Israelites and their longest-surviving descendants, the Jews and Samaritans. It was largely preserved ...
) "daughter of" * Ben, bin, ibn – (
Arabic Arabic (, ' ; , ' or ) is a Semitic language spoken primarily across the Arab world.Semitic languages: an international handbook / edited by Stefan Weninger; in collaboration with Geoffrey Khan, Michael P. Streck, Janet C. E.Watson; Walter ...
and
Hebrew Hebrew (; ; ) is a Northwest Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family. Historically, it is one of the spoken languages of the Israelites and their longest-surviving descendants, the Jews and Samaritans. It was largely preserved ...
) "son of" * Bet – (
Arabic Arabic (, ' ; , ' or ) is a Semitic language spoken primarily across the Arab world.Semitic languages: an international handbook / edited by Stefan Weninger; in collaboration with Geoffrey Khan, Michael P. Streck, Janet C. E.Watson; Walter ...
from "Beyt") "house of" * Bint – (
Arabic Arabic (, ' ; , ' or ) is a Semitic language spoken primarily across the Arab world.Semitic languages: an international handbook / edited by Stefan Weninger; in collaboration with Geoffrey Khan, Michael P. Streck, Janet C. E.Watson; Walter ...
) "daughter of"; Binti, Binte ( Malaysian version) * Da – (
Italian Italian(s) may refer to: * Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries ** Italians, an ethnic group or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom ** Italian language, a Romance language *** Regional Ita ...
) "from", "of"; (
Portuguese Portuguese may refer to: * anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal ** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods ** Portuguese language, a Romance language *** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language ** Portu ...
) "from the" (before a feminine singular noun) * Das – (
Portuguese Portuguese may refer to: * anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal ** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods ** Portuguese language, a Romance language *** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language ** Portu ...
) "from the", "of the", preceding a feminine plural noun * De – (
Italian Italian(s) may refer to: * Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries ** Italians, an ethnic group or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom ** Italian language, a Romance language *** Regional Ita ...
,
French French (french: français(e), link=no) may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to France ** French language, which originated in France, and its various dialects and accents ** French people, a nation and ethnic group identified with Franc ...
,
Spanish Spanish might refer to: * Items from or related to Spain: **Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain **Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many Latin American countries **Spanish cuisine Other places * Spanish, Ontario, Can ...
,
Portuguese Portuguese may refer to: * anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal ** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods ** Portuguese language, a Romance language *** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language ** Portu ...
, Filipino) "of"; indicates region of origin, often a sign of nobility; in
Spanish-speaking countries The following is a list of countries where Spanish is an official language, plus a number of countries where Spanish or any language closely related to it, is an important or significant language. Official or national language Spanish is the o ...
a married woman will sometimes append her name with "de XXXX" where "XXXX" is her husband's last name; (
Dutch Dutch commonly refers to: * Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands * Dutch people () * Dutch language () Dutch may also refer to: Places * Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States * Pennsylvania Dutch Country People E ...
) "the" * Degli – (
Italian Italian(s) may refer to: * Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries ** Italians, an ethnic group or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom ** Italian language, a Romance language *** Regional Ita ...
) "of the", preceding a masculine plural noun starting with either ''sp, sc, ps, z, gn,'' or ''st''. * Del – (
Italian Italian(s) may refer to: * Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries ** Italians, an ethnic group or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom ** Italian language, a Romance language *** Regional Ita ...
,
Spanish Spanish might refer to: * Items from or related to Spain: **Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain **Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many Latin American countries **Spanish cuisine Other places * Spanish, Ontario, Can ...
) "of the", preceding a masculine singular noun *Dele – Southern French,
Spanish Spanish might refer to: * Items from or related to Spain: **Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain **Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many Latin American countries **Spanish cuisine Other places * Spanish, Ontario, Can ...
, Filipino, and Occitan, equivalent of Du * Della – (
Italian Italian(s) may refer to: * Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries ** Italians, an ethnic group or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom ** Italian language, a Romance language *** Regional Ita ...
) "of the", preceding a feminine singular noun * Der – (Western Armenian) "son/daughter of a priest"; (
German German(s) may refer to: * Germany (of or related to) **Germania (historical use) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law **Ge ...
) "the" (masculine nominative), "of the" (feminine genitive) * Di – (
Italian Italian(s) may refer to: * Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries ** Italians, an ethnic group or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom ** Italian language, a Romance language *** Regional Ita ...
) "son of" * Dos – (
Portuguese Portuguese may refer to: * anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal ** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods ** Portuguese language, a Romance language *** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language ** Portu ...
) "from the, of the", preceding a masculine plural noun * Du – (
French French (french: français(e), link=no) may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to France ** French language, which originated in France, and its various dialects and accents ** French people, a nation and ethnic group identified with Franc ...
) "of the", preceding a masculine singular noun * E – (
Portuguese Portuguese may refer to: * anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal ** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods ** Portuguese language, a Romance language *** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language ** Portu ...
) "and", between surnames (Maria Eduarda de Canto e Mello) * El – (
Arabic Arabic (, ' ; , ' or ) is a Semitic language spoken primarily across the Arab world.Semitic languages: an international handbook / edited by Stefan Weninger; in collaboration with Geoffrey Khan, Michael P. Streck, Janet C. E.Watson; Walter ...
and
Spanish Spanish might refer to: * Items from or related to Spain: **Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain **Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many Latin American countries **Spanish cuisine Other places * Spanish, Ontario, Can ...
) "the" * Fetch, Vetch – (
Welsh Welsh may refer to: Related to Wales * Welsh, referring or related to Wales * Welsh language, a Brittonic Celtic language spoken in Wales * Welsh people People * Welsh (surname) * Sometimes used as a synonym for the ancient Britons (Celtic peopl ...
) "daughter of" * Fitz – (
Irish Irish may refer to: Common meanings * Someone or something of, from, or related to: ** Ireland, an island situated off the north-western coast of continental Europe ***Éire, Irish language name for the isle ** Northern Ireland, a constituent unit ...
, from
Norman French Norman or Norman French (, french: Normand, Guernésiais: , Jèrriais: ) is a Romance language which can be classified as one of the Oïl languages along with French, Picard and Walloon. The name "Norman French" is sometimes used to descri ...
) "son of", from
Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through ...
"filius" meaning "son" (mistakenly thought to mean illegitimate son, because of its use for certain illegitimate sons of English kings) * i – (
Catalan Catalan may refer to: Catalonia From, or related to Catalonia: * Catalan language, a Romance language * Catalans, an ethnic group formed by the people from, or with origins in, Northern or southern Catalonia Places * 13178 Catalan, asteroid #1 ...
) "and", always in lowercase, used to identify both surnames (e.g. Antoni Gaudí i Cornet) * ka – ( Zulu) "(son/daughter) of", always in lower case and preceding the name of the father. * Kil, Gil – (
English English usually refers to: * English language * English people English may also refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England ** English national ...
