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''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a
Classification of Lupins.
In: ''Lupins: Geography, Classification, Genetic Resources and Breeding''. St. Petersburg: Intan. 2002. pp. 42–43. Accessed 2 August 2013. The taxonomy of ''Lupinus'' has always been confusing. How many distinct species exist or how they might be organized within the genus is not clear. The plants are variable and the taxa are not always distinct from one another. Some American taxa have been described as complexes rather than separate species.Naganowska, B., et al. (2005)
2C DNA variation and relationships among New World species of the genus ''Lupinus'' (Fabaceae).
''Plant Systematics and Evolution'' 256(1-4), 147-57. Estimates of the number of lupine species generally fall between 200 and 500. One authority places the estimate at approximately 267 species worldwide. Currently, two subgenera are recognized.
Certain species, such as the
File:Lupinus Polyphyllus Hybrid 4.png, Russell hybrid lupin '' Lupinus polyphyllus'', UK
File:Mountaintop Lupin overlooking Raspberry Strait, Alaska 2009 114.jpg, ''Lupinus'' sp., Raspberry Island, Alaska,
Soy substitute edges its way into European meals.
''
Lupins can be used to make a variety of foods both sweet and savoury, including everyday meals, traditional fermented foods, baked foods, and sauces. The European white lupin ('' L. albus'') beans are commonly sold in a salty solution in jars (like olives and pickles) and can be eaten with or without the skin. ''Lupini'' dishes are most commonly found in Europe, especially in
Consumed throughout the Mediterranean region and the Andes, Andean mountains, lupins were eaten by the early Egyptian and pre-Incan people and were known to Roman agriculturalists for their ability to improve the Soil fertility, fertility of soils.
In the late 18th century, lupins were introduced into northern Europe as a means of improving soil quality, and by the 1860s, the garden yellow lupin was seen across the sandy soils of the Baltic coastal plain.
The successful development of lupin varieties with the necessary "sweet gene" paved the way for the greater adoption of lupins across Europe and later Australia.
Further work carried out by the Western Australian Department of Agriculture and Food during the 1950s and '60s led to more sweet lupin crops produced in Western Australia now than anywhere else in the world.
Bluebonnet (plant), Bluebonnets, including the lupinus texensis, Texas bluebonnet (''L. texensis''), are the list of U.S. state flowers, state flowers of
Lupine.
Alternative Field Crops Manual. University of Minnesota, University of Wisconsin Extension. 1997. * Zhukovsky, P.M. 1929. A contribution to the knowledge of genus ''Lupinus'' Tourn. Bull. Apll. Bot. Gen. Pl.-Breed., Leningrad-Moscow, XXI, I:16-294. * Kurlovich, B.S. 1989. On the centers of species formation of the genus ''Lupinus'' L. (in Russian). Bull.N.I. Vavilov Inst. of plant Industry. Leningrad, 193:20-24. * Kurlovich, B.S., Rep’ev, S.I., Shchelko, L.G., Budanova, V.I., Petrova, M.V., Buravtseva, T.V., Stankevich, A.K., Kartuzova, L.T., Alexandrova, T.G., Teplyakova and T.E., Malysh, L.K. 1995. Theoretical basis of plant breeding. Vol.111. The gene bank and breeding of grain legumes (lupine, vetch, soya, and bean), St.Petersburg, VIR, 438p. * Kurlovich, B.S.(Ed.). 2002
Lupins
Geography, Classification, Genetic Resources and Breeding. "Intan", 468p.
Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database. University of Melbourne.
* Hughes, C
''Lupinus''.
Lupins.org
Superhydrophobicity in Lupins - video and commentary.
{{Authority control Lupinus, Fabaceae genera Garden plants Forages Nitrogen-fixing crops Taxa named by Sereno Watson
genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nom ...
of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species
In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...
, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur in North Africa
North Africa, or Northern Africa is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region, and it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of Mauritania in ...
and the Mediterranean
The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western Europe, Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa ...
. They are widely cultivated, both as a food source and as ornamental plants, but are invasive to some areas.
Description
The species are mostly herbaceousperennial plant
A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives more than two years. The term ('' per-'' + '' -ennial'', "through the years") is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. The term is also wide ...
s tall, but some are annual plants and a few are shrubs
A shrub (often also called a bush) is a small-to-medium-sized perennial woody plant. Unlike herbaceous plants, shrubs have persistent woody stems above the ground. Shrubs can be either deciduous or evergreen. They are distinguished from trees ...
up to tall. An exception is the ''chamis de monte'' (''Lupinus jaimehintoniana
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...
'') of Oaxaca
Oaxaca ( , also , , from nci, Huāxyacac ), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Oaxaca ( es, Estado Libre y Soberano de Oaxaca), is one of the 32 states that compose the political divisions of Mexico, Federative Entities of Mexico. It is ...
in Mexico
Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatema ...
, which is a tree
In botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, usually supporting branches and leaves. In some usages, the definition of a tree may be narrower, including only woody plants with secondary growth, plants that are ...
up to tall.
Lupins have soft green to grey-green leaves which may be coated in silvery hairs, often densely so. The leaf blades are usually palmately divided into five to 28 leaflets, or reduced to a single leaflet in a few species of the southeastern United States
The Southeastern United States, also referred to as the American Southeast or simply the Southeast, is a geographical region of the United States. It is located broadly on the eastern portion of the southern United States and the southern por ...
and eastern South America
South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the sout ...
.
The flowers are produced in dense or open whorls on an erect spike, each flower long. The pea-like flowers have an upper standard, or banner, two lateral wings, and two lower petals fused into a keel. The flower shape has inspired common names such as bluebonnets and quaker bonnets.
The fruit is a pod containing several seeds. The seeds contain alkaloid
Alkaloids are a class of basic, naturally occurring organic compounds that contain at least one nitrogen atom. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic properties. Some synthetic compounds of similar ...
s which lend them a bitter taste.
