''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial n ...

of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of ...

, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur in

North Africa North Africa, or Northern Africa is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region, and it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of Mauritania in t ...

and the

Mediterranean The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on th ...

. They are widely cultivated, both as a food source and as ornamental plants, but are invasive to some areas.

Description

The species are mostly

herbaceous Herbaceous plants are vascular plants that have no persistent woody stems above ground. This broad category of plants includes many perennials, and nearly all annuals and biennials. Definitions of "herb" and "herbaceous" The fourth edition ...

perennial plant A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives more than two years. The term ('' per-'' + '' -ennial'', "through the years") is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. The term is also wide ...

s tall, but some are annual plants and a few are

shrubs A shrub (often also called a bush) is a small-to-medium-sized perennial woody plant. Unlike herbaceous plants, shrubs have persistent woody stems above the ground. Shrubs can be either deciduous or evergreen. They are distinguished from trees ...

up to tall. An exception is the ''chamis de monte'' (''

Lupinus jaimehintoniana ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'') of

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Mexico Mexico ( Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guate ...

, which is a

tree In botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, usually supporting branches and leaves. In some usages, the definition of a tree may be narrower, including only woody plants with secondary growth, plants that are ...

up to tall. Lupins have soft green to grey-green leaves which may be coated in silvery hairs, often densely so. The leaf blades are usually

palmate The following is a list of terms which are used to describe leaf morphology in the description and taxonomy of plants. Leaves may be simple (a single leaf blade or lamina) or compound (with several leaflets). The edge of the leaf may be regular ...

ly divided into five to 28 leaflets, or reduced to a single leaflet in a few species of the

southeastern United States The Southeastern United States, also referred to as the American Southeast or simply the Southeast, is a geographical region of the United States. It is located broadly on the eastern portion of the southern United States and the southern po ...

and eastern

South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the souther ...

. The flowers are produced in dense or open whorls on an erect spike, each flower long. The pea-like flowers have an upper standard, or banner, two lateral wings, and two lower

petal Petals are modified leaves that surround the reproductive parts of flowers. They are often brightly colored or unusually shaped to attract pollinators. All of the petals of a flower are collectively known as the ''corolla''. Petals are usuall ...

s fused into a keel. The flower shape has inspired common names such as

bluebonnets Bluebonnet is a name given to any of a number of purple-flowered species of the genus '' Lupinus'' predominantly found in southwestern United States and is collectively the state flower of Texas. The shape of the petals on the flower resembles ...

and quaker bonnets. The fruit is a pod containing several seeds. The seeds contain

alkaloid Alkaloids are a class of basic BASIC (Beginners' All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) is a family of general-purpose, high-level programming languages designed for ease of use. The original version was created by John G. Kemeny and Th ...

s which lend them a bitter taste.

Taxonomy

The genus ''Lupinus'' L. and, in particular, its North American species were divided by

Sereno Watson Sereno Watson (December 1, 1826 in East Windsor Hill, Connecticut – March 9, 1892 in Cambridge, Massachusetts) was an American botanist. Graduating from Yale in 1847 in Biology, he drifted through various occupations until, in California, he ...

(1873) into three sections: ''Lupinus'', ''Platycarpos'', and ''Lupinnelus''. Differences in habitat and in the number of

ovule In seed plants, the ovule is the structure that gives rise to and contains the female reproductive cells. It consists of three parts: the '' integument'', forming its outer layer, the ''nucellus'' (or remnant of the megasporangium), and the f ...

s were the basis for this classification. A majority of the perennial and annual species from the American continent described by Watson were referred to ''Lupinus''. Some annual species with two ovules in the ovary and two seeds in the pod (''L. densiflorus'', ''L. microcarpus'', etc.) were attributed to the ''Platycarpos'' section. Section ''Lupinnelus'' consisted of one species (''L. uncialis''), with axillary and solitary flowers, scarcely reflexed banner, and also with two ovules in the ovary. While Watson's work was predominantly based on study of North American species, the later research of Ascherson and Graebner (1907) extended his principle of classification to cover all lupins from the Eastern and Western Hemispheres, also using number of ovules (seedbuds) in the ovary (and thus of seeds in the pod) as the criterion for this division. They described two subgenera, ''Eulupinus'' and ''Platycarpos''. Most of the described species were referred to subgen. A. ''Eulupinus''. Subgen. B. ''Platycarpos'' included several annual species from the Eastern Hemisphere with two seedbuds and seeds in the bean (the same species, as the one specified by S. Watson). A current schema retains this distinction, but uses the nomenclature for the subgenera of ''Platycarpos'' and ''Lupinus''. In this schema, subgenus

Platycarpos The genus ''Lupinus'' L. and, in particular, its North-American species, were divided by Sereno Watson (1873) into three parts: ''Lupinus'', ''Platycarpos'' and ''Lupinnelus''. Differences in habit and in the number of ovules were accepted as th ...

(S.Wats.) Kurl. contains perennial and annual species from the Western Hemisphere, with a minimum two or more ovules or seedbuds. Subgenus ''Lupinus'' consists of 12 species from Africa and the Mediterranean, with a minimum of four ovules or seedbuds.Kurlovich, B. S. and A. K. Stankevich. (eds.
Classification of Lupins.
In: ''Lupins: Geography, Classification, Genetic Resources and Breeding''. St. Petersburg: Intan. 2002. pp. 42–43. Accessed 2 August 2013. The taxonomy of ''Lupinus'' has always been confusing. How many distinct species exist or how they might be organized within the genus is not clear. The plants are variable and the taxa are not always distinct from one another. Some American taxa have been described as complexes rather than separate species.Naganowska, B., et al. (2005)
2C DNA variation and relationships among New World species of the genus ''Lupinus'' (Fabaceae).
''Plant Systematics and Evolution'' 256(1-4), 147-57. Estimates of the number of lupine species generally fall between 200 and 500. One authority places the estimate at approximately 267 species worldwide. Currently, two

subgenera In biology, a subgenus (plural: subgenera) is a taxonomic rank directly below genus. In the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, a subgeneric name can be used independently or included in a species name, in parentheses, placed betwee ...

are recognized.

Subgenus ''Platycarpos''

The ovary contains two and more ovules or seedbuds. The seed are predominantly small-sized, with an underdeveloped embryo and small amount of endosperm. Cotyledons are small-sized, with long caulicles. The first pair of true leaves is alternate. The stem is predominantly naked with waxen coating. Dominating is the monopodial type of branching. Leaflets are smooth, with waxen coating or slight pubescence, predominantly narrow. Pods are flat or orbicular, with two or more seeds. Represented by frutcuilose, fruticose and herbaceous perennial forms, or less often annual ones. Plants are cross-pollinated.

Chromosome number Ploidy () is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell, and hence the number of possible alleles for autosomal and pseudoautosomal genes. Sets of chromosomes refer to the number of maternal and paternal chromosome copies, respectiv ...

2''n'' is either 36, 48, or 96. This subgenus is distributed throughout North, Central and South America, predominantly in the mining systems of the Andes and Cordillera. Some species are cultivated (''L. mutabilis'', ''L. polyphyllus''). This subgenus includes several hundred species, requiring further analysis of their authenticity. It comprises the following species: * '' Lupinus aberrans'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus abramsii ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' C.P. Sm. – Abrams' lupine * '' Lupinus acopalcus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus adinoanthus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus adsurgens'' Drew – Drew's silky lupine * ''

Lupinus affinis ''Lupinus affinis'' is a species of lupine known by the common name fleshy lupine. It is native to the California Coast Ranges from the San Francisco Bay Area north, and into southern Oregon, where it is an uncommon member of the flora in several ...

'' J. Agardh – fleshy lupine * '' Lupinus agardhianus'' A. Heller * '' Lupinus alaristatus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus albert-smithianus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus albescens'' Hook. & Arn. – hoary lupine * '' Lupinus albicaulis'' Douglas – sickle-keel lupine * ''

Lupinus albifrons ''Lupinus albifrons'', silver lupine, white-leaf bush lupine, or evergreen lupine, is a species of lupine (lupin). It is native to California and Oregon, where it grows along the coast and in dry and open meadows, prairies and forest clearings. ...

'' Benth. – silver bush lupine ** var. ''albifrons'' Benth. ** var. ''douglasii'' (J. Agardh) C. P. Sm. ** var. ''hallii'' (Abrams) Isely * '' Lupinus albopilosus'' A. Heller * '' Lupinus albosericeus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus alcis-montis'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus aliamandus'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus aliattenuatus ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus alibicolor'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus aliceae ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus alilatissimus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus alinanus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus alipatulus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus alirevolutus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus alivillosus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus allargyreius'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus alopecuroides'' Desr. * '' Lupinus alpestris'' A. Nelson * ''

Lupinus altimontanus ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus altiplani'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus amabayensis'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus amandus ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus amboensis'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus ammophilus'' Greene ** var. ''ammophilus'' Greene ** var. ''crassus'' (Payson) Isely * ''

Lupinus amnis-otuni ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus ampaiensis ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus amphibius'' Suksd. * '' Lupinus ananeanus'' Ulbr. * '' Lupinus anatolicus'' W. Święcicki & W. K. Święcicki * '' Lupinus andersonii'' S. Watson – Anderson's lupine * '' Lupinus andicola'' Gillies * ''

Lupinus andinus ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' Rose ex J. F. Macbr. * '' Lupinus angustiflorus'' Eastw. – narrowflower lupine * '' Lupinus antensis'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus antiplani'' C. P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus antoninus ''Lupinus antoninus'' is a rare species of lupine known by the common name Anthony Peak lupine. It is endemic to northern California, where it is known from only four occurrences in the North Coast Ranges, including near Anthony Peak. Descript ...

'' Eastw. – Anthony Peak lupine * ''

Lupinus apertus ''Lupinus apertus'', summit lupine, is a species of flowering plant from the order of Lamiales which is native to Nevada and California California is a state in the Western United States, located along the Pacific Coast. With nearly 39. ...

'' A. Heller * ''

Lupinus appositus ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus arboreus ''Lupinus arboreus'', the yellow bush lupine (US) or tree lupin (UK), is a species of flowering plant in the legume family Fabaceae. Description ''Lupinus arboreus'' is an evergreen shrub growing to tall (hence the alternative common name, tree ...