,
Irish Irish may refer to: Common meanings * Someone or something of, from, or related to: ** Ireland, an island situated off the north-western coast of continental Europe ***Éire, Irish language name for the isle ** Northern Ireland, a constituent unit ...
, Scottish) "son of", "servant of", "devotee of", originating from the Irish "Mac Giolla", typically followed by a Saint's name (e.g. Mac Giolla Bhríde). * La – (
Italian Italian(s) may refer to: * Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries ** Italians, an ethnic group or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom ** Italian language, a Romance language *** Regional Ita ...
,
French French (french: français(e), link=no) may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to France ** French language, which originated in France, and its various dialects and accents ** French people, a nation and ethnic group identified with Franc ...
,
Spanish Spanish might refer to: * Items from or related to Spain: **Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain **Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many Latin American countries **Spanish cuisine Other places * Spanish, Ontario, Can ...
) "the", feminine singular * Le – ( Northern French) "the", masculine singular * Lille – (
Norwegian Norwegian, Norwayan, or Norsk may refer to: *Something of, from, or related to Norway, a country in northwestern Europe * Norwegians, both a nation and an ethnic group native to Norway * Demographics of Norway *The Norwegian language, including ...
) "small", "little" * Lu – (
Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through ...
and Roman) "Master" * M'/Mac/Mc/Mck/Mhic/Mic – (
Irish Irish may refer to: Common meanings * Someone or something of, from, or related to: ** Ireland, an island situated off the north-western coast of continental Europe ***Éire, Irish language name for the isle ** Northern Ireland, a constituent unit ...
, Scottish, and
Manx Gaelic Manx ( or , pronounced or ), also known as Manx Gaelic, is a Gaelic language of the insular Celtic branch of the Celtic language family, itself a branch of the Indo-European language family. Manx is the historical language of the Manx people ...
) "son". Both ''Mac'' and ''Mc'' are sometimes written Mac and Mc (with superscript ''ac'' or ''c''). In some names, ''Mc'' is pronounced ''Mac''. * Mala – ( Kurdish) "House of" * Mellom, Myljom – (
Norwegian Norwegian, Norwayan, or Norsk may refer to: *Something of, from, or related to Norway, a country in northwestern Europe * Norwegians, both a nation and an ethnic group native to Norway * Demographics of Norway *The Norwegian language, including ...
) "between" * Na – ณ ( Thai) "at" * Ned, Nedre – (
Norwegian Norwegian, Norwayan, or Norsk may refer to: *Something of, from, or related to Norway, a country in northwestern Europe * Norwegians, both a nation and an ethnic group native to Norway * Demographics of Norway *The Norwegian language, including ...
) "low", "lower" * Neder – (
Swedish Swedish or ' may refer to: Anything from or related to Sweden, a country in Northern Europe. Or, specifically: * Swedish language, a North Germanic language spoken primarily in Sweden and Finland ** Swedish alphabet, the official alphabet used by ...
) "lower", "under" * Ngā – ( Te Reo Māori) "the (plural)" * Nic, Ní – (
Irish Irish may refer to: Common meanings * Someone or something of, from, or related to: ** Ireland, an island situated off the north-western coast of continental Europe ***Éire, Irish language name for the isle ** Northern Ireland, a constituent unit ...
, Scottish) "daughter of", from Irish "iníon" meaning "daughter" * Nin – (
Serbian Serbian may refer to: * someone or something related to Serbia, a country in Southeastern Europe * someone or something related to the Serbs, a South Slavic people * Serbian language * Serbian names See also * * * Old Serbian (disambiguation ...
) * Nord, Norr – (
German German(s) may refer to: * Germany (of or related to) **Germania (historical use) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law **Ge ...
,
Swedish Swedish or ' may refer to: Anything from or related to Sweden, a country in Northern Europe. Or, specifically: * Swedish language, a North Germanic language spoken primarily in Sweden and Finland ** Swedish alphabet, the official alphabet used by ...
, Danish), Nord, Nordre (
Norwegian Norwegian, Norwayan, or Norsk may refer to: *Something of, from, or related to Norway, a country in northwestern Europe * Norwegians, both a nation and an ethnic group native to Norway * Demographics of Norway *The Norwegian language, including ...
) "north", "northern" * Ny – (
Swedish Swedish or ' may refer to: Anything from or related to Sweden, a country in Northern Europe. Or, specifically: * Swedish language, a North Germanic language spoken primarily in Sweden and Finland ** Swedish alphabet, the official alphabet used by ...
, Danish,
Norwegian Norwegian, Norwayan, or Norsk may refer to: *Something of, from, or related to Norway, a country in northwestern Europe * Norwegians, both a nation and an ethnic group native to Norway * Demographics of Norway *The Norwegian language, including ...
) "new" * O/Ó/Ua/Uí – (
Irish Irish may refer to: Common meanings * Someone or something of, from, or related to: ** Ireland, an island situated off the north-western coast of continental Europe ***Éire, Irish language name for the isle ** Northern Ireland, a constituent unit ...
, Scottish, and
Manx Gaelic Manx ( or , pronounced or ), also known as Manx Gaelic, is a Gaelic language of the insular Celtic branch of the Celtic language family, itself a branch of the Indo-European language family. Manx is the historical language of the Manx people ...
) "son of", "grandson of", "descendant of" * Opp, Upp – (
Norwegian Norwegian, Norwayan, or Norsk may refer to: *Something of, from, or related to Norway, a country in northwestern Europe * Norwegians, both a nation and an ethnic group native to Norway * Demographics of Norway *The Norwegian language, including ...
) "up" * Öfver – (
Swedish Swedish or ' may refer to: Anything from or related to Sweden, a country in Northern Europe. Or, specifically: * Swedish language, a North Germanic language spoken primarily in Sweden and Finland ** Swedish alphabet, the official alphabet used by ...
) "upper", "over" (archaic spelling) * Ost (
German German(s) may refer to: * Germany (of or related to) **Germania (historical use) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law **Ge ...
), Öst, Öster (
Swedish Swedish or ' may refer to: Anything from or related to Sweden, a country in Northern Europe. Or, specifically: * Swedish language, a North Germanic language spoken primarily in Sweden and Finland ** Swedish alphabet, the official alphabet used by ...
), Øst ( Danish), Øst, Østre (
Norwegian Norwegian, Norwayan, or Norsk may refer to: *Something of, from, or related to Norway, a country in northwestern Europe * Norwegians, both a nation and an ethnic group native to Norway * Demographics of Norway *The Norwegian language, including ...
) – "east", "eastern" * Över – (
Swedish Swedish or ' may refer to: Anything from or related to Sweden, a country in Northern Europe. Or, specifically: * Swedish language, a North Germanic language spoken primarily in Sweden and Finland ** Swedish alphabet, the official alphabet used by ...
) "upper", "over" * Øvste, Øvre, Øver – (
Norwegian Norwegian, Norwayan, or Norsk may refer to: *Something of, from, or related to Norway, a country in northwestern Europe * Norwegians, both a nation and an ethnic group native to Norway * Demographics of Norway *The Norwegian language, including ...