Taxonomy
The genus ''Lupinus'' L. and, in particular, its North American species were divided bySereno Watson
Sereno Watson (December 1, 1826 in East Windsor Hill, Connecticut – March 9, 1892 in Cambridge, Massachusetts) was an American botanist.
Graduating from Yale in 1847 in Biology, he drifted through various occupations until, in California, he j ...
(1873) into three sections: ''Lupinus'', ''Platycarpos'', and ''Lupinnelus''. Differences in habitat and in the number of ovule
In seed plants, the ovule is the structure that gives rise to and contains the female reproductive cells. It consists of three parts: the '' integument'', forming its outer layer, the ''nucellus'' (or remnant of the megasporangium), and the ...
s were the basis for this classification. A majority of the perennial and annual species from the American continent described by Watson were referred to ''Lupinus''. Some annual species with two ovules in the ovary and two seeds in the pod (''L. densiflorus'', ''L. microcarpus'', etc.) were attributed to the ''Platycarpos'' section. Section ''Lupinnelus'' consisted of one species (''L. uncialis''), with axillary and solitary flowers, scarcely reflexed banner, and also with two ovules in the ovary.
While Watson's work was predominantly based on study of North American species, the later research of Ascherson and Graebner (1907) extended his principle of classification to cover all lupins from the Eastern and Western Hemispheres, also using number of ovules (seedbuds) in the ovary (and thus of seeds in the pod) as the criterion for this division. They described two subgenera, ''Eulupinus'' and ''Platycarpos''. Most of the described species were referred to subgen. A. ''Eulupinus''. Subgen. B. ''Platycarpos'' included several annual species from the Eastern Hemisphere with two seedbuds and seeds in the bean (the same species, as the one specified by S. Watson).
A current schema retains this distinction, but uses the nomenclature for the subgenera of ''Platycarpos'' and ''Lupinus''. In this schema, subgenus Platycarpos
The genus '' Lupinus'' L. and, in particular, its North-American species, were divided by Sereno Watson
Sereno Watson (December 1, 1826 in East Windsor Hill, Connecticut – March 9, 1892 in Cambridge, Massachusetts) was an American botanist. ...
(S.Wats.) Kurl. contains perennial and annual species from the Western Hemisphere, with a minimum two or more ovules or seedbuds. Subgenus ''Lupinus'' consists of 12 species from Africa and the Mediterranean, with a minimum of four ovules or seedbuds.Kurlovich, B. S. and A. K. Stankevich. (eds.Classification of Lupins.
In: ''Lupins: Geography, Classification, Genetic Resources and Breeding''. St. Petersburg: Intan. 2002. pp. 42–43. Accessed 2 August 2013. The taxonomy of ''Lupinus'' has always been confusing. How many distinct species exist or how they might be organized within the genus is not clear. The plants are variable and the taxa are not always distinct from one another. Some American taxa have been described as complexes rather than separate species.Naganowska, B., et al. (2005)
2C DNA variation and relationships among New World species of the genus ''Lupinus'' (Fabaceae).
''Plant Systematics and Evolution'' 256(1-4), 147-57. Estimates of the number of lupine species generally fall between 200 and 500. One authority places the estimate at approximately 267 species worldwide. Currently, two subgenera are recognized.
Subgenus ''Platycarpos''
The ovary contains two and more ovules or seedbuds. The seed are predominantly small-sized, with an underdeveloped embryo and small amount of endosperm. Cotyledons are small-sized, with long caulicles. The first pair of true leaves is alternate. The stem is predominantly naked with waxen coating. Dominating is the monopodial type of branching. Leaflets are smooth, with waxen coating or slight pubescence, predominantly narrow. Pods are flat or orbicular, with two or more seeds. Represented by frutcuilose, fruticose and herbaceous perennial forms, or less often annual ones. Plants are cross-pollinated.Chromosome number
Ploidy () is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell, and hence the number of possible alleles for autosomal and pseudoautosomal genes. Sets of chromosomes refer to the number of maternal and paternal chromosome copies, respectivel ...
2''n'' is either 36, 48, or 96. This subgenus is distributed throughout North, Central and South America, predominantly in the mining systems of the Andes and Cordillera. Some species are cultivated (''L. mutabilis'', ''L. polyphyllus''). This subgenus includes several hundred species, requiring further analysis of their authenticity.
It comprises the following species:
* ''Lupinus aberrans
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...
'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus abramsii'' C.P. Sm. – Abrams' lupine
* '' Lupinus acopalcus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus adinoanthus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus adsurgens'' Drew – Drew's silky lupine
* '' Lupinus affinis'' J. Agardh – fleshy lupine
* '' Lupinus agardhianus'' A. Heller
* '' Lupinus alaristatus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus albert-smithianus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus albescens'' Hook. & Arn. – hoary lupine
* '' Lupinus albicaulis'' Douglas – sickle-keel lupine
* ''Lupinus albifrons
''Lupinus albifrons'', silver lupine, white-leaf bush lupine, or evergreen lupine, is a species of lupine (lupin). It is native to California and Oregon, where it grows along the coast and in dry and open meadows, prairies and forest clearings. ...
'' Benth. – silver bush lupine
** var. ''albifrons'' Benth.
** var. ''douglasii'' (J. Agardh) C. P. Sm.
** var. ''hallii'' (Abrams) Isely
* '' Lupinus albopilosus'' A. Heller
* '' Lupinus albosericeus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus alcis-montis'' C.P. Sm.
* ''Lupinus aliamandus
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...
'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus aliattenuatus'' C.P. Sm.
* ''Lupinus alibicolor
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with center of diversity, centers of diversity in North and South America. Sm ...
'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus aliceae'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus alilatissimus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus alinanus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus alipatulus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus alirevolutus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus alivillosus'' C.P. Sm.
* ''Lupinus allargyreius
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...