'' Sims – yellow bush lupin, tree lupine * '' Lupinus arbustus'' Lindl. – longspur lupine ** subsp. ''arbustus'' Lindl. ** subsp. ''neolaxiflorus'' D.B.Dunn ** subsp. ''pseudoparviflorus'' (Rydb.) D.B.Dunn * '' Lupinus arbutosocius'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus archeranus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus arcticus'' S. Watson – Arctic lupine ** subsp. ''arcticus'' S. Watson ** subsp. ''subalpinus'' (Piper & Robinson)D.B.Dunn * ''

Lupinus arenarius ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' Gardner * '' Lupinus arequipensis'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus argenteus'' Pursh – silvery lupine ** var. ''argentatus'' (Rydb.) Barneby ** var. ''argenteus'' Pursh ** var. ''argophyllus'' (A. Gray) S. Watson ** var. ''depressus'' (Rydb.) C. L. Hitchc. ** var. ''fulvomaculatus'' (Payson) Barneby ** var. ''heteranthus'' (S. Watson) Barneby – Kellogg's spurred lupine ** var. ''hillii'' (Greene) Barneby ** var. ''holosericeus'' (Torr. & A.Gray) Barneby ** var. ''montigenus'' (A. Heller) Barneby ** var. ''palmeri'' (S.Watson) Barneby ** var. ''rubricaulis'' (Greene) S. L. Welsh ** var. ''utahensis'' (S.Watson) Barneby * '' Lupinus argurocalyx'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus aridorum ''Lupinus aridorum'' is a rare species of lupine known by the common name scrub lupine. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where there were 10 known populations remaining in 2003.USFWSScrub lupine Five-year Review.November 2007. Fewe ...

'' McFarlin ex Beckner – scrub lupine * '' Lupinus aridulus'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus aridus ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' Lindl. * ''

Lupinus ariste-josephii ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus arizelus'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus arizonicus ''Lupinus arizonicus'', the Arizona lupine, is a flowering plant in the legume family Fabaceae, native to the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts of North America, where it can be found growing in open places and sandy washes below elevation. It is co ...

'' (S. Watson) S. Watson ** subsp. ''arizonicus'' (S. Watson) S. Watson – Arizona lupine ** subsp. ''sonorensis'' Christian & D. Dunn – Sonora lupine * '' Lupinus arvensi-plasketti'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus arvensis'' Benth. * '' Lupinus asa-grayanus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus aschenbornii'' S. Schauer * ''

Lupinus asplundianus ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus asymbepus ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus atropurpureus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus attenuatus'' Gardner * ''

Lupinus aureonitens ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' Hook. & Arn. * '' Lupinus austrobicolor'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus austrohumifusus'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus austrorientalis ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus austrosericeus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus ballianus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus bandelierae'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus bangii ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with center of diversity, centers of diversity in North and South America. Sm ...

'' Rusby * '' Lupinus barbatilabius'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus barkeri ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' Lindl. * ''

Lupinus bartlettianus ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus benthamii'' A. Heller * '' Lupinus bi-inclinatus'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus bicolor ''Lupinus bicolor'' is a species of lupine known as the miniature lupine, Lindley's annual lupine, pigmy-leaved lupine, or bicolor lupine. It is a showy flowering annual or perennial plant native to western North America, from northwestern Baj ...

'' Lindl. – miniature lupine, bicolor lupine, Lindley's annual lupine ** subsp. ''bicolor'' Lindl. ** subsp. ''microphyllus'' (S. Watson) D. B. Dunn ** subsp. ''pipersmithii'' (A. Heller) D. B. Dunn ** subsp. ''umbellatus'' (Greene) D. B. Dunn * '' Lupinus bingenensis'' Suksd. – Bingen lupine * ''

Lupinus blaisdellii ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur i ...

'' Eastw. * '' Lupinus bogotensis'' Benth. * '' Lupinus bolivianus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus bombycinocarpus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus bonplandius'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus boyacensis'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus brachypremnon'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus bracteolaris'' Desr. * ''

Lupinus brandegeei ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with center of diversity, centers of diversity in North and South America. Sm ...

'' Eastw. * '' Lupinus brevecuneus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus brevicaulis'' S. Watson – shortstem lupine * ''

Lupinus brevior ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' (Jeps.) Christian & D.B. Dunn * ''

Lupinus breviscapus ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' Ulbr. * ''

Lupinus breweri ''Lupinus breweri'' is a species of lupine known by the common names Brewer's lupine and matted lupine. It is native to much of California, except for the deserts, and to adjacent sections of Oregon and Nevada, where it is common in some areas, ...

'' A. Gray – Brewer's lupine * '' Lupinus bryoides'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus buchtienii'' Rusby * '' Lupinus burkartianus'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus burkei ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' S. Watson – Burke's lupine * ''

Lupinus burkeri ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' Lindl. * ''

Lupinus caballoanus ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' B.L. Turner * ''

Lupinus cachupatensis ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with center of diversity, centers of diversity in North and South America. Sm ...

'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus cacuminis ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' Standl. * '' Lupinus caeruleus'' A. Heller * ''

Lupinus caesius ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' Eastw. * '' Lupinus caespitosus'' Torr. & A. Gray – stemless dwarf lupine * '' Lupinus calcensis'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus caldasensis'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus camiloanus ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus campestris'' Schltdl. & Cham. * '' Lupinus carazensis'' Ulbr. * '' Lupinus carchiensis'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus cardenasianus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus carhuamayus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus carlos-ochoae'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus carpapaticus ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus carrikeri'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus caucensis ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus cavicaulis'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus ccorilazensis'' Vargas ex C. P. Smith * '' Lupinus celsimontanus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus cervinus'' Kellogg – Santa Lucia lupine * '' Lupinus cesar-vargasii'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus cesaranus'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus chachas ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus chamissonis ''Lupinus chamissonis'' is a species of lupine known by the common name Chamisso bush lupine. It is endemic to California, where it is known from most of the length of the coastline. It grows in sand dunes and other immediate coastal habitat. De ...

'' Eschsch. – Chamisso bush lupine * ''

Lupinus chavanillensis ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' (J.F. Macbr.) C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus chipaquensis'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus chlorolepis'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus chocontensis'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus chongos-bajous ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus christinae ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with center of diversity, centers of diversity in North and South America. Sm ...

'' A. Heller * '' Lupinus chrysanthus'' Ulbr. * '' Lupinus chrysocalyx'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus chumbivilcensis'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus citrinus'' Kellogg – orange lupine * ''

Lupinus clarkei ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with center of diversity, centers of diversity in North and South America. Sm ...

'' Oerst. * '' Lupinus cochapatensis'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus colcabambensis'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus collinus'' (Greene) A. Heller * ''

Lupinus colombiensis ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus compactiflorus'' Rose * ''

Lupinus comptus ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' Benth. * '' Lupinus concinnus'' J. Agardh ** subsp. ''concinnus'' J. Agardh ** subsp. ''orcuttii'' (S.Watson) D.B.Dunn * '' Lupinus condensiflorus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus confertus'' Kellogg * '' Lupinus congdonii'' (C.P. Sm.) D.B. Dunn * ''

Lupinus conicus ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur i ...

'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus constancei'' T.W. Nelson & J.P. Nelson – Lassics lupine * '' Lupinus convencionensis'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus cookianus'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus coriaceus ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' Benth. * '' Lupinus costaricensis'' D.B. Dunn * ''

Lupinus cotopaxiensis ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus couthouyanus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus covillei'' Greene – shaggy lupine * '' Lupinus crassulus'' Greene * ''

Lupinus crassus ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' Payson * ''

Lupinus croceus ''Lupinus croceus'' is a species of lupine known by the common name saffron-flowered lupine. It is endemic to the northernmost mountains of California, including the Klamath Mountains, where it grows in generally dry, rocky habitat. This is an e ...

'' Eastw. – saffron-flowered lupine * '' Lupinus crotalarioides'' Benth. * ''

Lupinus crucis-viridis ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with center of diversity, centers of diversity in North and South America. Sm ...

'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus cuatrecasasii'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus culbertsonii'' Greene ** subsp. ''culbertsonii'' Greene ** subsp. ''hypolasius'' (Greene) B.J.Cox * ''

Lupinus cumulicola ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' Small * '' Lupinus cusickii'' S. Watson ** subsp. ''abortivus'' (Greene) B.J.Cox ** subsp. ''brachypodus'' (Piper) B.J.Cox ** subsp. ''cusickii'' S. Watson * ''

Lupinus cuspidatus ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' Rusby * '' Lupinus cuzcensis'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus cymboides'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus czermakii'' Briq. & Hochr. * '' Lupinus dalesiae'' Eastw. – Quincy lupine * '' Lupinus decemplex'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus decurrens'' Gardner * ''

Lupinus deflexus ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' Congdon * '' Lupinus delicatulus'' Sprague & Riley * ''

Lupinus densiflorus ''Lupinus microcarpus'', the wide-bannered lupine or chick lupine, is a species of lupine native to western North America from southwestern British Columbia south through Oregon and California, including the Mojave Desert, and into Baja Californ ...

'' Benth. – dense-flowered lupin ** subsp. ''densiflorus'' Benth. ** subsp. ''lacteus'' (Kellogg) R.M.Beauch. * '' Lupinus depressus'' Rydb. * '' Lupinus diasemus'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus diehlii ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' M.E. Jones * '' Lupinus diffusus'' Nutt. – spreading lupine, Oak Ridge lupine, sky-blue lupine * '' Lupinus disjunctus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus diversalpicola'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus dorae'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus dotatus ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus duranii ''Lupinus duranii'' is a species of lupine known by the common name Mono Lake lupine. It is endemic to California, where it is known mainly from the eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada in western Mono County. Its distribution includes Mammoth Mo ...

'' Eastw. – Mono Lake lupine * '' Lupinus dusenianus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus eanophyllus'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus edysomatus ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur i ...

'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus egens'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus elaphoglossum'' Barneby * ''

Lupinus elatus ''Lupinus elatus'' is a species of lupine known by the common name tall silky lupine. It is endemic to California, where it is known from the Transverse Ranges above Los Angeles, and possibly also from the southernmost slopes of the Sierra Nevada ...

'' I.M. Johnst. – tall silky lupine * ''

Lupinus elegans ''Lupinus elegans'' is a species of flowering plant in the Fabaceae, legume family known by the common names elegant lupine and Mexican lupine. It is native to Mexico and Guatemala. This plant has a branching stem and grows up to 4 feet tall and ...

'' Kunth – elegant lupine * '' Lupinus elegantulus'' Eastw. * '' Lupinus ellsworthianus'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus elmeri ''Lupinus elmeri'' is an uncommon species of lupine known by the common names Elmer's lupine and South Fork Mountain lupine. It is endemic to California, where it is known only from a few scattered occurrences in the northernmost slopes of the ...