) "upper" * Öz – ( Turkish) "pure" * Pour – ( Persian) "son of" * Putra/Putera – ( Indonesian) "son of" * Putri/Puteri – ( Indonesian) "daughter of" * Setia/Setya – ( Indonesian) "loyal to" *Stor – (
Norwegian Norwegian, Norwayan, or Norsk may refer to: *Something of, from, or related to Norway, a country in northwestern Europe * Norwegians, both a nation and an ethnic group native to Norway * Demographics of Norway *The Norwegian language, including ...
,
Swedish Swedish or ' may refer to: Anything from or related to Sweden, a country in Northern Europe. Or, specifically: * Swedish language, a North Germanic language spoken primarily in Sweden and Finland ** Swedish alphabet, the official alphabet used by ...
) "large" * Söder – (
Swedish Swedish or ' may refer to: Anything from or related to Sweden, a country in Northern Europe. Or, specifically: * Swedish language, a North Germanic language spoken primarily in Sweden and Finland ** Swedish alphabet, the official alphabet used by ...
), Sør, Sønder ( Danish), Sør, Syd, Søndre, Syndre, Søre (Norwegian), "south", "southern" * Te – ( Te Reo Māori) "the (singular)" * Ter – (
Dutch Dutch commonly refers to: * Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands * Dutch people () * Dutch language () Dutch may also refer to: Places * Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States * Pennsylvania Dutch Country People E ...
) "at the" * Ter – (
Eastern Armenian Eastern Armenian ( ''arevelahayeren'') is one of the two standardized forms of Modern Armenian, the other being Western Armenian. The two standards form a pluricentric language. Eastern Armenian is spoken in Armenia, Artsakh, Russia, as ...
) "son/daughter of a Priest" * Tre – ( Cornish) "farm of" * Van – (
Dutch Dutch commonly refers to: * Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands * Dutch people () * Dutch language () Dutch may also refer to: Places * Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States * Pennsylvania Dutch Country People E ...
) "of", "from" * Van De, Van Den, Van Der, Van Het, Van 't – (
Dutch Dutch commonly refers to: * Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands * Dutch people () * Dutch language () Dutch may also refer to: Places * Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States * Pennsylvania Dutch Country People E ...
) "of the", "from the" * Väst, Väster – (
Swedish Swedish or ' may refer to: Anything from or related to Sweden, a country in Northern Europe. Or, specifically: * Swedish language, a North Germanic language spoken primarily in Sweden and Finland ** Swedish alphabet, the official alphabet used by ...
) "west" * Verch, Erch – (
Welsh Welsh may refer to: Related to Wales * Welsh, referring or related to Wales * Welsh language, a Brittonic Celtic language spoken in Wales * Welsh people People * Welsh (surname) * Sometimes used as a synonym for the ancient Britons (Celtic peopl ...
) "daughter of" * Vest – ( Danish) Vest, Vestre (
Norwegian Norwegian, Norwayan, or Norsk may refer to: *Something of, from, or related to Norway, a country in northwestern Europe * Norwegians, both a nation and an ethnic group native to Norway * Demographics of Norway *The Norwegian language, including ...
) "west", "western" * Vesle, Vetle – (
Norwegian Norwegian, Norwayan, or Norsk may refer to: *Something of, from, or related to Norway, a country in northwestern Europe * Norwegians, both a nation and an ethnic group native to Norway * Demographics of Norway *The Norwegian language, including ...
) "small", "little" * von – (
German German(s) may refer to: * Germany (of or related to) **Germania (historical use) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law **Ge ...
) "of", "from"; a sign of nobility. * war - Marathi Last Name. People from Arya Vyshya community residing mostly in central India. * zu - (
German German(s) may refer to: * Germany (of or related to) **Germania (historical use) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law **Ge ...
) "at"; a sign of nobility, sometimes in the combination von und zu


Suffixes

* -a, -ya Kurdish means "of" (female) (by two surnames) * -à (Catalan)feminine -ana "of or from locality or place (Català -Catalan); and also the name of a job (Manyà -irosmith), from Latin -ānus, -āna * -ac ( Croatian,
Serbian Serbian may refer to: * someone or something related to Serbia, a country in Southeastern Europe * someone or something related to the Serbs, a South Slavic people * Serbian language * Serbian names See also * * * Old Serbian (disambiguation ...
,
Slovenian Slovene or Slovenian may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Slovenia, a country in Central Europe * Slovene language, a South Slavic language mainly spoken in Slovenia * Slovenes, an ethno-linguistic group mainly living in Slovenia * Sl ...
, Southern French) * -ach (
Ukrainian Ukrainian may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Ukraine * Something relating to Ukrainians, an East Slavic people from Eastern Europe * Something relating to demographics of Ukraine in terms of demography and population of Ukraine * So ...
, Belarusian / Belarusian Latin: -ač/) ** -acz ( Polish) * -aei ( Persian) (See -i) for words that end in the long vowel ''A'' * -aitis ( Lithuanian) "son of" ** -aitė (Lithuanian) signifies an unmarried female *** -aty Americanized form * -aj ( Albanian) (pronounced AY; meaning “of the" ) It denotes the name of the family, which mostly comes from the male founder of the family, but also from a place, as in, Lash-aj (from the village Lashaj of Kastrat, MM, Shkodër). It is likely that its ancient form, still found in MM, was an in front of the last name, as in ‘Déda i Lékajve’ (Déd of Lekës). For ease of use, the in front of the last name, and the ending _ve, were dropped. If the last name ends in then removing the would give the name of the patriarch or the place, as in, Grudaj - j = Gruda (place in MM). Otherwise, removing the whole ending jyields the name of founder or place of origin, as in Lekaj - aj = Lek(ë). Since the names are found most commonly in Malsi e Madhe (North) and Labëri (South), it is likely that this linguistic feature is very old. It must have been lost as a result of foreign influences brought into Albania by the invaders. * -ak ( Polish,
Ukrainian Ukrainian may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Ukraine * Something relating to Ukrainians, an East Slavic people from Eastern Europe * Something relating to demographics of Ukraine in terms of demography and population of Ukraine * So ...
, Belarusian, Croatian,
Slovenian Slovene or Slovenian may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Slovenia, a country in Central Europe * Slovene language, a South Slavic language mainly spoken in Slovenia * Slovenes, an ethno-linguistic group mainly living in Slovenia * Sl ...
, Slovak, Montenegrin, Sorbian) See ''-ák'' for its Slovak meaning. ** -ák (
Czech Czech may refer to: * Anything from or related to the Czech Republic, a country in Europe ** Czech language ** Czechs, the people of the area ** Czech culture ** Czech cuisine * One of three mythical brothers, Lech, Czech, and Rus' Places * Czech, ...
, Slovak) In Slovak, ''-ák'' means "pertaining to" or merely creates a noun, and its two other versions are ''-iak'' and ''-ak''. *-al (
Nepali Nepali or Nepalese may refer to : Concerning Nepal * Anything of, from, or related to Nepal * Nepali people, citizens of Nepal * Nepali language, an Indo-Aryan language found in Nepal, the current official national language and a language spoken ...