'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus alopecuroides'' Desr.
* '' Lupinus alpestris'' A. Nelson
* '' Lupinus altimontanus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus altiplani'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus amabayensis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus amandus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus amboensis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus ammophilus'' Greene
** var. ''ammophilus'' Greene
** var. ''crassus'' (Payson) Isely
* '' Lupinus amnis-otuni'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus ampaiensis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus amphibius'' Suksd.
* '' Lupinus ananeanus'' Ulbr.
* '' Lupinus anatolicus'' W. Święcicki & W. K. Święcicki
* '' Lupinus andersonii'' S. Watson – Anderson's lupine
* '' Lupinus andicola'' Gillies
* '' Lupinus andinus'' Rose ex J. F. Macbr.
* '' Lupinus angustiflorus'' Eastw. – narrowflower lupine
* ''Lupinus antensis
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...
'' C.P. Sm.
* ''Lupinus antiplani
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...
'' C. P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus antoninus'' Eastw. – Anthony Peak lupine
* '' Lupinus apertus'' A. Heller
* '' Lupinus appositus'' C.P. Sm.
* ''Lupinus arboreus
''Lupinus arboreus'', the yellow bush lupine (US) or tree lupin (UK), is a species of flowering plant in the legume family Fabaceae.
Description
''Lupinus arboreus'' is an evergreen shrub growing to tall (hence the alternative common name, tree ...
'' Sims – yellow bush lupin, tree lupine
* '' Lupinus arbustus'' Lindl. – longspur lupine
** subsp. ''arbustus'' Lindl.
** subsp. ''neolaxiflorus'' D.B.Dunn
** subsp. ''pseudoparviflorus'' (Rydb.) D.B.Dunn
* '' Lupinus arbutosocius'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus archeranus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus arcticus'' S. Watson – Arctic lupine
** subsp. ''arcticus'' S. Watson
** subsp. ''subalpinus'' (Piper & Robinson)D.B.Dunn
* '' Lupinus arenarius'' Gardner
* ''Lupinus arequipensis
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...
'' C.P. Sm.
* ''Lupinus argenteus
''Lupinus argenteus'' is a species of lupine known by the common name silvery lupine. It is native to much of western North America from the southwestern Canadian provinces to the southwestern and midwestern United States, where it grows in seve ...
'' Pursh – silvery lupine
** var. ''argentatus'' (Rydb.) Barneby
** var. ''argenteus'' Pursh
** var. ''argophyllus'' (A. Gray) S. Watson
** var. ''depressus'' (Rydb.) C. L. Hitchc.
** var. ''fulvomaculatus'' (Payson) Barneby
** var. ''heteranthus'' (S. Watson) Barneby – Kellogg's spurred lupine
** var. ''hillii'' (Greene) Barneby
** var. ''holosericeus'' (Torr. & A.Gray) Barneby
** var. ''montigenus'' (A. Heller) Barneby
** var. ''palmeri'' (S.Watson) Barneby
** var. ''rubricaulis'' (Greene) S. L. Welsh
** var. ''utahensis'' (S.Watson) Barneby
* '' Lupinus argurocalyx'' C.P. Sm.
* ''Lupinus aridorum
''Lupinus aridorum'' is a rare species of lupine known by the common name scrub lupine. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where there were 10 known populations remaining in 2003.USFWSScrub lupine Five-year Review.November 2007. Fewe ...
'' McFarlin ex Beckner – scrub lupine
* '' Lupinus aridulus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus aridus'' Lindl.
* '' Lupinus ariste-josephii'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus arizelus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus arizonicus'' (S. Watson) S. Watson
** subsp. ''arizonicus'' (S. Watson) S. Watson – Arizona lupine
** subsp. ''sonorensis'' Christian & D. Dunn – Sonora lupine
* '' Lupinus arvensi-plasketti'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus arvensis'' Benth.
* ''Lupinus asa-grayanus
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...
'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus aschenbornii'' S. Schauer
* '' Lupinus asplundianus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus asymbepus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus atropurpureus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus attenuatus'' Gardner
* '' Lupinus aureonitens'' Hook. & Arn.
* ''Lupinus austrobicolor
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with center of diversity, centers of diversity in North and South America. Sm ...
'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus austrohumifusus'' C.P. Sm.
* ''Lupinus austrorientalis
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with center of diversity, centers of diversity in North and South America. Sm ...
'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus austrosericeus'' C.P. Sm.
* ''Lupinus ballianus
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...
'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus bandelierae'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus bangii'' Rusby
* '' Lupinus barbatilabius'' C.P. Sm.
* ''Lupinus barkeri
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with center of diversity, centers of diversity in North and South America. Sm ...
'' Lindl.
* '' Lupinus bartlettianus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus benthamii'' A. Heller
* ''Lupinus bi-inclinatus
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with center of diversity, centers of diversity in North and South America. Sm ...
'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus bicolor'' Lindl. – miniature lupine, bicolor lupine, Lindley's annual lupine
** subsp. ''bicolor'' Lindl.
** subsp. ''microphyllus'' (S. Watson) D. B. Dunn
** subsp. ''pipersmithii'' (A. Heller) D. B. Dunn
** subsp. ''umbellatus'' (Greene) D. B. Dunn
* '' Lupinus bingenensis'' Suksd. – Bingen lupine
* '' Lupinus blaisdellii'' Eastw.
* '' Lupinus bogotensis'' Benth.
* ''Lupinus bolivianus
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with center of diversity, centers of diversity in North and South America. Sm ...
'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus bombycinocarpus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus bonplandius'' C.P. Sm.
* ''Lupinus boyacensis
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...
'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus brachypremnon'' C.P. Sm.
* ''Lupinus bracteolaris
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...
'' Desr.
* '' Lupinus brandegeei'' Eastw.
* '' Lupinus brevecuneus'' C.P. Sm.