'' Greene – Elmer's lupine * '' Lupinus eramosus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus erectifolius'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus eremonomus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus eriocalyx'' (C.P. Sm.) C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus eriocladus ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' Ulbr. * '' Lupinus evermannii'' Rydb. * '' Lupinus espinarensis'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus exaltatus'' Zucc. * ''

Lupinus excubitus ''Lupinus excubitus'' is a species of lupine known as the grape soda lupine. Its common name refers to its sweet scent, which is said to be very reminiscent of grape soda. This species and its variants are found in Southwestern United States, es ...

'' M.E. Jones – grape soda lupine ** subsp. ''austromontanus'' (A.Heller) R.M.Beauch. ** subsp. ''excubitus'' M.E. Jones * ''

Lupinus exochus ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with center of diversity, centers of diversity in North and South America. Sm ...

'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus expetendus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus extrarius'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus falsomutabilis ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus falsoprostratus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus falsorevolutus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus famelicus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus fiebrigianus'' Ulbr. * ''

Lupinus fieldii ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' J.F. Macbr. * '' Lupinus fissicalyx'' A. Heller * '' Lupinus flavoculatus'' A. Heller * '' Lupinus foliolosus'' Benth. * ''

Lupinus formosus ''Lupinus formosus'', the summer lupine or western lupine, is a species of flowering plant in the legume family, Fabaceae. It is native to California and Oregon in the United States. ''Lupinus formosus'' has been cited as a poisonous plant. Alt ...

'' Greene – summer lupine ** var. ''bridgesii'' (S.Watson) Greene ** var. ''formosus'' Greene * '' Lupinus fragrans'' A. Heller * '' Lupinus francis-whittieri'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus fratrum ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus fulcratus'' Greene * ''

Lupinus gachetensis ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus garfieldensis'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus gaudichaudianus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus gayanus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus gentryanus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus geophilus'' Rose * '' Lupinus gibertianus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus giganteus'' Rose * '' Lupinus glabratus'' J. Agardh * '' Lupinus goodspeedii'' J.F. Macbr. * '' Lupinus gormanii'' Piper * '' Lupinus gracilentus'' Greene * ''

Lupinus grayi ''Lupinus grayi'' is a species of lupine known by the common name Sierra lupine. It is endemic to California, where its distribution extends the length of the Sierra Nevada and its foothills and includes the Tehachapi Mountains. It is a common p ...

'' S. Watson – Sierra lupine * '' Lupinus grauensis'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus grisebachianus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus guadalupensis'' C.P. Sm. – Guadalupe Island lupine * '' Lupinus guaraniticus'' (Hassl.) C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus guascensis'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus guggenheimianus'' Rusby * '' Lupinus hamaticalyx'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus hartmannii'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus hartwegii'' Lindl. * '' Lupinus haughtianus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus hautcarazensis'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus havardii'' S. Watson * '' Lupinus hazenanus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus hendersonii'' Eastw. * '' Lupinus heptaphyllus'' (Vell.) Hassl. * '' Lupinus herreranus'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus herzogii ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' Ulbr. * ''

Lupinus hieronymii ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus hilarianus'' Benth. * ''

Lupinus hillii ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' Greene * '' Lupinus hinkleyorum'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus hintoniorum'' B.L. Turner * '' Lupinus hirsutissimus'' Benth. – stinging lupine * '' Lupinus holmgrenianus'' C.P. Sm. – Holmgren's lupine * '' Lupinus honoratus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus horizontalis'' A. Heller * '' Lupinus hornemanni'' J. Agardh * '' Lupinus hortonianus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus hortorum'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus howard-scottii'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus howardii'' M.E. Jones * '' Lupinus huachucanus'' M.E. Jones * '' Lupinus huancayoensis'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus huariacus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus huaronensis'' J.F. Macbr. * '' Lupinus huigrensis'' Rose ex C. P. Sm. * '' Lupinus humifusus'' Sessé & Moc. ex G. Don * '' Lupinus hyacinthinus'' C.F. Baker – San Jacinto lupine * '' Lupinus hybridus'' Lem. * '' Lupinus ignobilis'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus imminutus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus indigoticus'' Eastw. * '' Lupinus inflatus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus insignis'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus insulae ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus interruptus ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' Benth. * '' Lupinus intortus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus inusitatus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus involutus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus inyoensis'' A. Heller * '' Lupinus isabelianus'' Eastw. * ''

Lupinus jahnii ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' Rose ex Pittier * ''

'' B.L. Turner * '' Lupinus james-westii'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus jean-julesii'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus jelskianus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus johannis-howellii'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus jonesii ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' Rydb. * '' Lupinus jujuyensis'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus juninensis'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus kalenbornorum'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus kellermanianus'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus kerrii ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' Eastw. * '' Lupinus killipianus'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus kingii ''Lupinus kingii'' (King's lupine) is a species of Lupinus, family Fabaceae, which can be found in Arizona, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah. Both the leaves and the pods are hairy with the later being long. In Utah, it is found only at Bryce ...

'' S. Watson * ''

Lupinus klamathensis ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur i ...

'' Eastw. * ''

Lupinus kunthii ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with center of diversity, centers of diversity in North and South America. Sm ...

'' J. Agardh * ''

Lupinus kuschei ''Lupinus kuschei'', the Yukon lupine, is a species of flowering plant from the order of Fabales which can be found in Alaska and Western Canada. Description The plant's stems are high while the leaves carry 5 to 9 leaflets with petioles ...

'' Eastw. – Yukon lupine * '' Lupinus lacus'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus laetus ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' Wooton & Standl. * '' Lupinus laevigatus'' Benth. * '' Lupinus lagunae-negrae'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus lanatocarpus ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus lanatus ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' Benth. * '' Lupinus lapidicola'' A. Heller – Mt. Eddy lupine * ''

Lupinus latifolius ''Lupinus latifolius'' is a species of lupine known by the common name broadleaf lupine. It is native to western North America from British Columbia to Baja California to New Mexico, where it is common and can be found in several types of hab ...

'' J. Agardh ** subsp. ''dudleyi'' (C.P.Sm.) P.Kenney & D.B.Dunn ** subsp. ''latifolius'' J. Agardh *** var. ''latifolius'' J. Agardh – broadleaf lupine *** var. '' barbatus'' – Klamath lupine, bearded lupine ** subsp. ''leucanthus'' (Rydb.)P.Kenney & D.B.Dunn ** subsp. ''longipes'' (Greene) P.Kenney & D.B.Dunn ** subsp. ''parishii'' (C.P.Sm.) P.Kenney & D.B.Dunn ** subsp. ''viridifolius'' (A.Heller) P.Kenney & D.B.Dunn * '' Lupinus laudandrus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus lechlerianus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus ledigianus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus lelandsmithii'' Eastw. * '' Lupinus lemmonii'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus lepidus ''Lupinus lepidus'', the Pacific lupine, prairie lupine or dwarf lupine is a perennial herbaceous plant in the pea family ( Fabaceae) endemic to western North America. Many varieties have been described, several of which are considered separate ...

'' Lindl. – prairie lupine ** var. ''aridus'' (Douglas) Jeps. ** var. ''confertus'' (Kellogg) C. P. Sm. ** var. ''lepidus'' Lindl. ** var. ''lobbii'' (A. Gray ex S. Watson) C. L. Hitchc. ** var. ''sellulus'' (Kellogg) Barneby ** var. ''utahensis'' (S. Watson) C. L. Hitchc. * '' Lupinus leptocarpus'' Benth. * '' Lupinus leptophyllus'' Cham. & Schltdl. * '' Lupinus lespedezoides'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus leucophyllus'' Lindl. – woolly-leaf lupine * '' Lupinus lilacinus'' A. Heller * '' Lupinus lindenianus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus lindleyanus'' J. Agardh * ''

Lupinus linearis ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' Desr. * ''

Lupinus littoralis ''Lupinus littoralis'' is a species of lupine known by the common name seashore lupine. It is native to the coastline of western North America from British Columbia to northern California, where it grows in sandy habitat. It is a low perennial ...

'' Lindl. – seashore lupine * '' Lupinus lobbianus'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus longifolius ''Lupinus longifolius'' is a species of lupine known by the common name longleaf bush lupine. It is native to the coastal mountain ranges and hillsides of southern California and Baja California, where it grows in local habitat in the canyons an ...

'' (S. Watson) Abrams – longleaf bush lupine * '' Lupinus lorenzensis'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus ludovicianus'' Greene – San Luis Obispo County Lupine * '' Lupinus luetzelburgianus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus luteolus'' Kellogg – butter lupine, pale yellow lupine * ''

Lupinus lutescens ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur i ...

'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus lutosus ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' A. Heller * ''

Lupinus lyallii ''Lupinus lyallii'', common names of which are dwarf mountain lupine, Lobb's lupine, and Lobb's tidy lupine, is a species of flowering plant from the order of Lamiales native to North America. Distribution It can be found in California C ...

'' A. Gray ** subsp. ''alcis-temporis'' (C.P. Sm.) B.J.Cox ** subsp. ''lyallii'' A. Gray – Lyall's lupine ** subsp. ''minutifolius'' (Eastw.) B.J.Cox ** subsp. ''washoensis'' (A.Heller) B.J.Cox * '' Lupinus macbrideanus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus macranthus'' Rose * '' Lupinus maculatus'' Rydb. * ''

Lupinus madrensis ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' Seem. * '' Lupinus magdalenensis'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus magnificus'' M.E. Jones * '' Lupinus magniflorus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus magnistipulatus'' Planchuelo & D.B. Dunn * '' Lupinus malacophyllus'' Greene * '' Lupinus malacotrichus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus maleopinatus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus mandonanus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus mantaroensis'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus marinensis'' Eastw. * ''

Lupinus mariposanus ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' Eastw. * '' Lupinus martensis'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus martinetianus'' (C.P. Sm.) C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus mathewsianus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus matucanicus'' Ulbr. * '' Lupinus meionanthus'' A. Gray * ''

Lupinus melaphyllus ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus menziesii'' J. Agardh * '' Lupinus meridanus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus metensis'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus mexicanus'' Lag. * '' Lupinus michelianus'' C. P. Sm. * '' Lupinus microcarpus'' Sims ** var. ''densiflorus'' ** var. ''microcarpus'' – wide-bannered lupin, chick lupin * '' Lupinus microphyllus'' Desr. * ''

Lupinus minimus ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' Hook. * '' Lupinus mirabilis'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus misticola'' Ulbr. * '' Lupinus mollendoensis'' Ulbr. * ''

Lupinus mollis ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' A. Heller * '' Lupinus monensis'' Eastw. * '' Lupinus monserratensis'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus montanus'' Kunth ** subsp. ''glabrior'' (S.Watson) D.B.Dunn & Harmon ** subsp. ''montanus'' Kunth ** subsp. ''montesii'' (C.P.Sm.) D.B.Dunn & Harmon * '' Lupinus monticola'' Rydb. * '' Lupinus montigenus'' A. Heller * '' Lupinus moritzianus'' Kunth * '' Lupinus mucronulatus'' Howell * ''

Lupinus muelleri ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' Standl. * '' Lupinus multiflorus'' Desr. * ''

Lupinus munzianus ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus munzii ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' Eastw. * ''

Lupinus mutabilis ''Lupinus mutabilis'' is a species of lupin grown in the Andes, mainly for its edible bean. Vernacular names include tarwi (in Quechua II, pronounced ''tarhui''), chocho, altramuz, Andean lupin, South American lupin, Peruvian field lupin, and pe ...