) denotes for village of origin (for e.g.; Khanal, Dhakal, Dahal,
Rijal Biographical evaluation ( ar, عِلْمُ الرِّجال, ʿilm al-rijāl; literally meaning'' 'Knowledge of Men' , ''but more commonly understood as the ''Science of Narrators)'' refers to a discipline of Islamic religious studies within h ...
, etc.) * -an (
Ukrainian Ukrainian may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Ukraine * Something relating to Ukrainians, an East Slavic people from Eastern Europe * Something relating to demographics of Ukraine in terms of demography and population of Ukraine * So ...
, Belarusian) (e.g. Ruban) * -an (
Romanian Romanian may refer to: *anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Romania ** Romanians, an ethnic group **Romanian language, a Romance language ***Romanian dialects, variants of the Romanian language **Romanian cuisine, traditiona ...
) * -án (Spanish) * -and (French) * -ange (French) from Germanic ''-ing'' * -ano (
Italian Italian(s) may refer to: * Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries ** Italians, an ethnic group or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom ** Italian language, a Romance language *** Regional Ita ...
) feminine -ana "of or from locality; from Latin ''-ānus, -āna'' * -ant (English; Norman) * -ant (French; Old French) * -ant (Hindi; Sanskrit) * -anu (Romanian) * -appa ( Kodava) patronymic, meaning "father" * -ár ( Slovak) * -ář (
Czech Czech may refer to: * Anything from or related to the Czech Republic, a country in Europe ** Czech language ** Czechs, the people of the area ** Czech culture ** Czech cuisine * One of three mythical brothers, Lech, Czech, and Rus' Places * Czech, ...
) * -arz ( Polish) *-as (French) Duras, Porras, Dumas * -au (-aw) ( Belarusian) / -aŭ ( Belarusian Latin) equivalent to Russian -ov ** -ava (Belarusian) feminine equivalent of -au * -au (
German German(s) may refer to: * Germany (of or related to) **Germania (historical use) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law **Ge ...
) in a
toponymic surname A toponymic surname or topographic surname is a surname derived from a place name.
, "of or from a lower place near water" * -auskas/-iauskas ( Lithuanian) equivalent to Polish -owski, -ewski, Belarusian -ouski, -euski / Belarusian Latin -oŭski, -eŭski * -awan (
Urdu Urdu (;"Urdu"
'' * -chian (Persian, چیان-) attributed to or performing a certain job * -chek, -chik, -chyk, -chuk (
Ukrainian Ukrainian may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Ukraine * Something relating to Ukrainians, an East Slavic people from Eastern Europe * Something relating to demographics of Ukraine in terms of demography and population of Ukraine * So ...
, Belarusian / Belarusian Latin: -ček, -čyk, -čuk/) diminutive ** -czek, -czyk, -czuk, -czak ( Polish) ** -ček, -čík (
Czech Czech may refer to: * Anything from or related to the Czech Republic, a country in Europe ** Czech language ** Czechs, the people of the area ** Czech culture ** Czech cuisine * One of three mythical brothers, Lech, Czech, and Rus' Places * Czech, ...
, Slovak,
Slovenian Slovene or Slovenian may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Slovenia, a country in Central Europe * Slovene language, a South Slavic language mainly spoken in Slovenia * Slovenes, an ethno-linguistic group mainly living in Slovenia * Sl ...
) ** -ćek, -cek ( Croatian) * -ckas ( Lithuanian) Lithuanianized version of the Polish and Belarusian -cki * -cki ( Polish, Belarusian, Croatian,
Serbian Serbian may refer to: * someone or something related to Serbia, a country in Southeastern Europe * someone or something related to the Serbs, a South Slavic people * Serbian language * Serbian names See also * * * Old Serbian (disambiguation ...
, Sorbian) variant of -ski ** -cka (Polish, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Sorbian) Feminine equivalent of -cki * -ckis ( Latvian) Latvianized version of the Polish and Belarusian -cki * -cký (
Czech Czech may refer to: * Anything from or related to the Czech Republic, a country in Europe ** Czech language ** Czechs, the people of the area ** Czech culture ** Czech cuisine * One of three mythical brothers, Lech, Czech, and Rus' Places * Czech, ...
, Slovak) ** -cká (Czech, Slovak) Feminine equivalent of -cký * -čki (
Serbian Serbian may refer to: * someone or something related to Serbia, a country in Southeastern Europe * someone or something related to the Serbs, a South Slavic people * Serbian language * Serbian names See also * * * Old Serbian (disambiguation ...
, Croatian, Bulgarian) * -cock, -cox (English) "little" * -datter (Danish, Norwegian) "daughter (of)" * -din (Swedish) * -dotter (Norwegian, Swedish) "daughter (of)" * -dóttir ( Icelandic) "daughter (of)" ( patronymic suffix (sometimes matronymic) (by law) of not a family name but part of the Icelandic last name where (usually) the father's name is always slightly modified and then ''dóttir'' added) * -dze ( Georgian) "son of" * -dzki ( Polish) variant of -ski, -cki * -é (Catalan) * -ê, -yê (Kurdish) means "of" (male) (by two surnames) * -eanu (
Romanian Romanian may refer to: *anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Romania ** Romanians, an ethnic group **Romanian language, a Romance language ***Romanian dialects, variants of the Romanian language **Romanian cuisine, traditiona ...
) * -eau, -eault (French) diminutive suffix (Latin ''-ellu-'') * -ec (Czech, Slovak, Croatian, Slovenian, Polish, Sorbian, Ukrainian, Belarusian), (French spelling for Breton -e.g.) ** -avec (Belarusian) * -ee (See -i) * -eff ( Russian, Bulgarian) obsolete, copied from German transliteration of -ev * -eiro (
Portuguese Portuguese may refer to: * anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal ** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods ** Portuguese language, a Romance language *** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language ** Portu ...
, Galician) * -ek (
Czech Czech may refer to: * Anything from or related to the Czech Republic, a country in Europe ** Czech language ** Czechs, the people of the area ** Czech culture ** Czech cuisine * One of three mythical brothers, Lech, Czech, and Rus' Places * Czech, ...
, Polish, Slovak,
Slovenian Slovene or Slovenian may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Slovenia, a country in Central Europe * Slovene language, a South Slavic language mainly spoken in Slovenia * Slovenes, an ethno-linguistic group mainly living in Slovenia * Sl ...
, Croatian) diminutive * -ell (English spelling for French ''-el'', diminutive) * -el (Northern French and Occitan, French ''-eau'') * -ema (Suffix of Frisian origin, given by
Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleon Bonaparte ; it, Napoleone Bonaparte, ; co, Napulione Buonaparte. (born Napoleone Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military commander and political leader wh ...
who used suffixes like these to keep a record of people's origins within the
Netherlands ) , anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau") , image_map = , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Kingdom of the Netherlands , established_title = Before independence , established_date = Spanish Netherl ...