* ''Lupinus brevicaulis
''Lupinus brevicaulis'' is a species of lupine known by the common names shortstem lupine and sand lupine. It is native to the southwestern United States and Great Basin area and into northern Mexico, where it grows in many types of sandy habit ...
'' S. Watson – shortstem lupine
* '' Lupinus brevior'' (Jeps.) Christian & D.B. Dunn
* '' Lupinus breviscapus'' Ulbr.
* '' Lupinus breweri'' A. Gray – Brewer's lupine
* '' Lupinus bryoides'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus buchtienii'' Rusby
* '' Lupinus burkartianus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus burkei'' S. Watson – Burke's lupine
* '' Lupinus burkeri'' Lindl.
* ''Lupinus caballoanus
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...
'' B.L. Turner
* '' Lupinus cachupatensis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus cacuminis'' Standl.
* '' Lupinus caeruleus'' A. Heller
* ''Lupinus caesius
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...
'' Eastw.
* '' Lupinus caespitosus'' Torr. & A. Gray – stemless dwarf lupine
* '' Lupinus calcensis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus caldasensis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus camiloanus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus campestris'' Schltdl. & Cham.
* '' Lupinus carazensis'' Ulbr.
* '' Lupinus carchiensis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus cardenasianus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus carhuamayus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus carlos-ochoae'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus carpapaticus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus carrikeri'' C.P. Sm.
* ''Lupinus caucensis
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...
'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus cavicaulis'' C.P. Sm.
* ''Lupinus ccorilazensis
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with center of diversity, centers of diversity in North and South America. Sm ...
'' Vargas ex C. P. Smith
* '' Lupinus celsimontanus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus cervinus'' Kellogg – Santa Lucia lupine
* '' Lupinus cesar-vargasii'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus cesaranus'' C.P. Sm.
* ''Lupinus chachas
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with center of diversity, centers of diversity in North and South America. Sm ...
'' C.P. Sm.
* ''Lupinus chamissonis
''Lupinus chamissonis'' is a species of lupine known by the common name Chamisso bush lupine. It is endemic to California, where it is known from most of the length of the coastline. It grows in sand dunes and other immediate coastal habitat.
...
'' Eschsch. – Chamisso bush lupine
* '' Lupinus chavanillensis'' (J.F. Macbr.) C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus chipaquensis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus chlorolepis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus chocontensis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus chongos-bajous'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus christinae'' A. Heller
* '' Lupinus chrysanthus'' Ulbr.
* '' Lupinus chrysocalyx'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus chumbivilcensis'' C.P. Sm.
* ''Lupinus citrinus
''Lupinus citrinus'' is a species of Lupinus, lupine known by the common names orange lupine, orangeflower lupine, and fragrant lupine. It is Endemism, endemic to California, where it is known from a section of the Sierra Nevada (U.S.), Sierra Ne ...
'' Kellogg – orange lupine
* '' Lupinus clarkei'' Oerst.
* '' Lupinus cochapatensis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus colcabambensis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus collinus'' (Greene) A. Heller
* ''Lupinus colombiensis
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...
'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus compactiflorus'' Rose
* '' Lupinus comptus'' Benth.
* '' Lupinus concinnus'' J. Agardh
** subsp. ''concinnus'' J. Agardh
** subsp. ''orcuttii'' (S.Watson) D.B.Dunn
* '' Lupinus condensiflorus'' C.P. Sm.
* ''Lupinus confertus
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...
'' Kellogg
* '' Lupinus congdonii'' (C.P. Sm.) D.B. Dunn
* '' Lupinus conicus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus constancei'' T.W. Nelson & J.P. Nelson – Lassics lupine
* ''Lupinus convencionensis
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with center of diversity, centers of diversity in North and South America. Sm ...
'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus cookianus'' C.P. Sm.
* ''Lupinus coriaceus
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...
'' Benth.
* '' Lupinus costaricensis'' D.B. Dunn
* '' Lupinus cotopaxiensis'' C.P. Sm.
* ''Lupinus couthouyanus
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with center of diversity, centers of diversity in North and South America. Sm ...
'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus covillei'' Greene – shaggy lupine
* '' Lupinus crassulus'' Greene
* ''Lupinus crassus
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...
'' Payson
* ''Lupinus croceus
''Lupinus croceus'' is a species of lupine known by the common name saffron-flowered lupine. It is endemic to the northernmost mountains of California, including the Klamath Mountains, where it grows in generally dry, rocky habitat. This is an e ...
'' Eastw. – saffron-flowered lupine
* '' Lupinus crotalarioides'' Benth.
* ''Lupinus crucis-viridis
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...
'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus cuatrecasasii'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus culbertsonii'' Greene
** subsp. ''culbertsonii'' Greene
** subsp. ''hypolasius'' (Greene) B.J.Cox
* '' Lupinus cumulicola'' Small
* '' Lupinus cusickii'' S. Watson
** subsp. ''abortivus'' (Greene) B.J.Cox
** subsp. ''brachypodus'' (Piper) B.J.Cox
** subsp. ''cusickii'' S. Watson
* '' Lupinus cuspidatus'' Rusby
* '' Lupinus cuzcensis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus cymboides'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus czermakii'' Briq. & Hochr.
* '' Lupinus dalesiae'' Eastw. – Quincy lupine
* ''Lupinus decemplex
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with center of diversity, centers of diversity in North and South America. Sm ...
'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus decurrens'' Gardner
* '' Lupinus deflexus'' Congdon
* '' Lupinus delicatulus'' Sprague & Riley
* ''Lupinus densiflorus
''Lupinus microcarpus'', the wide-bannered lupine or chick lupine, is a species of lupine native to western North America from southwestern British Columbia south through Oregon and California, including the Mojave Desert, and into Baja Califo ...
'' Benth. – dense-flowered lupin
** subsp. ''densiflorus'' Benth.
** subsp. ''lacteus'' (Kellogg) R.M.Beauch.
* '' Lupinus depressus'' Rydb.