'' Sweet – Andean lupin, pearl lupin, South American lupin, ''tarwi'', ''tarhui'', ''chocho'' * ''

Lupinus nanus ''Lupinus nanus'', the sky lupine, field lupine, dwarf lupin, ocean-blue lupine or Douglas' annual lupine, is a species of lupin ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume ...

'' Benth. – dwarf lupin, field lupin, sky lupin, Douglas' annual lupin * '' Lupinus navicularius'' A. Heller * '' Lupinus nehmadae'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus neocotus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus neomexicanus'' Greene * '' Lupinus nepubescens'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus nevadensis ''Lupinus nevadensis'' is a species of lupine known by the common name Nevada lupine. It is native to the western Great Basin in Nevada and adjacent sections of Oregon and California, where it grows in sagebrush and other typical basin habitat. I ...

'' A. Heller – Nevada lupine * '' Lupinus niederleinianus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus nipomensis'' Eastw. – Nipomo Mesa lupine * '' Lupinus niveus'' S. Watson * '' Lupinus nonoensis'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus nootkatensis ''Lupinus nootkatensis'', the Nootka lupine, is a perennial plant of the genus ''Lupinus'' in the legume family, Fabaceae. It is native to North America. The Nootka lupine grows up to 60 cm tall. Late in the 18th century it was first intr ...

'' Sims – Nootka lupin * '' Lupinus notabilis'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus nubigenus'' Kunth * '' Lupinus nubilorum'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus obscurus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus obtusilobus'' A. Heller – bluntlobe lupine * '' Lupinus ochoanus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus ochroleucus'' Eastw. * ''

Lupinus odoratus ''Lupinus odoratus'' is a species of lupine known by the common name Mojave lupine. It is native to the Mojave Desert and adjacent western Great Basin in the United States, where it grows in sandy or gravelly soils in open habitat. It is an ann ...

'' A. Heller – royal Mojave lupin * ''

Lupinus onustus ''Lupinus onustus'' is a species of lupine known by the common name Plumas lupine. It is native to the high mountains of northern California, from the northern Sierra Nevada to the Klamath Mountains where its distribution extends just into Oregon ...

'' S. Watson – Plumas lupine * '' Lupinus opertospicus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus oquendoanus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus oreganus'' A. Heller – Oregon lupin * '' Lupinus oreophilus'' Phil. * ''

Lupinus ornatus ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur i ...

'' Lindl. * '' Lupinus oscar-haughtii'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus ostiofluminis'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus otto-buchtienii'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus otto-kuntzeanus ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus otuzcoensis ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus ovalifolius ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' Benth. * '' Lupinus pachanoanus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus pachitensis'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus pachylobus ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' Greene * '' Lupinus padre-crowleyi'' C.P. Sm. – DeDecker's lupine, Father Crowley's lupine * ''

Lupinus pallidus ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' Brandegee * '' Lupinus paniculatus'' Desr. * '' Lupinus paraguariensis'' Chodat & Hassl. * '' Lupinus paranensis'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus paruroensis'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus parviflorus'' Hook. & Arn. – lodgepole lupin ** subsp. ''myrianthus'' (Greene) Harmon ** subsp. ''parviflorus'' Hook. & Arn. * '' Lupinus parvifolius'' Gardner * '' Lupinus pasachoensis'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus pasadenensis'' Eastw. * ''

Lupinus patulus ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus paucartambensis'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus paucovillosus'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus paynei ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' Davidson * '' Lupinus pearceanus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus pendentiflorus'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus peirsonii ''Lupinus peirsonii'' is a rare species of lupine known by the common names Peirson's lupine and long lupine. It is endemic to the San Gabriel Mountains of Los Angeles County, California, where it grows in woodland and forest habitat. It is an e ...

'' H. Mason – Peirson's lupine, long lupine * '' Lupinus penlandianus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus perblandus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus perbonus'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus perennis ''Lupinus perennis'' (also wild perennial lupine, wild lupine, sundial lupine, blue lupine, Indian beet, or old maid's bonnets) is a flowering plant in the family Fabaceae. It is widespread in the eastern part of the USA (from Texas and Flori ...

'' L. – wild perennial lupine, sundial lupine, Indian beet, old maid's bonnets ** subsp. ''gracilis'' (Nutt.) D.B.Dunn ** subsp. ''occidentalis'' S. Watson ** subsp. ''perennis'' L. * '' Lupinus perglaber'' Eastw. * '' Lupinus perissophytus'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus persistens ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' Rose * ''

Lupinus peruvianus ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' Ulbr. * '' Lupinus philippianus'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus physodes ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' Douglas * ''

Lupinus pickeringii ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' A. Gray * '' Lupinus pilosellus'' Eastw. * '' Lupinus pilosissimus'' M. Martens & Galeotti * '' Lupinus pinguis'' Ulbr. * '' Lupinus pipersmithianus'' J.F. Macbr. * '' Lupinus pisacensis'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus piurensis ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus platamodes ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus plattensis'' S. Watson * '' Lupinus platyptenus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus polycarpus'' Greene – smallflower lupin * ''

Lupinus polyphyllus ''Lupinus polyphyllus'', the large-leaved lupine, big-leaved lupine, many-leaved lupine, blue-pod lupine, or, primarily in cultivation, garden lupin, is a species of lupine (lupin) native to western North America from southern Alaska and British ...

'' Lindl. – largeleaf lupine, bigleaf lupine, garden lupin, many-leaved lupine ** var. ''burkei'' (S. Watson) C. L. Hitchc. ** var. ''humicola'' (A.Nelson) Barneby ** var. ''pallidipes'' (A. Heller) C. P. Sm. ** var. ''polyphyllus'' Lindl. ** var. ''prunophilus'' (M. E. Jones) L. Ll. Phillips * '' Lupinus poopoensis'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus popayanensis'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus potosinus ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' Rose * ''

Lupinus praealtus ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur i ...

'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus praestabilis'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus praetermissus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus pratensis'' A.Heller – Inyo Meadow lupine * '' Lupinus pringlei'' Rose * '' Lupinus proculaustrinus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus prostratus'' J. Agardh * ''

Lupinus protrusus ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus prouvensalanus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus prunophilus'' M.E. Jones – hairy bigleaf lupin * '' Lupinus pseudopolyphyllus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus pseudotsugoides'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus pubescens'' Benth. * '' Lupinus pucapucensis'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus pulloviridus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus pulvinaris'' Ulbr. * ''

Lupinus punto-reyesensis ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus puracensis ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus purdieanus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus pureriae'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus purosericeus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus pusillus'' Pursh – rusty lupine or dwarf lupine ** subsp. ''intermontanus'' (A.Heller) D.B.Dunn ** subsp. ''pusillus'' Pursh * '' Lupinus puyupatensis'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus pycnostachys'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus quellomayus'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus quitensis ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur i ...

'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus radiatus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus ramosissimus'' Benth. * '' Lupinus reflexus'' Rose * ''

Lupinus regalis ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' Bergmans * '' Lupinus regnellianus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus reineckianus'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus reitzii ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' Burkart ex M. Pinheiro & Miotto * ''

Lupinus retrorsus ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' L.F. Hend. * '' Lupinus revolutus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus richardianus'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus rimae ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' Eastw. * ''

Lupinus rivularis ''Lupinus rivularis'' is a species of lupine known by the common name riverbank lupine native to North America. It is also commonly known as river lupine, streambank lupine, and stream lupine.Darris, D.; Young-Mathews, A. Plant Fact Sheet for Ri ...

'' Lindl. – riverbank lupin * '' Lupinus romasanus'' Ulbr. * '' Lupinus roseolus'' Rydb. * '' Lupinus roseorum'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus rotundiflorus'' M.E. Jones * '' Lupinus rowleeanus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus ruber'' A. Heller * '' Lupinus rubriflorus'' Planchuelo * '' Lupinus ruizensis'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus rupestris ''Lupinus rupestris'' is a species of legume in the family Fabaceae. It is found only in Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland A grassland is an area where the vegetation is dominated by grasses (P ...

'' Kunth * '' Lupinus rusbyanus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus russellianus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus sabinianus'' Lindl. * ''

Lupinus sabinii ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' Hook. * '' Lupinus sabulosus'' A. Heller * '' Lupinus salticola'' Eastw. * '' Lupinus sandiensis'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus santanderensis'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus sarmentosus'' Desr. * '' Lupinus saxatilis'' Ulbr. * ''

Lupinus saxosus ''Lupinus saxosus'' is a species of lupine known by the common name rock lupine. It is native to the Pacific Northwest and Great Basin of the United States, where it grows in sagebrush and other habitat. This is a perennial herb growing erect 20 ...

'' Howell – rock lupine * '' Lupinus schwackeanus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus seifrizianus'' (C.P. Sm.) C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus sellowianus ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' Harms * ''

Lupinus sellulus ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' Kellogg ** var. ''lobbii'' (S.Watson) B.J.Cox ** var. ''sellulus'' Kellogg ** var. ''ursinus'' (Eastw.) B.J.Cox * ''

Lupinus semiprostratus ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus semperflorens'' Benth. * '' Lupinus sericatus'' Kellogg – Cobb Mountain lupine * '' Lupinus sericeus'' Pursh – Pursh's silky lupin ** var. ''barbiger'' (S.Watson) S.L.Welsh ** var. ''sericeus'' Pursh * ''

Lupinus setifolius ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' Planchuelo & D.B. Dunn * '' Lupinus shastensis'' Lupinus albicaulis * '' Lupinus shockleyi'' S. Watson – purple desert lupine * '' Lupinus sierrae-blancae'' Wooton & Standl. ** subsp. ''aquilinus'' (Wooton & Standl.) L.S.Fleak & D.B.Dunn ** subsp. ''sierrae-blancae'' Wooton & Standl. * '' Lupinus simonsianus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus simulans'' Rose * ''

Lupinus sinaloensis ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus sitgreavesii'' S. Watson * '' Lupinus smithianus'' Kunth * '' Lupinus solanagrorum'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus sonomensis'' A. Heller * '' Lupinus soratensis'' Rusby * '' Lupinus soukupianus'' C. P. Smith ex J. F. Macbr. * ''

Lupinus sparsiflorus ''Lupinus sparsiflorus'' (Coulter's lupine) is a species of lupin native to North America. In the United States it occurs in California, Nevada, Arizona and Utah, and in Mexico it is found in Baja California and Sonora. Other common names inclu ...