) * -ems (
Dutch Dutch commonly refers to: * Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands * Dutch people () * Dutch language () Dutch may also refer to: Places * Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States * Pennsylvania Dutch Country People E ...
) * -ėnas (Lithuanian) "son of" * -enko (
Ukrainian Ukrainian may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Ukraine * Something relating to Ukrainians, an East Slavic people from Eastern Europe * Something relating to demographics of Ukraine in terms of demography and population of Ukraine * So ...
), -enka/-anka ( Belarusian) "son of" ** -chenko (Ukrainian), -chenka/-chanka (Belarusian / Belarusian Latin: -čenka, -čanka/) * -ens (
Dutch Dutch commonly refers to: * Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands * Dutch people () * Dutch language () Dutch may also refer to: Places * Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States * Pennsylvania Dutch Country People E ...
) * -ent (
French French (french: français(e), link=no) may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to France ** French language, which originated in France, and its various dialects and accents ** French people, a nation and ethnic group identified with Franc ...
) * -enya ( Belarusian / Belarusian Latin: -enia/) (e.g. Gerasimenya) * -er (Dutch, English, French, German, Turkish "male") * -ero (Spanish) * -ers (
Dutch Dutch commonly refers to: * Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands * Dutch people () * Dutch language () Dutch may also refer to: Places * Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States * Pennsylvania Dutch Country People E ...
) * -es (Greek, Portuguese) "son of" in Portuguese * -ese (
Italian Italian(s) may refer to: * Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries ** Italians, an ethnic group or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom ** Italian language, a Romance language *** Regional Ita ...
) plural -esi "of or from locality; from Latin ''-ēnsis'' * -escu (
Romanian Romanian may refer to: *anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Romania ** Romanians, an ethnic group **Romanian language, a Romance language ***Romanian dialects, variants of the Romanian language **Romanian cuisine, traditiona ...
) "son of" * -ești (
Romanian Romanian may refer to: *anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Romania ** Romanians, an ethnic group **Romanian language, a Romance language ***Romanian dialects, variants of the Romanian language **Romanian cuisine, traditiona ...
) possessive plural, also used in place names * -et (French) (diminutive suffix Latin ''-ettu-'' or former -el) * -ets (
Ukrainian Ukrainian may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Ukraine * Something relating to Ukrainians, an East Slavic people from Eastern Europe * Something relating to demographics of Ukraine in terms of demography and population of Ukraine * So ...
, Belarusian) * -eu (-ew) ( Belarusian / Belarusian Latin: -eŭ/) equivalent to Russian -ev * -ev ( Russian (all
Eastern Slavic languages The East Slavic languages constitute one of three regional subgroups of the Slavic languages, distinct from the West and South Slavic languages. East Slavic languages are currently spoken natively throughout Eastern Europe, and eastwards to Sibe ...
), Bulgarian,
Macedonian Macedonian most often refers to someone or something from or related to Macedonia. Macedonian(s) may specifically refer to: People Modern * Macedonians (ethnic group), a nation and a South Slavic ethnic group primarily associated with North Ma ...
) possessive ** -eva (Russian (all Eastern Slavic languages), Bulgarian, Macedonian) Feminine equivalent of -ev * -evski (
Macedonian Macedonian most often refers to someone or something from or related to Macedonia. Macedonian(s) may specifically refer to: People Modern * Macedonians (ethnic group), a nation and a South Slavic ethnic group primarily associated with North Ma ...
, Bulgarian) possessive ** -evska (Macedonian, Bulgarian) Feminine equivalent of -evski * -ez (
Spanish Spanish might refer to: * Items from or related to Spain: **Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain **Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many Latin American countries **Spanish cuisine Other places * Spanish, Ontario, Can ...
, North Picard) including Spanish-speaking countries "son of"; in Picard, old spelling for -et * -ëz ( Albanian) for feminine; a word refer to something smaller, either literally or figuratively as in a form of endearment * -fia, -fi, -fy, -ffy ( Hungarian) "descendant of" (literally "son of") *-fleth, -felth, -fleet ( Northern German) current, body of water * -gil, (Turkish, "family") (e.g. Korkmazgil) * -i (Hungarian) "of", "from" indicates region of origin, sign of nobility (e.g. "Szentiványi", "Rákóczi"). Like German Von. * -i (
Arabic Arabic (, ' ; , ' or ) is a Semitic language spoken primarily across the Arab world.Semitic languages: an international handbook / edited by Stefan Weninger; in collaboration with Geoffrey Khan, Michael P. Streck, Janet C. E.Watson; Walter ...
, Persian) "descendant of", "attributed to" (e.g. "Baghdadi", "Abbasi") or, (
Iranian Iranian may refer to: * Iran, a sovereign state * Iranian peoples, the speakers of the Iranian languages. The term Iranic peoples is also used for this term to distinguish the pan ethnic term from Iranian, used for the people of Iran * Iranian lan ...
) "from" (e.g. "Barzani" from Barzan, or Tabrizi from Tabriz.) * -ia (Abkhaz, Mingrelian) * -ian(ts), -yan(ts), -jian, -gian, -ents, -ants, -unts, -uni ( Armenian, Persian) "son/daughter of" * -iak (
Ukrainian Ukrainian may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Ukraine * Something relating to Ukrainians, an East Slavic people from Eastern Europe * Something relating to demographics of Ukraine in terms of demography and population of Ukraine * So ...
, Belarusian, Polish) "descendant of". In Slovak, ''-iak'' is a version of ''-ák''/''-ak'' and means "pertaining to" or merely creates a noun. * -ic(k) (French), misspelling for Breton -ig, diminutive * -ich (-ovich/-evich) ( Belarusian / Belarusian Latin: -ič, –ovič, -evič/), -ych (-ovych/-evych) (
Ukrainian Ukrainian may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Ukraine * Something relating to Ukrainians, an East Slavic people from Eastern Europe * Something relating to demographics of Ukraine in terms of demography and population of Ukraine * So ...
) "son of" ** -icz (-owicz/-ewicz) ( Polish) "son of" ** -ic ( Polish, Slovak,
Czech Czech may refer to: * Anything from or related to the Czech Republic, a country in Europe ** Czech language ** Czechs, the people of the area ** Czech culture ** Czech cuisine * One of three mythical brothers, Lech, Czech, and Rus' Places * Czech, ...
, Sorbian, Belarusian) "son of" *** -owic/-ewic (Polish) *** -ovic (Slovak, Czech arely *** -ojc/-ejc, -ojic/-ejic (Sorbian) *** -yc (Belarusian, Sorbian, Polish) * - ić (-ović/-ević) (
Serbian Serbian may refer to: * someone or something related to Serbia, a country in Southeastern Europe * someone or something related to the Serbs, a South Slavic people * Serbian language * Serbian names See also * * * Old Serbian (disambiguation ...