* '' Lupinus diasemus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus diehlii'' M.E. Jones
* '' Lupinus diffusus'' Nutt. – spreading lupine, Oak Ridge lupine, sky-blue lupine
* '' Lupinus disjunctus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus diversalpicola'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus dorae'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus dotatus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus duranii'' Eastw. – Mono Lake lupine
* '' Lupinus dusenianus'' C.P. Sm.
* ''Lupinus eanophyllus
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...
'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus edysomatus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus egens'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus elaphoglossum'' Barneby
* '' Lupinus elatus'' I.M. Johnst. – tall silky lupine
* '' Lupinus elegans'' Kunth – elegant lupine
* '' Lupinus elegantulus'' Eastw.
* '' Lupinus ellsworthianus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus elmeri'' Greene – Elmer's lupine
* ''Lupinus eramosus
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with center of diversity, centers of diversity in North and South America. Sm ...
'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus erectifolius'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus eremonomus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus eriocalyx'' (C.P. Sm.) C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus eriocladus'' Ulbr.
* '' Lupinus evermannii'' Rydb.
* '' Lupinus espinarensis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus exaltatus'' Zucc.
* ''Lupinus excubitus
''Lupinus excubitus'' is a species of lupine known as the grape soda lupine. Its common name refers to its sweet scent, which is said to be very reminiscent of grape soda. This species and its variants are found in Southwestern United States, e ...
'' M.E. Jones – grape soda lupine
** subsp. ''austromontanus'' (A.Heller) R.M.Beauch.
** subsp. ''excubitus'' M.E. Jones
* '' Lupinus exochus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus expetendus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus extrarius'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus falsomutabilis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus falsoprostratus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus falsorevolutus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus famelicus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus fiebrigianus'' Ulbr.
* '' Lupinus fieldii'' J.F. Macbr.
* '' Lupinus fissicalyx'' A. Heller
* '' Lupinus flavoculatus'' A. Heller
* '' Lupinus foliolosus'' Benth.
* '' Lupinus formosus'' Greene – summer lupine
** var. ''bridgesii'' (S.Watson) Greene
** var. ''formosus'' Greene
* '' Lupinus fragrans'' A. Heller
* '' Lupinus francis-whittieri'' C.P. Sm.
* ''Lupinus fratrum
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...
'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus fulcratus'' Greene
* '' Lupinus gachetensis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus garfieldensis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus gaudichaudianus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus gayanus'' C.P. Sm.
* ''Lupinus gentryanus
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...
'' C.P. Sm.
* ''Lupinus geophilus
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...
'' Rose
* '' Lupinus gibertianus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus giganteus'' Rose
* '' Lupinus glabratus'' J. Agardh
* ''Lupinus goodspeedii
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occu ...
'' J.F. Macbr.
* '' Lupinus gormanii'' Piper
* '' Lupinus gracilentus'' Greene
* '' Lupinus grayi'' S. Watson – Sierra lupine
* '' Lupinus grauensis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus grisebachianus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus guadalupensis'' C.P. Sm. – Guadalupe Island lupine
* '' Lupinus guaraniticus'' (Hassl.) C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus guascensis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus guggenheimianus'' Rusby
* '' Lupinus hamaticalyx'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus hartmannii'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus hartwegii'' Lindl.
* '' Lupinus haughtianus'' C.P. Sm.
* ''Lupinus hautcarazensis
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...
'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus havardii'' S. Watson
* '' Lupinus hazenanus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus hendersonii'' Eastw.
* '' Lupinus heptaphyllus'' (Vell.) Hassl.
* '' Lupinus herreranus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus herzogii'' Ulbr.
* '' Lupinus hieronymii'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus hilarianus'' Benth.
* '' Lupinus hillii'' Greene
* ''Lupinus hinkleyorum
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...
'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus hintoniorum'' B.L. Turner
* '' Lupinus hirsutissimus'' Benth. – stinging lupine
* ''Lupinus holmgrenianus
''Lupinus holmgrenianus'' is a species of lupine known by the common name Holmgren's lupine. It is native to the desert mountains of western Nevada and a few ranges of adjacent Inyo County, California, including the Last Chance Range of Death Vall ...
'' C.P. Sm. – Holmgren's lupine
* '' Lupinus honoratus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus horizontalis'' A. Heller
* '' Lupinus hornemanni'' J. Agardh
* '' Lupinus hortonianus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus hortorum'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus howard-scottii'' C.P. Sm.
* ''Lupinus howardii
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with center of diversity, centers of diversity in North and South America. Sm ...
'' M.E. Jones
* '' Lupinus huachucanus'' M.E. Jones
* '' Lupinus huancayoensis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus huariacus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus huaronensis'' J.F. Macbr.
* '' Lupinus huigrensis'' Rose ex C. P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus humifusus'' Sessé & Moc. ex G. Don
* '' Lupinus hyacinthinus'' C.F. Baker – San Jacinto lupine
* '' Lupinus hybridus'' Lem.
* '' Lupinus ignobilis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus imminutus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus indigoticus'' Eastw.
* '' Lupinus inflatus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus insignis'' C.P. Sm.
* ''Lupinus insulae
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with center of diversity, centers of diversity in North and South America. Sm ...
'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus interruptus'' Benth.
* '' Lupinus intortus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus inusitatus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus involutus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus inyoensis'' A. Heller
* ''Lupinus isabelianus
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...
'' Eastw.
* '' Lupinus jahnii'' Rose ex Pittier
* ''Lupinus jaimehintoniana
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...
'' B.L. Turner
* '' Lupinus james-westii'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus jean-julesii'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus jelskianus'' C.P. Sm.
* ''Lupinus johannis-howellii
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with center of diversity, centers of diversity in North and South America. Sm ...
'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus jonesii'' Rydb.
* '' Lupinus jujuyensis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus juninensis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus kalenbornorum'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus kellermanianus'' C.P. Sm.
