Samuel A. Bierfield (? - August 15, 1868) is believed to be the first
Jew lynched in the
United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territorie ...
. Bierfield and his
African-American
African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans and Afro-Americans) are an Race and ethnicity in the United States, ethnic group consisting of Americans with partial or total ancestry from sub-Saharan Africa. The term "African American ...
clerk, Lawrence Bowman, were confronted in Bierfield's store in
Franklin, Tennessee and fatally shot on August 15, 1868 by a group of masked men. The killers were believed to belong to a local chapter of the
Ku Klux Klan
The Ku Klux Klan (), commonly shortened to the KKK or the Klan, is an American white supremacist, right-wing terrorist, and hate group whose primary targets are African Americans, Jews, Latinos, Asian Americans, Native Americans, and ...
, which had emerged as an
insurgent
An insurgency is a violent, armed rebellion against authority waged by small, lightly armed bands who practice guerrilla warfare from primarily rural base areas. The key descriptive feature of insurgency is its asymmetric warfare, asymmetric na ...
force in the state in 1866. Bierfield's murder was reported by both ''
The New York Times
''The New York Times'' (''the Times'', ''NYT'', or the Gray Lady) is a daily newspaper based in New York City with a worldwide readership reported in 2020 to comprise a declining 840,000 paid print subscribers, and a growing 6 million paid ...
'' and the ''
Nashville Union and Dispatch.''
As was typical in such cases, no one was ever convicted of the crime. One man was arrested for Bierfield's murder but was released by the judge after seven witnesses provided an alibi for him.
[ Midnight in Tennessee]
, Paul Berger, Forward.com, December 12, 2014 The lynching followed months of increasing political violence locally the year before, including the July 1867 attacks on black
Union League members in what was called the Franklin Riot. An estimated 25 to 30 blacks were wounded and three died as a result of that incident, together with one white Conservative.
Background
Racial and political violence had increased in the area during 1867, especially after African Americans were granted the franchise from the state legislature in February 1867. Many former Confederates were still temporarily disenfranchised and resented their loss of political power.
At an Independence Day rally in Franklin on July 6, where Republican candidates
John Trimble for Congress and Mr. Elliott for the state senate appeared, Conservative Democrats, who were mostly white but included some blacks, tried to disrupt the Republican meeting. Later that evening, the black Union League Republicans conducted a planned torch light procession in town. They went to the square to disband. There they were ambushed, shot by whites gathered at the opposite corner and from windows. Some "30
lack Union League veterans were wounded, most of them shot in the side and back. Eight Conservatives, including three blacks, were wounded and one white Conservative, Michael Cody, Jr., was killed."
[ An estimated three blacks among the Union League were mortally wounded. The next day 45th regulars arrived from Nashville and no more immediate violence took place.
]
Bierfield case
A group of masked men appeared at both the rear and front doors of Samuel Bierfield's store. When he refused to open the back door, they broke in. He ran out the front, where he encountered the rest of the group. The masked men shot Bierfield five times. They mortally wounded his black clerk Lawrence Bowman, who had been with him at the store. Henry Morton, another black man, had been sitting and chatting with the pair and escaped without injury during the melee. Bierfield pleaded for his life on the street in front of his dry goods store but was shot to death by the masked men at close range.[
Following the murders, on August 18, the '' Nashville Union and Dispatch'' reported that Bierfield had deserved his "execution", and that the local Jewish community need not fear that this was "a war waged against them".][ In the style of "blaming the victim", as was typical after lynchings, the newspaper asserted that Bierfield had been a murderer, "among the very few criminals of their nation".][ Referring to "the letter written by the negro Israel Brown to John Nolin ic (who was also black), which had been publicized before Bierfield was shot, the paper reported that the merchant was implicated in the murder of an innocent man. It said, "It is known that the terrible Ku-Klux Klan had nothing to do with this murderer's execution".][The Franklin Tragedy]
, '' Nashville Union and Dispatch'', 19 August 1868 ''The New York Times'' headlined its report on events as "Murderous outrage in Franklin".[
In the letter, the contents of which had been widely publicized in the area, Brown purportedly said that Bierfield had hired Brown and others to murder Jeremiah Ezell, a white farmer who had been killed on July 18. Brown had "escaped".][ But John Nolan, the supposed recipient of the letter, said that he did not know any Israel Brown.
Captain George Judd and Brevet Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Gelray were dispatched by the ]Freedmen's Bureau
The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, usually referred to as simply the Freedmen's Bureau, was an agency of early Reconstruction, assisting freedmen in the South. It was established on March 3, 1865, and operated briefly as a ...
office in Nashville to investigate the case. When they tried to see the letter, they were told by the last holder that it had been lost. Judd and Gelray concluded that the letter was a forgery intended to deflect suspicion from the whites who killed Bierfield and Bowman.[ “I told him that it was curious he should lose it, and still it should come out in the ewspaperon the next day,” Judd wrote in his official report of the investigation. “ .J. Kennedysaid he could not help it, that he lost valuable private papers at the same time.”][
Judd believed that Bierfield may have been murdered by one or more rivals because of his relative economic success. He had immigrated from ]Latvia
Latvia ( or ; lv, Latvija ; ltg, Latveja; liv, Leţmō), officially the Republic of Latvia ( lv, Latvijas Republika, links=no, ltg, Latvejas Republika, links=no, liv, Leţmō Vabāmō, links=no), is a country in the Baltic region of ...
to Toronto
Toronto ( ; or ) is the capital city of the Canadian province of Ontario. With a recorded population of 2,794,356 in 2021, it is the most populous city in Canada and the fourth most populous city in North America. The city is the ancho ...
, Canada
Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering over , making it the world's second-largest country by tot ...
, where he lived for several years and worked for an uncle. He arrived in Franklin in 1866, one among numerous Jewish immigrants to Tennessee in the late 19th century. By 1867 he had his own store. He competed with a man from the area who had a store on the same block, but Bierfield struggled financially and was planning to leave the town. Another speculation is that the KKK thought he was a Radical Republican, but there is little evidence of political activity. Another view is that he was thought to treat his African-American clerk too well.[
In September, John Pogue Jr. was arrested and charged with Bierfield’s murder, on the strength of eyewitness testimony by Ed Lyle. But Judge John Hugh Smith released Pogue after seven people came forward providing him with an alibi. The '' Republican Banner'' said that Lyle had named Pogue in order to collect the $500 reward offered for information in the case.][
]
See also
* Leo Frank
*Abraham Surasky
Abraham Surasky was a Jewish-American peddler who was the victim of a 1903 antisemitic murder in rural South Carolina.
Life
Born in the shtetl of Knyszyn, Poland in 1873, Surasky was the youngest of the three Surasky brothers.
On July 29, 1903, ...
References
Further reading
* Anton Hieke, ''Jewish Identity in the Reconstruction South'', DeGruyter, 2013
* Rick Warwick, ''Williamson County in Black & White'', Williamson County Historical Society, 2000
External links
Midnight in Tennessee — Footnotes
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bierfield, Samuel
Antisemitic attacks and incidents in the United States
Jewish-American lynching victims
Jews and Judaism in Tennessee
Murdered American Jews
Lynching deaths in Tennessee
1868 deaths
1868 in Tennessee
Ku Klux Klan in Tennessee