'' Benth. – desert lupin, Coulter's lupin, Mojave lupin * ''

Lupinus spectabilis ''Lupinus spectabilis'' is a species of lupine known by the common name shaggyhair lupine. It is endemic to a section of the central Sierra Nevada foothills in Mariposa and Tuolumne Counties, where it is a member of the serpentine soils flora. ...

'' Hoover – shaggyhair lupine * '' Lupinus splendens'' Rose * ''

Lupinus spragueanus ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus staffordiae'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus stipulatus'' J. Agardh * ''

Lupinus stiversii ''Lupinus stiversii'' is a species of lupine known by the common names harlequin annual lupine and harlequin lupine. The plant was named for Army physician Dr. Charles Austin Stivers, who first collected it in 1862 near Yosemite. Distribution ' ...

'' Kellogg – harlequin annual lupine * '' Lupinus storkianus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus subacaulis'' Griseb. * '' Lupinus subcarnosus'' Hook. – buffalo clover * '' Lupinus subcuneatus'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus subhamatus ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus subinflatus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus sublanatus'' Eastw. * '' Lupinus submontanus'' Rose * '' Lupinus subsessilis'' Benth. * '' Lupinus subtomentosus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus subvexus'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus succulentus ''Lupinus succulentus'' is a species of lupine known by the common names hollowleaf annual lupine, arroyo lupine, and succulent lupine. It is native to California, where it is common throughout much of the state, and adjacent sections of Arizo ...

'' K. Koch – succulent lupin, arroyo lupin, hollowleaf annual lupin * ''

Lupinus sufferrugineus ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' Rusby * '' Lupinus suksdorfii'' Robinson * ''

Lupinus sulphureus ''Lupinus sulphureus'' (sulphur lupine, sulphur-flower lupine)''Lup ...

'' Douglas ** subsp. ''kincaidii'' (Suksd.) L. Ll. Phillips – Kincaid's lupin ** subsp. ''subsaccatus'' (Suksd.) L. Ll. Phillips ** subsp. ''sulphureus'' Douglas – sulphur lupin, sulphur-flowered lupin * '' Lupinus surcoensis'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus syriggedes ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus tacitus ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus tafiensis ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus talahuensis ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus tamayoanus ''Lupinus tamayoanus'' is a plant of the genus ''Lupinus'' in the legume family. ''Lupinus tamayoanus'' was described in 1942 from samples collected in Mérida, Venezuela Venezuela (; ), officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ( ...

'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus tarapacensis ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus tarijensis ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' Ulbr. * ''

Lupinus tarmaensis ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus tatei'' Rusby * '' Lupinus taurimortuus'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus tauris ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' Benth. * '' Lupinus tayacajensis'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus tegeticulatus'' Eastw. * '' Lupinus tetracercophorus'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus texanus ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' Hook. * ''

Lupinus texensis ''Lupinus texensis'', the Texas bluebonnet or Texas lupine is a species of lupine found in Texas, and the Mexican states of Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas. With other related species of lupines also called bluebonnets, it is the state ...

'' Hook. – Texas bluebonnet * '' Lupinus thompsonianus'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus tidestromii ''Lupinus tidestromii'' is a rare species of lupine known by the common names clover lupine and Tideström's lupine. It is endemic to the coastline of California just to the north and south of the Golden Gate in Sonoma, Marin, and Monterey C ...

'' Greene – Tidestrøm's lupin ** var. ''layneae'' (Eastw.) Munz ** var. ''tidestromii'' Greene * ''

Lupinus tolimensis ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus tomentosus ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' DC. * ''

Lupinus tominensis ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' Wedd. * ''

Lupinus toratensis ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' C.P. Sm. – ''warwanzo'', ''lito'' * ''

Lupinus tracyi ''Lupinus tracyi'' is a species of lupine known by the common name Tracy's lupine. It is endemic to the Klamath Mountains of southern Oregon and northern California, where it grows in coniferous forests. It is a perennial herb growing 20 to 70 ce ...

'' Eastw. – Tracy's lupine * '' Lupinus triananus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus truncatus'' Hook. & Arn. – collared annual lupine * '' Lupinus tucumanensis'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus ulbrichianus ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus uleanus ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus ultramontanus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus umidicola'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus uncialis ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' S. Watson * '' Lupinus uncinatus'' Schltdl. * '' Lupinus urcoensis'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus urubambensis'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus valerioi'' Standl. * '' Lupinus vallicola'' A. Heller – open lupin ** subsp. ''apricus'' (Greene) D.B.Dunn ** subsp. ''vallicola'' A. Heller * '' Lupinus vargasianus'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus varicaulis ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus variicolor ''Lupinus variicolor'' (varied lupine, manycolored lupine, Lindley's varied lupine or varicolored lupine) is a shrub in the lupine (lupin) genus ''Lupinus''. ''Lupinus variicolor'' is Endemism, endemic to California where it occurs mostly along ...

'' Steud. – varied lupin * ''

Lupinus velillensis ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus velutinus'' Benth. * '' Lupinus venezuelensis'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus ventosus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus verbasciformis'' Sandwith * '' Lupinus verjonensis'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus vernicius ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' Rose * ''

Lupinus viduus ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus vilcabambensis'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus villosus ''Lupinus villosus'', commonly known as lady lupine, pink sandhill lupine, or hairy lupine, is a flowering plant species in the genus ''Lupinus''. Description The species has pink flowers and a deep taproot that makes it difficult to grow comme ...

'' Willd. * '' Lupinus visoensis'' J.F. Macbr. * '' Lupinus volubilis'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus weberbaueri'' Ulbr. * '' Lupinus werdermannianus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus westianus'' Small ** var. ''aridorum'' (McFarlin ex Beckner) Isely ** var. ''westianus'' Small * '' Lupinus whiltoniae'' Eastw. * '' Lupinus wilkesianus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus williamlobbii'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus williamsianus ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur i ...

'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus xanthophyllus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus xenophytus'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus yanahuancensis'' C.P. Sm. * '' Lupinus yarushensis'' C.P. Sm. * ''

Lupinus ynesiae ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' C.P. Sm.

Subgenus ''Lupinus''

In its current

circumscription Circumscription may refer to: *Circumscribed circle * Circumscription (logic) *Circumscription (taxonomy) *Circumscription theory The circumscription theory is a theory of the role of warfare in state formation in political anthropology, created ...

, subgenus ''Lupinus'' includes 12 species from the Mediterranean region and Africa with at least four ovules or seedbuds in the ovary: * ''

Lupinus albus ''Lupinus albus'', commonly known as the white lupin or field lupine, is a member of the genus ''Lupinus'' in the family Fabaceae. It is a traditional pulse cultivated in the Mediterranean region. Description The white lupin is annual, more ...

'' L. 1753 – white lupine ** subsp. ''albus'' L. ** subsp. ''graecus'' (Boiss. & Spruner) Franco & P.Silva ** subsp. ''termis'' (Forsk.) Ponert. * ''

Lupinus angustifolius ''Lupinus angustifolius'' is a species of lupin known by many common names, including narrowleaf lupin, narrow-leaved lupin and blue lupin. It is native to Eurasia and northern Africa and naturalized in parts of Australia and North America. It ha ...

'' L. 1753 – blue lupin, narrow-leafed lupin ** var. ''angustifolius'' L. ** var. ''albopunctatus'' Kurl. et Stankev. ** var. ''griseomaculatus'' Kurl. et Stankev. ** var. ''chalybens'' Kurl. et Stankev. ** var. ''corylinus'' Kurl. et Stankev. ** var. ''purpureus'' Kurl. et Stankev. ** var. ''rubidus'' Kurl. et Stankev. ** var. ''atabekovae'' Kurl. et Stankev. ** var. ''sparsiusculus'' Kurl. et Stankev. ** var. ''brunneus '' Kurl. et Stankev. ** var. ''albosyringeus'' Taran. ** var. ''albidus'' Kurl. et Stankev. ** var. ''candidus'' Kuptzov. et Kurl. * ''

Lupinus atlanticus ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' Gladstones 1974 * '' Lupinus cosentinii'' Guss. 1828 – sandplain lupin * '' Lupinus digitatus'' Forsk. 1775 * '' Lupinus hispanicus'' Boiss. & Reut. 1842 ** subsp. ''bicolor'' (Merino) Gladst. ** subsp. ''hispanicus'' Boiss. & Reut. * ''

Lupinus luteus ''Lupinus luteus'' is known as annual yellow-lupin, European yellow lupin or yellow lupin. It is native to the Mediterranean region of Southern Europe. Distribution It occurs on mild sandy and volcanic soils in mining belts. As a wild plant, i ...

'' L. 1753 – yellow lupin ** var. ''luteus'' L. ** var. ''maculosus'' Kurl. et Stankev. ** var. ''kazimierskii'' Kurl. et Stankev. ** var. ''arcellus'' Kurl. et Stankev. ** var. ''sempolovskii'' (Atab) Kurl. et Stankev. ** var. ''melanospermus'' Kurl. et Stankev. ** var. ''niger'' Kurl. et Stankev. ** var. ''cremeus'' Kurl. et Stankev. ** var. ''leucospermus'' Kurl. et Stankev. ** var. ''sulphureus'' (Atab.) Kurl. et Stankev. ** var. ''stepanovae'' Kurl. et Stankev. ** var. ''ochroleucus'' Kurl. et Stankev. ** var. ''aurantiacus'' Kurl. et Stankev. ** var. ''croceus'' Kurl. et Stankev. ** var. ''aureus'' Kurl. et Stankev. ** var. ''albicans'' Kurl. et Stankev. ** var. '' sinskayae'' Kurl. et Stankev. * ''

Lupinus micranthus ''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...

'' Guss. 1828 * '' Lupinus palaestinus'' Boiss. 1849 – white-grey lupine * ''

Lupinus pilosus ''Lupinus pilosus'', commonly known as blue lupine, ( he, תורמוס ההרים, ar, ترمس برّي) is a species of flowering plant from the family Fabaceae which is endemic to Israel where it is found in Mediterranean scrubland. It has a ...