* ''Lupinus kerrii
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with center of diversity, centers of diversity in North and South America. Sm ...
'' Eastw.
* ''Lupinus killipianus
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...
'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus kingii'' S. Watson
* '' Lupinus klamathensis'' Eastw.
* '' Lupinus kunthii'' J. Agardh
* '' Lupinus kuschei'' Eastw. – Yukon lupine
* '' Lupinus lacus'' C.P. Sm.
* ''Lupinus laetus
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...
'' Wooton & Standl.
* '' Lupinus laevigatus'' Benth.
* '' Lupinus lagunae-negrae'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus lanatocarpus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus lanatus'' Benth.
* '' Lupinus lapidicola'' A. Heller – Mt. Eddy lupine
* '' Lupinus latifolius'' J. Agardh
** subsp. ''dudleyi'' (C.P.Sm.) P.Kenney & D.B.Dunn
** subsp. ''latifolius'' J. Agardh
*** var. ''latifolius'' J. Agardh – broadleaf lupine
*** var. '' barbatus'' – Klamath lupine, bearded lupine
** subsp. ''leucanthus'' (Rydb.)P.Kenney & D.B.Dunn
** subsp. ''longipes'' (Greene) P.Kenney & D.B.Dunn
** subsp. ''parishii'' (C.P.Sm.) P.Kenney & D.B.Dunn
** subsp. ''viridifolius'' (A.Heller) P.Kenney & D.B.Dunn
* '' Lupinus laudandrus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus lechlerianus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus ledigianus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus lelandsmithii'' Eastw.
* '' Lupinus lemmonii'' C.P. Sm.
* ''Lupinus lepidus
''Lupinus lepidus'', the Pacific lupine, prairie lupine or dwarf lupine is a perennial herbaceous plant in the pea family (Fabaceae) endemic to western North America. Many varieties have been described, several of which are considered separate sp ...
'' Lindl. – prairie lupine
** var. ''aridus'' (Douglas) Jeps.
** var. ''confertus'' (Kellogg) C. P. Sm.
** var. ''lepidus'' Lindl.
** var. ''lobbii'' (A. Gray ex S. Watson) C. L. Hitchc.
** var. ''sellulus'' (Kellogg) Barneby
** var. ''utahensis'' (S. Watson) C. L. Hitchc.
* '' Lupinus leptocarpus'' Benth.
* '' Lupinus leptophyllus'' Cham. & Schltdl.
* ''Lupinus lespedezoides
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...
'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus leucophyllus'' Lindl. – woolly-leaf lupine
* '' Lupinus lilacinus'' A. Heller
* '' Lupinus lindenianus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus lindleyanus'' J. Agardh
* '' Lupinus linearis'' Desr.
* '' Lupinus littoralis'' Lindl. – seashore lupine
* '' Lupinus lobbianus'' C.P. Sm.
* ''Lupinus longifolius
''Lupinus longifolius'' is a species of lupine known by the common name longleaf bush lupine.
It is native to the coastal mountain ranges and hillsides of southern California and Baja California, where it grows in local habitat in the canyons an ...
'' (S. Watson) Abrams – longleaf bush lupine
* '' Lupinus lorenzensis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus ludovicianus'' Greene – San Luis Obispo County Lupine
* '' Lupinus luetzelburgianus'' C.P. Sm.
* ''Lupinus luteolus
''Lupinus luteolus'' is a species of lupine known by the common names pale yellow lupine and butter lupine. It is native to the coastal mountain ranges of Oregon and California as far south as the Transverse Ranges, where it grows in open habitat ...
'' Kellogg – butter lupine, pale yellow lupine
* '' Lupinus lutescens'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus lutosus'' A. Heller
* ''Lupinus lyallii
''Lupinus lyallii'', common names of which are dwarf mountain lupine, Lobb's lupine, and Lobb's tidy lupine, is a species of flowering plant from the order of Lamiales native to North America.
Distribution
It can be found in California and elsew ...
'' A. Gray
** subsp. ''alcis-temporis'' (C.P. Sm.) B.J.Cox
** subsp. ''lyallii'' A. Gray – Lyall's lupine
** subsp. ''minutifolius'' (Eastw.) B.J.Cox
** subsp. ''washoensis'' (A.Heller) B.J.Cox
* '' Lupinus macbrideanus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus macranthus'' Rose
* '' Lupinus maculatus'' Rydb.
* '' Lupinus madrensis'' Seem.
* '' Lupinus magdalenensis'' C.P. Sm.
* ''Lupinus magnificus
''Lupinus magnificus'', commonly known as Panamint Mountain lupine, is a species of flowering plant from the order of Lamiales.
The plant is endemic to California, within Death Valley National Park in Death Valley and the Panamint Range
The Pa ...
'' M.E. Jones
* '' Lupinus magniflorus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus magnistipulatus'' Planchuelo & D.B. Dunn
* '' Lupinus malacophyllus'' Greene
* '' Lupinus malacotrichus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus maleopinatus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus mandonanus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus mantaroensis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus marinensis'' Eastw.
* '' Lupinus mariposanus'' Eastw.
* '' Lupinus martensis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus martinetianus'' (C.P. Sm.) C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus mathewsianus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus matucanicus'' Ulbr.
* '' Lupinus meionanthus'' A. Gray
* ''Lupinus melaphyllus
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...
'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus menziesii'' J. Agardh
* '' Lupinus meridanus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus metensis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus mexicanus'' Lag.
* '' Lupinus michelianus'' C. P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus microcarpus'' Sims
** var. ''densiflorus''
** var. ''microcarpus'' – wide-bannered lupin, chick lupin
* '' Lupinus microphyllus'' Desr.
* '' Lupinus minimus'' Hook.
* '' Lupinus mirabilis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus misticola'' Ulbr.
* '' Lupinus mollendoensis'' Ulbr.