, Croatian, Bosnian, Montenegrin)
diminutive A diminutive is a root word that has been modified to convey a slighter degree of its root meaning, either to convey the smallness of the object or quality named, or to convey a sense of intimacy or endearment. A ( abbreviated ) is a word-form ...
possessive A possessive or ktetic form ( abbreviated or ; from la, possessivus; grc, κτητικός, translit=ktētikós) is a word or grammatical construction used to indicate a relationship of possession in a broad sense. This can include strict ow ...
, ''little son of'' ** -begović (Bosniak) diminutive possessive of a beg, i.e. ''chieftain's or chief's little son'' ** -ici (-ovici/-evici)
Romanian Romanian may refer to: *anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Romania ** Romanians, an ethnic group **Romanian language, a Romance language ***Romanian dialects, variants of the Romanian language **Romanian cuisine, traditiona ...
of Slavic origin (Romanian adaptation of -ić or -ich/-ych) * -ič (-ovič) (
Slovenian Slovene or Slovenian may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Slovenia, a country in Central Europe * Slovene language, a South Slavic language mainly spoken in Slovenia * Slovenes, an ethno-linguistic group mainly living in Slovenia * Sl ...
, Slovak,
Czech Czech may refer to: * Anything from or related to the Czech Republic, a country in Europe ** Czech language ** Czechs, the people of the area ** Czech culture ** Czech cuisine * One of three mythical brothers, Lech, Czech, and Rus' Places * Czech, ...
arely diminutive, "son of" * -ičius ( Lithuanian) Lithuanianized version of the Belarusian -ich ( Belarusian Latin: -ič) and Polish -icz ** -avičius/-evičius (Lithuanian) Lithuanianized version of the Belarusian -ovich/-evich (Belarusian Latin: -ovič/-evič) and Polish -owicz/-ewicz * -ičs ( Latvian) Latvianized version of the Belarusian -ich ( Belarusian Latin: -ič) and Polish -icz ** -ovičs/-evičs (Latvian) Latvianized version of the Belarusian -ovich/-evich (Belarusian Latin: -ovič/-evič) and Polish -owicz/-ewicz * -ides, -idis, -idas (Greek), "son of" * -ier (French) * -ik ( Belarusian, Polish, Croatian,
Czech Czech may refer to: * Anything from or related to the Czech Republic, a country in Europe ** Czech language ** Czechs, the people of the area ** Czech culture ** Czech cuisine * One of three mythical brothers, Lech, Czech, and Rus' Places * Czech, ...
, Slovak,
Slovenian Slovene or Slovenian may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Slovenia, a country in Central Europe * Slovene language, a South Slavic language mainly spoken in Slovenia * Slovenes, an ethno-linguistic group mainly living in Slovenia * Sl ...
) It merely creates a noun in Slovak where ''-ik'' is a version of ''-ík'', can be endearment, diminutive, have other meanings. ** -ík ( Slovak) It merely creates a noun and can also be endearment, diminutive, have other meanings; its other Slovak version is ''-ik''. * -ik (
Estonian Estonian may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Estonia, a country in the Baltic region in northern Europe * Estonians, people from Estonia, or of Estonian descent * Estonian language * Estonian cuisine * Estonian culture See also * ...
) if it follows a tree name, has a meaning "grove" * -ikh, -ykh ( Russian) * -in ( Russian (all Eastern Slavic languages), Bulgarian) possessive ** - ina (female equivalent of -in; especially rare for male names, but the suffix alone is an actual female name) ** -yn (Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian) possessive * -in (French) diminutive * -in (Dutch, German) suffix attached to old Germanic female surnames (e.g. female surname "Mayerin", the wife of "Mayer") * -ing, ink (Anglo-Saxon, Dutch, German) "descendant" * -ino (a common suffix for male Latino and Italian names) * -ipa (Abkhazian) "son of" * -ipha (Abkhazian) "girl of" * -is (Greek, /male/ Lithuanian) ** -ienė (Lithuanian) female version ** -ytė (Lithuanian) unmarried female version * -ishin, -yshyn (
Ukrainian Ukrainian may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Ukraine * Something relating to Ukrainians, an East Slavic people from Eastern Europe * Something relating to demographics of Ukraine in terms of demography and population of Ukraine * So ...
) possessive (e.g. Romanishin = son of wife of Roman) ** -ishina, -yshyna (female equivalent of -ishin, -yshyn) * -iu (
Romanian Romanian may refer to: *anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Romania ** Romanians, an ethnic group **Romanian language, a Romance language ***Romanian dialects, variants of the Romanian language **Romanian cuisine, traditiona ...
) * -ius (Lithuanian) "son of" * -iv (
Ukrainian Ukrainian may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Ukraine * Something relating to Ukrainians, an East Slavic people from Eastern Europe * Something relating to demographics of Ukraine in terms of demography and population of Ukraine * So ...
) possessive Galician form, introduced in late 19th century by Austrian authorities. Like -ov or -ev. * -j (Adygean)"old" * -ka ( Belarusian, Polish,
Czech Czech may refer to: * Anything from or related to the Czech Republic, a country in Europe ** Czech language ** Czechs, the people of the area ** Czech culture ** Czech cuisine * One of three mythical brothers, Lech, Czech, and Rus' Places * Czech, ...
, Slovak) diminutive * -kan, -ken (Turkish) (e.g. Vuruşkan) * -kar (Marathi) (e.g. Tendulkar)"originating from", * -ke, (Italian,Russian) In surnames of Slavic origin. Like Ukrainian -ko * -kin, -kins, -ken (English) "little" * -kin (Dutch) "little" * -ko (
Ukrainian Ukrainian may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Ukraine * Something relating to Ukrainians, an East Slavic people from Eastern Europe * Something relating to demographics of Ukraine in terms of demography and population of Ukraine * So ...
, Polish, Slovak,
Czech Czech may refer to: * Anything from or related to the Czech Republic, a country in Europe ** Czech language ** Czechs, the people of the area ** Czech culture ** Czech cuisine * One of three mythical brothers, Lech, Czech, and Rus' Places * Czech, ...
)diminutive *-ko (Polish, Czech, Slovak, Bulgarian, Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Serbian)- diminutive, “child,” “descendant of.” It is used in affectionate forms of first names, and is also a common suffix in many surnames. * -ko (Adygean) "son" ''ĸъо'' * -kus (Lithuanian) * -kvist, -qvist (Swedish) "twig" * -kyzy ( Great Kazakh) "daughter of" * -kyzy (
Kyrgyz Kyrgyz, Kirghiz or Kyrgyzstani may refer to: * Someone or something related to Kyrgyzstan *Kyrgyz people *Kyrgyz national games *Kyrgyz language *Kyrgyz culture *Kyrgyz cuisine *Yenisei Kirghiz *The Fuyü Gïrgïs language in Northeastern China ...
) "daughter of" * -le, -lein (German) "small" * -li, -lı, -lu, -lü ( Turkish,
Azeri Azerbaijanis (; az, Azərbaycanlılar, ), Azeris ( az, Azərilər, ), or Azerbaijani Turks ( az, Azərbaycan Türkləri, ) are a Turkic people living mainly in northwestern Iran and the Republic of Azerbaijan. They are the second-most nume ...