'' Murr. 1774 – blue lupine * '' Lupinus princei'' Harms 1901 * '' Lupinus somaliensis'' Baker f. 1895

Species names with uncertain taxonomic status

The status of the following binomials is unresolved: * ''Lupinus acaulis'' Larrañaga * ''Lupinus achilleaphilus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus acutilobus'' A.Heller * ''Lupinus aegr-Aovium'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus africanus'' Lour. * ''Lupinus agninus'' Gand. * ''Lupinus agropyrophilus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus alaimandus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus albicaulis'' Douglas ex Hook. * ''Lupinus alicanescens'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus aliclementinus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus aliumbellatus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus altissimus'' Sessé & Moc. * ''Lupinus alturasensis'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus alveorum'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus amabilis'' A.Heller * ''Lupinus amniculi-cervi'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus amniculi-salicis'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus amniculi-vulpum'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus andersonianus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus anemophilus'' Greene * ''Lupinus angustifolius'' Blanco * ''Lupinus aphronorus'' Blank. * ''Lupinus apodotropis'' A.Heller * ''Lupinus aralloius'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus arborescens'' Amabekova & Maisuran * ''Lupinus arceuthinus'' Greene * ''Lupinus argyraeus'' DC. * ''Lupinus atacamicus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus aureus'' J.Agardh * ''Lupinus axillaris'' Blank. * ''Lupinus barkeriae'' Knowles & Westc. * ''Lupinus bartolomei'' M.E.Jones * ''Lupinus bassett-maguirei'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus beaneanus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus biddleii'' L.F.Hend. * ''Lupinus bimaculatus'' Hook. ex D.Don * ''Lupinus bimaculatus'' Desr. * ''Lupinus bivonii'' C.Presl * ''Lupinus blankinshipii'' A.Heller * ''Lupinus blaschkeanus'' Fisch. & C.A.Mey. * ''Lupinus brevior'' (Jeps.) J.A. Christian & D.B. Dunn * ''Lupinus brittonii'' Abrams * ''Lupinus caespitosus'' Nutt. * ''Lupinus californicus'' K.Koch * ''Lupinus campbelliae'' Eastw. * ''Lupinus campestris'' Cham. & Schltdl. * ''Lupinus campestris-florum'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus candicans'' Rydb. * ''Lupinus canus'' Hemsl. * ''Lupinus capitatus'' Greene * ''Lupinus capitis-amniculi'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus carolus-bucarii'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus chachas'' Ochoa ex C. P. Smith * ''Lupinus chamissonis'' Eschscholtz * ''Lupinus chiapensis'' Rose * ''Lupinus chihuahuensis'' S.Watson * ''Lupinus christianus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus chrysomelas'' Casar. * ''Lupinus clementinus'' Greene * ''Lupinus comatus'' Rydb. * ''Lupinus consentinii'' Walp. * ''Lupinus cymb-Aegressus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus dasyphyllus'' Greene * ''Lupinus davisianus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus debilis'' Eastw. * ''Lupinus decaschistus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus diaboli-septem'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus dichrous'' Greene * ''Lupinus dispersus'' A.Heller * ''Lupinus dissimulans'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus durangensis'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus eatonanus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus equi-coeli'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus equi-collis'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus erectus'' L.F.Hend. * ''Lupinus erminens'' S.Watson * ''Lupinus ermineus'' S.Watson * ''Lupinus falcifer'' Nutt. * ''Lupinus falsoerectus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus falsoformosus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus falsograyi'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus fieldii'' Rose ex J. F. Macbr. * ''Lupinus filicaulis'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus finitus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus flavescens'' Rydb. * ''Lupinus foliosus'' Hook. * ''Lupinus foliosus'' Nutt. * ''Lupinus forskahlei'' Boiss. * ''Lupinus franciscanus'' Greene * ''Lupinus fraxinetorum'' Greene * ''Lupinus fruticosus'' Steud. * ''Lupinus fruticosus'' Dum.Cours. * ''Lupinus garcianus'' Bennett & Dunn * ''Lupinus geophilus'' Rose * ''Lupinus geraniophilus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus glabellus'' M.Martens & Galeotti * ''Lupinus graciliflorus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus gratus'' Greene * ''Lupinus gredensis'' Gand. * ''Lupinus guadalupensis'' Greene * ''Lupinus guadiloupensis'' Steud. * ''Lupinus guatimalensis'' auct. * ''Lupinus gussoneanus'' J.Agardh * ''Lupinus habrocomus'' Greene * ''Lupinus haudcytisoides'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus helleri'' Greene * ''Lupinus hexaedrus'' E. Fourn. * ''Lupinus hintonii'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus huigrensis'' Rose ex C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus humicolus'' A.Nelson * ''Lupinus humifusus'' Benth. * ''Lupinus humilis'' Rose ex Pittier * ''Lupinus hyacinthinus'' Greene * ''Lupinus idoneus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus inamoenus'' Greene ex C.F.Baker * ''Lupinus indutus'' Greene ex C.F.Baker * ''Lupinus insignis'' Glaz. ex C. P. Smith * ''Lupinus integrifolius'' L. * ''Lupinus intergrifolius'' Desr. * ''Lupinus ione-grisetae'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus ione-walkerae'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus jamesonianus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus javanicus'' Burm.f. * ''Lupinus jorgensenanus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus jucundus'' Greene * ''Lupinus kellerrnanianus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus kyleanus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus labiatus'' Nutt. * ''Lupinus lacticolor'' Tamayo * ''Lupinus lacus-huntingtonii'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus lacuum-trinitatum'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus larsonanus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus lassenensis'' Eastw. * ''Lupinus latissimus'' Greene * ''Lupinus laxifolius'' A.Gray * ''Lupinus leptostachyus'' Greene * ''Lupinus lesueurii'' Standl. * ''Lupinus linearifolius'' Larrañaga * ''Lupinus lingulae'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus longilabrum'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus lorentzianus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus louise-bucariae'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus louise-grisetae'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus lucidus'' Benth. ex Loudon * ''Lupinus lyman-bensonii'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus lysichitophilus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus macrocarpus'' Hook. & Arn. * ''Lupinus macrocarpus'' Torr. * ''Lupinus macrophyllus'' Benth. * ''Lupinus macrorhizos'' Georgi * ''Lupinus magnistipulatus'' Planchuelo & Dunn * ''Lupinus maissurianii'' Atabek. & Polukhina * ''Lupinus marcusianus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus mariae-josephae'' H.Pascual * ''Lupinus markleanus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus marschallianus'' Sweet * ''Lupinus mearnsii'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus meli-campestris'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus meridanus'' Moritz ex C. P. Smith * ''Lupinus mexiae'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus micensis'' M.E.Jones * ''Lupinus micheneri'' Greene * ''Lupinus milleri'' J.Agardh * ''Lupinus minearanus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus minutissimus'' Tamayo * ''Lupinus molle'' A.Heller * ''Lupinus mollissifolius'' Davidson * ''Lupinus monettianus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus muellerianus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus multicincinnis'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus neglectus'' Rose * ''Lupinus nemoralis'' Greene * ''Lupinus niger'' Wehmer * ''Lupinus noldekae'' Eastw. * ''Lupinus nutcanus'' Spreng. * ''Lupinus nutkatensis'' J.G.Cooper * ''Lupinus obtunsus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus octablomus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus opsianthus'' Amabekova & Maisuran * ''Lupinus pavonum'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus pendeltonii'' A.Heller * ''Lupinus pendletonii'' A.Heller * ''Lupinus perconfertus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus perplexus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus philistaeus'' Boiss. * ''Lupinus pinus-contortae'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus piperi'' B.L.Rob. ex Piper * ''Lupinus piperitus'' Davidson * ''Lupinus platanophilus'' M.E.Jones * ''Lupinus plebeius'' Greene ex C.F.Baker * ''Lupinus prato-lacuum'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus prolifer'' Desr. * ''Lupinus propinquus'' Greene * ''Lupinus proteanus'' Eastw. * ''Lupinus psoraleoides'' Pollard * ''Lupinus pumviridis'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus puroviridis'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus purpurascens'' A.Heller * ''Lupinus pygmaeus'' Tamayo * ''Lupinus quercus-jugi'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus quercuum'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus rainierensis'' Eastw. * ''Lupinus regius'' Rudolph ex Torr. & A.Gray * ''Lupinus rhodanthus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus rickeri'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus rivetianus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus rydbergii'' Blank. * ''Lupinus sabuli'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus salicisocius'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus salinensis'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus sativus'' Gaterau * ''Lupinus scaposus'' Rydb. * ''Lupinus scheuberae'' Rydb. * ''Lupinus schickendantzii'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus schiedeanus'' Steud. * ''Lupinus schumannii'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus seclusus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus semiaequus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus semiverticillatus'' Desr. * ''Lupinus sergenti'' Tamayo ex Pittier * ''Lupinus sergentii'' Tamayo * ''Lupinus serradentum'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus shrevei'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus sierrae-zentae'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus sileri'' S.Watson * ''Lupinus sinus-meyersii'' C.P. Sm. * ''Lupinus sparhawkianus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus spatulata'' Larrañaga * ''Lupinus speciosus'' Voss * ''Lupinus spruceanus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus standleyensis'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus stationis'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus stiveri'' Kellogg * ''Lupinus stoloniferus'' L. * ''Lupinus strigulosus'' Gand. * ''Lupinus subhirsutus'' Davidson * ''Lupinus subvolutus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus suksdorfii'' B.L. Rob. ex Piper * ''Lupinus summersianus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus sylvaticus'' Hemsl. * ''Lupinus thermis'' Gasp. * ''Lupinus thermus'' St.-Lag. * ''Lupinus tilcaricus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus timotensis'' Tamayo * ''Lupinus tricolor'' Greene * ''Lupinus tricolor'' G.Nicholson * ''Lupinus trifidus'' Torr. ex S.Watson * ''Lupinus tristis'' Sweet * ''Lupinus trochophyllus'' Hoffmanns. * ''Lupinus tuckeranus'' C.P. Sm. * ''Lupinus vaginans'' Benth. * ''Lupinus valdepallidus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus vandykeae'' Eastw. * ''Lupinus variegatus'' A.Heller * ''Lupinus variegatus'' Poir. * ''Lupinus varneranus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus vavilovii'' Atabekova & Maissurjan * ''Lupinus venustus'' Bailly * ''Lupinus violaceus'' A.Heller * ''Lupinus viridicalyx'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus volcanicus'' Greene * ''Lupinus watsonii'' A.Heller * ''Lupinus westiana'' Small * ''Lupinus wolfianus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus yanlyensis'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus yaruahensis'' C.P.Sm.