* '' Lupinus mollis'' A. Heller
* '' Lupinus monensis'' Eastw.
* '' Lupinus monserratensis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus montanus'' Kunth
** subsp. ''glabrior'' (S.Watson) D.B.Dunn & Harmon
** subsp. ''montanus'' Kunth
** subsp. ''montesii'' (C.P.Sm.) D.B.Dunn & Harmon
* ''Lupinus monticola
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...
'' Rydb.
* '' Lupinus montigenus'' A. Heller
* '' Lupinus moritzianus'' Kunth
* '' Lupinus mucronulatus'' Howell
* '' Lupinus muelleri'' Standl.
* '' Lupinus multiflorus'' Desr.
* '' Lupinus munzianus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus munzii'' Eastw.
* ''Lupinus mutabilis
''Lupinus mutabilis'' is a species of lupin grown in the Andes, mainly for its edible bean. Vernacular names include tarwi (in Quechua II, pronounced ''tarhui''), chocho, altramuz, Andean lupin, South American lupin, Peruvian field lupin, and p ...
'' Sweet – Andean lupin, pearl lupin, South American lupin, ''tarwi'', ''tarhui'', ''chocho''
* ''Lupinus nanus
''Lupinus nanus'', the sky lupine, field lupine, dwarf lupin, ocean-blue lupine or Douglas' annual lupine, is a species of lupine native to the western United States. It is found natively in California, Nevada, and on Steens Mountain in eastern ...
'' Benth. – dwarf lupin, field lupin, sky lupin, Douglas' annual lupin
* '' Lupinus navicularius'' A. Heller
* '' Lupinus nehmadae'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus neocotus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus neomexicanus'' Greene
* ''Lupinus nepubescens
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...
'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus nevadensis'' A. Heller – Nevada lupine
* '' Lupinus niederleinianus'' C.P. Sm.
* ''Lupinus nipomensis
''Lupinus nipomensis'' is a species of lupine known by the common name Nipomo Mesa lupine. It is endemic to the Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes on the California Central Coast. Specifically, the plant is limited to the Guadalupe Dunes at the southern bor ...
'' Eastw. – Nipomo Mesa lupine
* '' Lupinus niveus'' S. Watson
* '' Lupinus nonoensis'' C.P. Sm.
* ''Lupinus nootkatensis
''Lupinus nootkatensis'', the Nootka lupine, is a perennial plant of the genus ''Lupinus'' in the legume family, Fabaceae. It is native to North America. The Nootka lupine grows up to 60 cm tall. Late in the 18th century it was first int ...
'' Sims – Nootka lupin
* '' Lupinus notabilis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus nubigenus'' Kunth
* '' Lupinus nubilorum'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus obscurus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus obtusilobus'' A. Heller – bluntlobe lupine
* ''Lupinus ochoanus
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...
'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus ochroleucus'' Eastw.
* ''Lupinus odoratus
''Lupinus odoratus'' is a species of lupine known by the common name Mojave lupine. It is native to the Mojave Desert and adjacent western Great Basin in the United States, where it grows in sandy or gravelly soils in open habitat.
It is an an ...
'' A. Heller – royal Mojave lupin
* '' Lupinus onustus'' S. Watson – Plumas lupine
* '' Lupinus opertospicus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus oquendoanus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus oreganus'' A. Heller – Oregon lupin
* '' Lupinus oreophilus'' Phil.
* '' Lupinus ornatus'' Lindl.
* '' Lupinus oscar-haughtii'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus ostiofluminis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus otto-buchtienii'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus otto-kuntzeanus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus otuzcoensis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus ovalifolius'' Benth.
* '' Lupinus pachanoanus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus pachitensis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus pachylobus'' Greene
* '' Lupinus padre-crowleyi'' C.P. Sm. – DeDecker's lupine, Father Crowley's lupine
* ''Lupinus pallidus
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with center of diversity, centers of diversity in North and South America. Sm ...
'' Brandegee
* '' Lupinus paniculatus'' Desr.
* '' Lupinus paraguariensis'' Chodat & Hassl.
* '' Lupinus paranensis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus paruroensis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus parviflorus'' Hook. & Arn. – lodgepole lupin
** subsp. ''myrianthus'' (Greene) Harmon
** subsp. ''parviflorus'' Hook. & Arn.
* '' Lupinus parvifolius'' Gardner
* '' Lupinus pasachoensis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus pasadenensis'' Eastw.
* ''Lupinus patulus
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...
'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus paucartambensis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus paucovillosus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus paynei'' Davidson
* '' Lupinus pearceanus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus pendentiflorus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus peirsonii'' H. Mason – Peirson's lupine, long lupine
* '' Lupinus penlandianus'' C.P. Sm.
* ''Lupinus perblandus
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with center of diversity, centers of diversity in North and South America. Sm ...
'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus perbonus'' C.P. Sm.
* ''Lupinus perennis
''Lupinus perennis'' (also wild perennial lupine, wild lupine, sundial lupine, blue lupine, Indian beet, or old maid's bonnets) is a flowering plant in the family Fabaceae. It is widespread in the eastern part of the USA (from Texas and Fl ...
'' L. – wild perennial lupine, sundial lupine, Indian beet, old maid's bonnets
** subsp. ''gracilis'' (Nutt.) D.B.Dunn
** subsp. ''occidentalis'' S. Watson
** subsp. ''perennis'' L.
* '' Lupinus perglaber'' Eastw.
* '' Lupinus perissophytus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus persistens'' Rose
* '' Lupinus peruvianus'' Ulbr.
* '' Lupinus philippianus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus physodes'' Douglas
* '' Lupinus pickeringii'' A. Gray
* '' Lupinus pilosellus'' Eastw.
* '' Lupinus pilosissimus'' M. Martens & Galeotti
* '' Lupinus pinguis'' Ulbr.
* '' Lupinus pipersmithianus'' J.F. Macbr.