) "from" (e.g. İzmirli, Ankaralı, İstanbullu, Bakülü) * -li (Italian) * -lin (French, Irish, Swedish) in Germanic names "small" * -litz (German) * -man(n) (Dutch, German, English) * -mand (Persian, مند-) owning or showing * -maz (Turkish) "does not" (e.g. " Yılmaz = Yields not", "Korkmaz = Fears not") * -men, -man (Turkish) flipping suffix (e.g. ak=white, akman=purely white), "person", "male person", have other meanings * -ment (French) from Germanic “man” * -mere (Old English) meaning “lake” * -moar * -mohr (German) * -moor * -moore * -more * -mor * -nė, -te /female/ ( Lithuanian) * -nen (
Finnish Finnish may refer to: * Something or someone from, or related to Finland * Culture of Finland * Finnish people or Finns, the primary ethnic group in Finland * Finnish language, the national language of the Finnish people * Finnish cuisine See also ...
) ''
diminutive A diminutive is a root word that has been modified to convey a slighter degree of its root meaning, either to convey the smallness of the object or quality named, or to convey a sense of intimacy or endearment. A ( abbreviated ) is a word-form ...
'', "from" * -nik (Estonian) attributed to occupation (''talu'' being "farm" – ''talunik'' being "farmer") * -nova, -novas (Italian, Galician, Catalan) "new" * -novo ( Galician) "new" * -ný (Czech, Slovak) adjective * -ny (Polish) adjective * -nezhad, -nejad, -nejhad (Persian, نژاد) "descendant of" * -nyi ( Hungarian) * -off (Russian, Bulgarian) obsolete, copied from French transliteration of -ov, based on Muscovite pronunciation * -oğlu (Azeri, Turkish) "son of" (e.g. Türkoğlu) * -ok (Belarusian, Ukrainian, Czech) * -ois, -oy, -ais, -ay (French) from Germanic ''-isk'' and Vulgar Latin ''-ese'' * -on (French), former subject case in masculine names * -onak (-onok) ( Belarusian) * -onis (Lithuanian) "son of" * -os (Greek) like Latin ''-us'' (Gasconic, Spanish, Portuguese) from Latin ''-us'' ** -opoulos, -opulos (Greek) * -osz, -oš (Polish, Czech, Slovak) * -ot (French) "little" * -ou(t) (French), various origins * -ou (
Greek Greek may refer to: Greece Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group. *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family. **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...
) "daughter of" * -ou (-ow) ( Belarusian) / -oŭ ( Belarusian Latin) equivalent to Russian -ov ** -ova (Belarusian) feminine equivalent of -ou * -ouf (French), French spelling of Arabic names ending with ''-ūf'' * -ouf, Norman-French spelling of surnames of Anglo-scandinavian origin or West Germanic origin ending with ''-ulf'' or ''-wulf'' * -oui (French), French spelling of Arabic names, English spelling ''-wi'' * -ous * -ov (all Eastern Slavic languages, Bulgarian,
Macedonian Macedonian most often refers to someone or something from or related to Macedonia. Macedonian(s) may specifically refer to: People Modern * Macedonians (ethnic group), a nation and a South Slavic ethnic group primarily associated with North Ma ...
) possessive ** -ova (all Eastern Slavic languages, Bulgarian, Macedonian) feminine equivalent of -ov, -ou, -ow * -ová (Czech, Slovak) feminine derivative of a noun male surname * -ovo (Russian) (e.g. Durnovo) * -ovski (
Macedonian Macedonian most often refers to someone or something from or related to Macedonia. Macedonian(s) may specifically refer to: People Modern * Macedonians (ethnic group), a nation and a South Slavic ethnic group primarily associated with North Ma ...
, Bulgarian) possessive ** -ovska (Macedonian, Bulgarian) Feminine equivalent of -ovski * -ow ( Russian, though found in predominantly
German German(s) may refer to: * Germany (of or related to) **Germania (historical use) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law **Ge ...
names, it is pronounced like English "ow" not like the German "ov") * -pour, -poor (Persian) "son of" * -putra (Indonesian) "son" * -putri (Indonesian) "daughter" * -quin, (French) from Dutch ''-kin'' "little" * -s (English, Dutch, Irish, Welsh) "(son/daughter) of". Sometimes less recognizable, like in "Hendrickx" (son/daughter of Hendrik) * -sen or -zen ( Danish,
Norwegian Norwegian, Norwayan, or Norsk may refer to: *Something of, from, or related to Norway, a country in northwestern Europe * Norwegians, both a nation and an ethnic group native to Norway * Demographics of Norway *The Norwegian language, including ...
, Dutch or Low German) "son (of)" ** -ssen (Dutch or Low German) "son (of)" ** -ssens or -sens (Dutch) "grandson/granddaughter of". Literally "(son/daughter) of the son of" * -shvili ( Georgian) "child" * -skas ( Lithuanian) Lithuanianized version of the Polish and Belarusian -ski * -ski ( Polish, Belarusian,
Macedonian Macedonian most often refers to someone or something from or related to Macedonia. Macedonian(s) may specifically refer to: People Modern * Macedonians (ethnic group), a nation and a South Slavic ethnic group primarily associated with North Ma ...
, Bulgarian, Sorbian, Croatian. Also Russian but more often transliterated as -sky), "originating from", "estate of" ** -ska (Polish, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Macedonian, Bulgarian, Sorbian, Croatian) Feminine equivalent of -ski * -skiy/-tskiy, -skyi/-tskyi (
Ukrainian Ukrainian may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Ukraine * Something relating to Ukrainians, an East Slavic people from Eastern Europe * Something relating to demographics of Ukraine in terms of demography and population of Ukraine * So ...
) ** -ivskiy, -ivskyi (Ukrainian) * -skoy/-tskoy ( Russian) (e.g. Shakhovskoy) * -sky/-tsky (Russian, Ukrainian) ** -skaya/-tskaya (Russian) Feminine equivalent of -sky/-tsky ** -ivsky (Ukrainian) * -ský (
Czech Czech may refer to: * Anything from or related to the Czech Republic, a country in Europe ** Czech language ** Czechs, the people of the area ** Czech culture ** Czech cuisine * One of three mythical brothers, Lech, Czech, and Rus' Places * Czech, ...
, Slovak) "originating from", "lord of" ** -ská (Czech, Slovak) Feminine equivalent of -ský * -skis ( Latvian) Latvianized version of the Polish and Belarusian -ski * -sma (Frisian) "son of" * -son (English, Swedish, German, Norwegian, Scottish, Icelandic) "son (of)" (sometimes less recognizable, e.g. "Dixon"; in Iceland not part of a family name but the patronymic (sometimes matronymic) last name (by law), where (usually) the fathers's name is always slightly modified and then ''son'' added) ** -sson ( Icelandic, Norwegian, Swedish, Scottish) "son (of)" (in Iceland technically the first ''s'' is a separate "suffix" of the father's name according to
Icelandic language Icelandic (; is, íslenska, link=no ) is a North Germanic language spoken by about 314,000 people, the vast majority of whom live in Iceland, where it is the national language. Due to being a West Scandinavian language, it is most closely re ...
rules, one of the most common modifications) * -(s)son (French), diminutive * -stad (Norwegian) "town" * -stein (
German German(s) may refer to: * Germany (of or related to) **Germania (historical use) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law **Ge ...