Hybrids

The following hybrids have been described: * ''Lupinus'' ×''alpestris'' (A. Nelson) D.B. Dunn & J.M. Gillett * ''Lupinus'' ×''hispanicoluteus'' W.Święcicki & W.K.Święcicki * ''Lupinus'' ×''hybridus'' Lem. * ''Lupinus'' ×''insignis'' Lem. * ''Lupinus'' ×''regalis'' (auct.) Bergmans—rainbow lupin (''Lupinus arboreus'' × ''Lupinus polyphyllus'') * ''Lupinus'' ×''versicolor'' Caball.

Etymology

While some sources believe the origin of the name to be in doubt, the Collins Dictionary definition asserts that the word is 14th century in origin, from the Latin ''lupīnus'' "wolfish" from ''lupus'' "wolf" as it was believed that the plant ravenously exhausted the soil.

Ecology

Canadian Tiger Swallowtail on Wild Lupine

Certain species, such as the

yellow bush lupin ''Lupinus arboreus'', the yellow bush lupine (US) or tree lupin (UK), is a species of flowering plant in the legume family Fabaceae. Description ''Lupinus arboreus'' is an evergreen shrub growing to tall (hence the alternative common name, tree ...

(''L. arboreus''), are considered invasive

weed A weed is a plant considered undesirable in a particular situation, "a plant in the wrong place", or a plant growing where it is not wanted.Harlan, J. R., & deWet, J. M. (1965). Some thoughts about weeds. ''Economic botany'', ''19''(1), 16-24. ...

s when they appear outside their native ranges. In

New Zealand New Zealand ( mi, Aotearoa ) is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and over 700 List of islands of New Zealand, smaller islands. It is the ...

, lupines are viewed as invasive and a severe threat in some cases. '' L. polyphyllus'' has escaped into the wild and grows in large numbers along main roads and streams on the

South Island The South Island, also officially named , is the larger of the two major islands of New Zealand in surface area, the other being the smaller but more populous North Island. It is bordered to the north by Cook Strait, to the west by the Tasma ...

. A similar spread of the species has occurred in

Finland Finland ( fi, Suomi ; sv, Finland ), officially the Republic of Finland (; ), is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It shares land borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east, with the Gulf of Bo ...

and

Norway Norway, officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe, the mainland territory of which comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula. The remote Arctic island of Jan Mayen and t ...

after the non-native species was first deliberately planted in the

landscaping Landscaping refers to any activity that modifies the visible features of an area of land, including the following: # Living elements, such as flora or fauna; or what is commonly called gardening, the art and craft of growing plants with a goal ...

along the main roads. Lupins have been planted in some parts of Australia with a considerably cooler climate, particularly in rural

Victoria Victoria most commonly refers to: * Victoria (Australia), a state of the Commonwealth of Australia * Victoria, British Columbia, provincial capital of British Columbia, Canada * Victoria (mythology), Roman goddess of Victory * Victoria, Seychelle ...

and

New South Wales ) , nickname = , image_map = New South Wales in Australia.svg , map_caption = Location of New South Wales in AustraliaCoordinates: , subdivision_type = Country , subdivision_name = Australia , established_title = Before federation , es ...

. Lupins are important

larva A larva (; plural larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle. Th ...

l food plants for many lepidopterans (butterflies and moths). These include: * '' Aricia icarioides missionensis'' (Mission blue butterfly), larvae limited to ''Lupinus'' * ''

Callophrys irus ''Callophrys irus'', the frosted elfin, is a species of Lycaenidae that is native to North America. Description The wingspan ranges from .

'' (frosted elfin), recorded on ''L. perennis'' * ''

Erynnis persius ''Erynnis persius'', the Persius duskywing, is a butterfly of the family Hesperiidae that occurs in North America. It is a threatened species in Michigan and is protected by law. The subspecies ''Erynnis persius persius'' is listed as endangered ...

'' (Persius duskywing) *

† A dagger, obelisk, or obelus is a typographical mark that usually indicates a footnote if an asterisk has already been used. The symbol is also used to indicate death (of people) or extinction (of species). It is one of the modern descendan ...

'' Glaucopsyche xerces'' (Xerces blue) * ''

Glaucopsyche lygdamus ''Glaucopsyche lygdamus'', the silvery blue, is a small butterfly native to North America. Its upperside is a light blue in males and a dull grayish blue in females. The underside is gray with a single row of round spots of differing sizes depen ...

'' (silvery blue) * '' Plebejus melissa samuelis'' (Karner blue) * '' Erynnis persius persius'' (eastern Persius duskywing) * ''

Schinia sueta ''Schinia suetus'' is a moth of the family Noctuidae first described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1873. It is widespread in the mountains of western North America, from southern Alberta west to British Columbia, south at least to Colorado and ...

'', larvae limited to ''Lupinus''

Cultivation

'', the garden lupin, and ''

'', the tree lupin, are popular

ornamental plant Ornamental plants or garden plants are plants that are primarily grown for their beauty but also for qualities such as scent or how they shape physical space. Many flowering plants and garden varieties tend to be specially bred cultivars that ...

s in gardens, and are the source of numerous hybrids and

cultivar A cultivar is a type of cultivated plant that people have selected for desired traits and when propagated retain those traits. Methods used to propagate cultivars include: division, root and stem cuttings, offsets, grafting, tissue culture ...

s in a wide range of colours, including bicolors. As legumes, lupins are good

companion plant Companion planting in gardening and agriculture is the planting of different crops in proximity for any of a number of different reasons, including pest control, pollination, providing habitat for beneficial insects, maximizing use of space, an ...

s in gardens, increasing the soil nitrogen for vegetables and other plants. As well as growing in the ground, lupins can do well in pots on balconies or patios. File:Lupinus Polyphyllus Hybrid 4.png, Russell hybrid lupin ''

'', UK File:Mountaintop Lupin overlooking Raspberry Strait, Alaska 2009 114.jpg, ''Lupinus'' sp., Raspberry Island, Alaska,

United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 U.S. state, states, a Washington, D.C., federal district, five ma ...

File:Lupinus in Hokkaido 20080630.jpg, Lupins in

Hokkaido is Japan, Japan's Japanese archipelago, second largest island and comprises the largest and northernmost Prefectures of Japan, prefecture, making up its own List of regions of Japan, region. The Tsugaru Strait separates Hokkaidō from Honshu; th ...

, Japan File:Lupin Leaf.jpg, Lupin cultivar "My Castle" File:Flores de lupino (Ushuaia).jpg, Ornamental lupins,

Ushuaia Ushuaia ( , ) is the capital of Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur Province, Argentina. With a population of nearly 75,000 and a location below the 54th parallel south latitude, Ushuaia claims the title of world's souther ...

Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, t ...

File:Lupins at lake tekapo.jpg, Lupins at

Lake Tekapo __NOTOC__ Lake Tekapo ( mi, Takapō) is the second-largest of three roughly parallel lakes running north–south along the northern edge of the Mackenzie Basin in the South Island of New Zealand (the others are Lake Pukaki and Lake Ohau). ...

File:Lupins, Lake Tekapo, NZ.jpg, Lupins at Lake Tekapo, New Zealand File:Bluebonnet-8100.jpg,

Texas Bluebonnet ''Lupinus texensis'', the Texas bluebonnet or Texas lupine is a species of lupine found in Texas, and the Mexican states of Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas. With other related species of lupines also called bluebonnets, it is the state ...

Texas Texas (, ; Spanish language, Spanish: ''Texas'', ''Tejas'') is a state in the South Central United States, South Central region of the United States. At 268,596 square miles (695,662 km2), and with more than 29.1 million residents in 2 ...

, United States File:Lupins in Pacific Northwest Washington.png, alt=Lupins_PacificNorthwest_Washington_USA, Lupins in Pacific Northwest Washington, United States

Agriculture

In the early 20th century, German scientists attempted to cultivate a sweet variety of lupin lacking the bitter taste, making it more suitable for both human and animal consumption. Many annual species of lupins are used in agriculture and most of them have Mediterranean origin. While originally cultivated as a green manure or forage, lupins are increasingly grown for their seeds, which can be used as an alternative to

soybean The soybean, soy bean, or soya bean (''Glycine max'') is a species of legume native to East Asia, widely grown for its edible bean, which has numerous uses. Traditional unfermented food uses of soybeans include soy milk, from which tofu ...

s. Sweet (low

) lupins are highly regarded as a stock feed, particularly for ruminants, but also for pigs and poultry and more recently as an ingredient in aqua-feeds. The market for lupin seeds for human food is currently small, but researchers believe it has great potential. Lupin seeds are considered "superior" to soybeans in certain applications and evidence is increasing for their potential health benefits. They contain similar

protein Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, respon ...

to soybean, but less fat. As a food source, they are

gluten-free A gluten-free diet (GFD) is a nutritional plan that strictly excludes gluten, which is a mixture of proteins found in wheat (and all of its species and hybrids, such as spelt, kamut, and triticale), as well as barley, rye, and oats. The inclu ...

and high in

dietary fiber Dietary fiber (in British English fibre) or roughage is the portion of plant-derived food that cannot be completely broken down by human digestive enzymes. Dietary fibers are diverse in chemical composition, and can be grouped generally by th ...

amino acid Amino acids are organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. Although hundreds of amino acids exist in nature, by far the most important are the alpha-amino acids, which comprise proteins. Only 22 alpha ...

s, and

antioxidants Antioxidants are compounds that inhibit oxidation, a chemical reaction that can produce free radicals. This can lead to polymerization and other chain reactions. They are frequently added to industrial products, such as fuels and lubricants ...

, and they are considered to be prebiotic. About 85% of the world's lupin seeds are grown in

Western Australia Western Australia (commonly abbreviated as WA) is a state of Australia occupying the western percent of the land area of Australia excluding external territories. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, the Southern Ocean to ...

.Ross, K
Soy substitute edges its way into European meals.
''

New York Times ''The New York Times'' (''the Times'', ''NYT'', or the Gray Lady) is a daily newspaper based in New York City with a worldwide readership reported in 2020 to comprise a declining 840,000 paid print subscribers, and a growing 6 million paid ...

'' 16 November 2011. Three Mediterranean species of lupin, blue (narrow-leafed) lupin, white lupin, and yellow lupin, are widely cultivated for livestock and poultry feed. Like other legumes, they can fix nitrogen from the atmosphere into

ammonia Ammonia is an inorganic compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula . A stable binary hydride, and the simplest pnictogen hydride, ammonia is a colourless gas with a distinct pungent smell. Biologically, it is a common nitrogeno ...

via a

rhizobium ''Rhizobium'' is a genus of Gram-negative soil bacteria that fix nitrogen. ''Rhizobium'' species form an endosymbiotic nitrogen-fixing association with roots of (primarily) legumes and other flowering plants. The bacteria colonize plant cells ...