) "stone" *-strom, -strøm, -ström (Danish, Swedish) from 'current', probably an arbitrarily adopted ornamental name but possibly a topographic name for someone who lived by a river. * -tæ (Ossetian) "belong to" * -tabar (Persian) "descendant of" * -tzki, -tzky (Polish) – phonetic Germanized spelling of original Polish -cki * -uk (
Ukrainian Ukrainian may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Ukraine * Something relating to Ukrainians, an East Slavic people from Eastern Europe * Something relating to demographics of Ukraine in terms of demography and population of Ukraine * So ...
, Belarusian) diminutive * -ulea (Romanian) "son of" * -ulis ( Lithuanian) * -uly ( Great Kazakh) "son of" * -ūnas (Lithuanian) "son of" * -uulu (
Kyrgyz Kyrgyz, Kirghiz or Kyrgyzstani may refer to: * Someone or something related to Kyrgyzstan *Kyrgyz people *Kyrgyz national games *Kyrgyz language *Kyrgyz culture *Kyrgyz cuisine *Yenisei Kirghiz *The Fuyü Gïrgïs language in Northeastern China ...
form of -oğlu) "son of" * -vich ( Belarusian / Belarusian Latin: -vič/, occasionally a respelling of original Serbian, Croatian -vić) "son of" ** -vych (
Ukrainian Ukrainian may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Ukraine * Something relating to Ukrainians, an East Slavic people from Eastern Europe * Something relating to demographics of Ukraine in terms of demography and population of Ukraine * So ...
) ** -wicz ( Polish), -wic (Polish) ** -vić (
Serbian Serbian may refer to: * someone or something related to Serbia, a country in Southeastern Europe * someone or something related to the Serbs, a South Slavic people * Serbian language * Serbian names See also * * * Old Serbian (disambiguation ...
, Croatian, Bosnian, Montenegrin) ** -vič (
Slovenian Slovene or Slovenian may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Slovenia, a country in Central Europe * Slovene language, a South Slavic language mainly spoken in Slovenia * Slovenes, an ethno-linguistic group mainly living in Slovenia * Sl ...
, Slovak,
Czech Czech may refer to: * Anything from or related to the Czech Republic, a country in Europe ** Czech language ** Czechs, the people of the area ** Czech culture ** Czech cuisine * One of three mythical brothers, Lech, Czech, and Rus' Places * Czech, ...
arely, -vic (Slovak, Czech arely ** -vici (Romanianized respellings) ** -vics (Hungarianized respellings) ** -vitz, -witz, -witch, -witsch (Germanized or Anglicized respellings) * -vičius ( Lithuanian) Lithuanianized version of the Belarusian -vich ( Belarusian Latin: -vič) and Polish -wicz ** -vičiutė (Lithuanian) signifies an unmarried female * -vičs ( Latvian) Latvianized version of the Belarusian -vich (Belarusian Latin: -vič) and Polish –wicz * -wala, -wallah, wali, vala, vali ( Hindustani,
Gujarati Gujarati may refer to: * something of, from, or related to Gujarat, a state of India * Gujarati people, the major ethnic group of Gujarat * Gujarati language, the Indo-Aryan language spoken by them * Gujarati languages, the Western Indo-Aryan sub- ...
,
Bengali Bengali or Bengalee, or Bengalese may refer to: *something of, from, or related to Bengal, a large region in South Asia * Bengalis, an ethnic and linguistic group of the region * Bengali language, the language they speak ** Bengali alphabet, the w ...
, Marathi) denotes the occupation or place of origin (Occupation example: Batliwala – one who deals with bottles. Place example: Suratwala – one from Surat) * -wan (Indonesian) denotes a male name * -wati (Indonesian) denotes a female name * -wi (
Arabic Arabic (, ' ; , ' or ) is a Semitic language spoken primarily across the Arab world.Semitic languages: an international handbook / edited by Stefan Weninger; in collaboration with Geoffrey Khan, Michael P. Streck, Janet C. E.Watson; Walter ...
) "from" * -y (Arabic/Persian) Means descendant of. * -y (See ''-i'') * -yal * -ycz ( Polish) * -yk (Polish, Belarusian,
Ukrainian Ukrainian may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Ukraine * Something relating to Ukrainians, an East Slavic people from Eastern Europe * Something relating to demographics of Ukraine in terms of demography and population of Ukraine * So ...
) * -ynas ( Lithuanian) "son of" * -ys (English) representing i. the archaic plural form, or ii. a diminutive form. Variant forms not limited to -yss, -is, -es. Pronunciation is as modern plural suffix -s; i.e. ''Sandys'' = sands; ''Foulis'' = fowls. * -ysz (Polish) * -za (Kurdish) "born of" * - zadeh, -zada (Turkish, Azeri, Persian زاده), -zai (Pashto) "son of", "descendant of" * -zadegan (Persian, زادگان-) plural form of zadeh


See also

*
Celtic onomastics Onomastics is an important source of information on the early Celts, as Greco-Roman historiography recorded Celtic names before substantial written information becomes available in any Celtic language. Like Germanic names, early Celtic names are ...
*
Language identification In natural language processing, language identification or language guessing is the problem of determining which natural language given content is in. Computational approaches to this problem view it as a special case of text categorization, solv ...
*
Lists of most common surnames Lists of most common surnames by region: * List of most common surnames in Asia * List of most common surnames in Europe * List of most common surnames in North America * List of most common surnames in Oceania (Australia, New Zealand) * List o ...
, for the various continents *
Matriname A matrilineal surname or matrinameSykes, Bryan (2001). '' The Seven Daughters of Eve''. W.W. Norton. ; pp. 291–2. Professor Bryan Sykes uses "matriname", only, and states that women adding their own matriname to men's patriname (or "surname" a ...
*
Nobiliary particle A nobiliary particle is used in a surname or family name in many Western cultures to signal the nobility of a family. The particle used varies depending on the country, language and period of time. In some languages, it is the same as a regular pr ...
*
Patronymic surname A patronymic surname is a surname originated from the given name of the father or a patrilineal ancestor. Different cultures have different ways of producing patronymic surnames. For example, early patronymic Welsh surnames were the result of t ...
*
Scandinavian family name etymology Heritable family names were generally adopted rather late within Scandinavia. Nobility were the first to take names that would be passed on from one generation to the next. Later, clergy, artisans and merchants in cities took heritable names. Fami ...
* Slavic name suffix * Tussenvoegsel (Dutch prefixes)


References


External links


Surname Prefixes

Surname Suffixes
{{DEFAULTSORT:Family Name Affixes Etymology * Linguistics lists Name suffixes English suffixes