–

root nodule Root nodules are found on the roots of plants, primarily legumes, that form a symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Under nitrogen-limiting conditions, capable plants form a symbiotic relationship with a host-specific strain of bacteria know ...

symbiosis, fertilizing the soil for other plants. This adaptation allows lupins to be tolerant of infertile soils and capable of pioneering change in barren and poor-quality soils. The genus ''Lupinus'' is

nodulate Root nodules are found on the roots of plants, primarily legumes, that form a symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Under nitrogen-limiting conditions, capable plants form a symbiotic relationship with a host-specific strain of bacteria known ...

d by ''

Bradyrhizobium ''Bradyrhizobium'' is a genus of Gram-negative soil bacteria, many of which fix nitrogen. Nitrogen fixation is an important part of the nitrogen cycle. Plants cannot use atmospheric nitrogen (N2); they must use nitrogen compounds such as nitrat ...

'' soil bacteria.

Toxicity

Some lupins contain certain

secondary compounds Secondary metabolites, also called specialised metabolites, toxins, secondary products, or natural products, are organic compounds produced by any lifeform, e.g. bacteria, fungi, animals, or plants, which are not directly involved in the norma ...

, including

isoflavone Isoflavones are substituted derivatives of isoflavone, a type of naturally occurring isoflavonoids, many of which act as phytoestrogens in mammals. Isoflavones are produced almost exclusively by the members of the bean family, Fabaceae (Leguminos ...

s and toxic alkaloids, such as lupinine and

sparteine Sparteine is a class 1a antiarrhythmic agent; a sodium channel blocker. It is an alkaloid and can be extracted from scotch broom. It is the predominant alkaloid in ''Lupinus mutabilis'', and is thought to chelate the bivalent cations calcium and m ...

. With early detection, these can be removed through processing, although lupins containing these elements are not usually selected for food-grade products. A risk of lupin allergy exists in patients allergic to

peanut The peanut (''Arachis hypogaea''), also known as the groundnut, goober (US), pindar (US) or monkey nut (UK), is a legume crop grown mainly for its edible Seed, seeds. It is widely grown in the tropics and subtropics, important to both small ...

s. Most lupin reactions reported have been in people with

peanut allergy Peanut allergy is a type of food allergy to peanuts. It is different from tree nut allergies, because peanuts are legumes and not true nuts. Physical symptoms of allergic reaction can include itchiness, hives, swelling, eczema, sneezing, as ...

. Because of the cross-allergenicity of peanut and lupin, the

European Commission The European Commission (EC) is the executive of the European Union (EU). It operates as a cabinet government, with 27 members of the Commission (informally known as "Commissioners") headed by a President. It includes an administrative body ...

, as of 2006, has required that food labels indicate the presence of "lupin and products thereof" in food. Lupin plants can be colonized by the fungus ''

Diaporthe toxica ''Diaporthe toxica'' (anamorph ''Phomopsis'' sp. formerly ''P. leptostromiformis var. leptostromiformis)'' is a lupin endophyte and occasionally a plant pathogen. The fungus produces secondary metabolites that result in toxicosis of animals such ...

'' which can cause a mycotoxicosis known as lupinosis when ingested by grazing animals.

Uses

The

legume A legume () is a plant in the family Fabaceae (or Leguminosae), or the fruit or seed of such a plant. When used as a dry grain, the seed is also called a pulse. Legumes are grown agriculturally, primarily for human consumption, for livestock fo ...

seeds of lupins, commonly called lupin beans, were popular with the Romans, who cultivated the plants throughout the

Roman Empire The Roman Empire ( la, Imperium Romanum ; grc-gre, Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, Basileía tôn Rhōmaíōn) was the post- Republican period of ancient Rome. As a polity, it included large territorial holdings around the Medite ...

where the lupin is still known in extant

Romance languages The Romance languages, sometimes referred to as Latin languages or Neo-Latin languages, are the various modern languages that evolved from Vulgar Latin. They are the only extant subgroup of the Italic languages in the Indo-European language f ...

by names such as . Seeds of various species of lupins have been used as a food for over 3,000 years around the Mediterranean and for as long as 6,000 years in the

Andes The Andes, Andes Mountains or Andean Mountains (; ) are the longest continental mountain range in the world, forming a continuous highland along the western edge of South America. The range is long, wide (widest between 18°S – 20°S ...

. Lupins were also used by many Native American peoples of North America such as the

Yavapai The Yavapai are a Native American tribe in Arizona. Historically, the Yavapai – literally “people of the sun” (from ''Enyaava'' “sun” + ''Paay'' “people”) – were divided into four geographical bands who identified as separate, i ...

. The

Andean lupin ''Lupinus mutabilis'' is a species of lupin grown in the Andes, mainly for its edible bean. Vernacular names include tarwi (in Quechua II, pronounced ''tarhui''), chocho, altramuz, Andean lupin, South American lupin, Peruvian field lupin, and pe ...

or (''

'') was a widespread food in the

Incan Empire The Inca Empire (also known as the Incan Empire and the Inka Empire), called ''Tawantinsuyu'' by its subjects, ( Quechua for the "Realm of the Four Parts", "four parts together" ) was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The adm ...

; but they have never been accorded the same status as soybeans, dry peas and other pulse crops. The pearl lupin of the Andean highlands of South America, ''L. mutabilis'', known locally as or , was extensively cultivated, but no conscious genetic improvement other than to select for larger and water-permeable seeds seems to have been made. Users soaked the seed in running water to remove most of the bitter alkaloids and then cooked or toasted the seeds to make them edible, or else boiled and dried them to make , reported as a pre-Columbian practice in . Spanish domination led to a change in the eating habits of the indigenous peoples, and only recently (late 20th century onward) has interest in using lupins as a food been renewed. Lupinus angustifolius (1)

Lupins can be used to make a variety of foods both sweet and savoury, including everyday meals, traditional fermented foods, baked foods, and sauces. The European white lupin ('' L. albus'') beans are commonly sold in a salty solution in jars (like

olive The olive, botanical name ''Olea europaea'', meaning 'European olive' in Latin, is a species of small tree or shrub in the family Oleaceae, found traditionally in the Mediterranean Basin. When in shrub form, it is known as ''Olea europaea'' ...

s and

pickle Pickle may refer to: * Pickle, a pickled cucumber in the United States and Canada * Pickle, a sweet, vinegary pickled chutney popular in Great Britain, such as Branston Pickle, also known as "sweet pickle" or "ploughman's pickle" * South Asian pi ...

s) and can be eaten with or without the skin. ''Lupini'' dishes are most commonly found in Europe, especially in

Portugal Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, In recognized minority languages of Portugal: :* mwl, República Pertuesa is a country located on the Iberian Peninsula, in Southwestern Europe, and whose territory also includes the Macaronesian ...

Spain , image_flag = Bandera de España.svg , image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg , national_motto = '' Plus ultra'' ( Latin)(English: "Further Beyond") , national_anthem = (English: "Royal March") , ...

Greece Greece,, or , romanized: ', officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the southern tip of the Balkans, and is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Greece shares land borders wit ...

, and

Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...

. They are also common in

Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...

and

Egypt Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Med ...

. In Egypt, the lupin is known in Arabic as , and is a popular street snack after being treated with several soakings of water, and then brined. In Portugal, Spain, and the

Spanish Harlem East Harlem, also known as Spanish Harlem or and historically known as Italian Harlem, is a neighborhood of Upper Manhattan, New York City, roughly encompassing the area north of the Upper East Side and bounded by 96th Street to the south, F ...

district of

New York New York most commonly refers to: * New York City, the most populous city in the United States, located in the state of New York * New York (state), a state in the northeastern United States New York may also refer to: Film and television * '' ...

, they are consumed with

beer Beer is one of the oldest and the most widely consumed type of alcoholic drink in the world, and the third most popular drink overall after water and tea. It is produced by the brewing and fermentation of starches, mainly derived from cer ...

and wine. In

Lebanon Lebanon ( , ar, لُبْنَان, translit=lubnān, ), officially the Republic of Lebanon () or the Lebanese Republic, is a country in Western Asia. It is located between Syria to Lebanon–Syria border, the north and east and Israel to Blue ...

Israel Israel (; he, יִשְׂרָאֵל, ; ar, إِسْرَائِيل, ), officially the State of Israel ( he, מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, label=none, translit=Medīnat Yīsrāʾēl; ), is a country in Western Asia. It is situated ...

Jordan Jordan ( ar, الأردن; tr. ' ), officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan,; tr. ' is a country in Western Asia. It is situated at the crossroads of Asia, Africa, and Europe, within the Levant region, on the East Bank of the Jordan Ri ...

, Syria, and Palestinian territories, Palestine the salty and chilled lupini beans are called Turmus and are served as part of an apéritif and digestif, apéritif or a snack. Other species, such as ''L. albus'' (white lupin), ''Lupinus angustifolius, L. angustifolius'' (narrow-leafed lupin), and ''Lupinus hirsutus, L. hirsutus'' (blue lupin) also have edible seeds.

Culture

Lupinus-pilosus-2015-Zachi-Evenor-cropped01

Consumed throughout the Mediterranean region and the Andes, Andean mountains, lupins were eaten by the early Egyptian and pre-Incan people and were known to Roman agriculturalists for their ability to improve the Soil fertility, fertility of soils. In the late 18th century, lupins were introduced into northern Europe as a means of improving soil quality, and by the 1860s, the garden yellow lupin was seen across the sandy soils of the Baltic coastal plain. The successful development of lupin varieties with the necessary "sweet gene" paved the way for the greater adoption of lupins across Europe and later Australia. Further work carried out by the Western Australian Department of Agriculture and Food during the 1950s and '60s led to more sweet lupin crops produced in Western Australia now than anywhere else in the world. Bluebonnet (plant), Bluebonnets, including the lupinus texensis, Texas bluebonnet (''L. texensis''), are the list of U.S. state flowers, state flowers of

Notes

References

External links

* *

Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database. University of Melbourne.

* Hughes, C
''Lupinus''.

Lupins.org

Superhydrophobicity in Lupins - video and commentary.
{{Authority control Lupinus, Fabaceae genera Garden plants Forages Nitrogen-fixing crops Taxa named by Sereno Watson

Description

Taxonomy

Subgenus ''Platycarpos''

Subgenus ''Lupinus''

Species names with uncertain taxonomic status

Hybrids

Etymology

Ecology

Cultivation

Agriculture

Toxicity

Uses

Culture

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

External links