* '' Lupinus pisacensis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus piurensis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus platamodes'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus plattensis'' S. Watson
* '' Lupinus platyptenus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus polycarpus'' Greene – smallflower lupin
* '' Lupinus polyphyllus'' Lindl. – largeleaf lupine, bigleaf lupine, garden lupin, many-leaved lupine
** var. ''burkei'' (S. Watson) C. L. Hitchc.
** var. ''humicola'' (A.Nelson) Barneby
** var. ''pallidipes'' (A. Heller) C. P. Sm.
** var. ''polyphyllus'' Lindl.
** var. ''prunophilus'' (M. E. Jones) L. Ll. Phillips
* '' Lupinus poopoensis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus popayanensis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus potosinus'' Rose
* '' Lupinus praealtus'' C.P. Sm.
* ''Lupinus praestabilis
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...
'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus praetermissus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus pratensis'' A.Heller – Inyo Meadow lupine
* '' Lupinus pringlei'' Rose
* '' Lupinus proculaustrinus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus prostratus'' J. Agardh
* ''Lupinus protrusus
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...
'' C.P. Sm.
* ''Lupinus prouvensalanus
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...
'' C.P. Sm.
* ''Lupinus prunophilus
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...
'' M.E. Jones – hairy bigleaf lupin
* '' Lupinus pseudopolyphyllus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus pseudotsugoides'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus pubescens'' Benth.
* '' Lupinus pucapucensis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus pulloviridus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus pulvinaris'' Ulbr.
* '' Lupinus punto-reyesensis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus puracensis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus purdieanus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus pureriae'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus purosericeus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus pusillus'' Pursh – rusty lupine or dwarf lupine
** subsp. ''intermontanus'' (A.Heller) D.B.Dunn
** subsp. ''pusillus'' Pursh
* '' Lupinus puyupatensis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus pycnostachys'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus quellomayus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus quitensis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus radiatus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus ramosissimus'' Benth.
* '' Lupinus reflexus'' Rose
* '' Lupinus regalis'' Bergmans
* '' Lupinus regnellianus'' C.P. Sm.
* ''Lupinus reineckianus
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...
'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus reitzii'' Burkart ex M. Pinheiro & Miotto
* '' Lupinus retrorsus'' L.F. Hend.
* ''Lupinus revolutus
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...
'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus richardianus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus rimae'' Eastw.
* ''Lupinus rivularis
''Lupinus rivularis'' is a species of lupine known by the common name riverbank lupine native to North America. It is also commonly known as river lupine, streambank lupine, and stream lupine.Darris, D.; Young-Mathews, A. Plant Fact Sheet for Ri ...
'' Lindl. – riverbank lupin
* '' Lupinus romasanus'' Ulbr.
* '' Lupinus roseolus'' Rydb.
* ''Lupinus roseorum
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with center of diversity, centers of diversity in North and South America. Sm ...
'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus rotundiflorus'' M.E. Jones
* '' Lupinus rowleeanus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus ruber'' A. Heller
* '' Lupinus rubriflorus'' Planchuelo
* '' Lupinus ruizensis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus rupestris'' Kunth
* ''Lupinus rusbyanus
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...
'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus russellianus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus sabinianus'' Lindl.
* '' Lupinus sabinii'' Hook.
* '' Lupinus sabulosus'' A. Heller
* ''Lupinus salticola
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...
'' Eastw.
* '' Lupinus sandiensis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus santanderensis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus sarmentosus'' Desr.
* ''Lupinus saxatilis
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...
'' Ulbr.
* '' Lupinus saxosus'' Howell – rock lupine
* '' Lupinus schwackeanus'' C.P. Sm.
* ''Lupinus seifrizianus
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...
'' (C.P. Sm.) C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus sellowianus'' Harms
* ''Lupinus sellulus
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with center of diversity, centers of diversity in North and South America. Sm ...
'' Kellogg
** var. ''lobbii'' (S.Watson) B.J.Cox
** var. ''sellulus'' Kellogg
** var. ''ursinus'' (Eastw.) B.J.Cox
* '' Lupinus semiprostratus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus semperflorens'' Benth.
* '' Lupinus sericatus'' Kellogg – Cobb Mountain lupine
* ''Lupinus sericeus
''Lupinus sericeus'' is a species of flowering plant in the legume family known by the common name silky lupine or Pursh's silky lupine. It is native to western North America from British Columbia to Arizona and east to Alberta and Colorado.
Th ...
'' Pursh – Pursh's silky lupin
** var. ''barbiger'' (S.Watson) S.L.Welsh
** var. ''sericeus'' Pursh
* ''Lupinus setifolius
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...
'' Planchuelo & D.B. Dunn
* '' Lupinus shastensis'' Lupinus albicaulis
* '' Lupinus shockleyi'' S. Watson – purple desert lupine
* '' Lupinus sierrae-blancae'' Wooton & Standl.
** subsp. ''aquilinus'' (Wooton & Standl.) L.S.Fleak & D.B.Dunn
** subsp. ''sierrae-blancae'' Wooton & Standl.
* '' Lupinus simonsianus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus simulans'' Rose
* '' Lupinus sinaloensis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus sitgreavesii'' S. Watson
* ''Lupinus smithianus
''Lupinus smithianus'' is a species of legume in the family Fabaceae. It is found only in Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland
A grassland is an area where the vegetation is dominated by grasses ( ...
'' Kunth
* '' Lupinus solanagrorum'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus sonomensis'' A. Heller
* '' Lupinus soratensis'' Rusby
* '' Lupinus soukupianus'' C. P. Smith ex J. F. Macbr.
* '' Lupinus sparsiflorus'' Benth. – desert lupin, Coulter's lupin, Mojave lupin
* '' Lupinus spectabilis'' Hoover – shaggyhair lupine
* '' Lupinus splendens'' Rose
* '' Lupinus spragueanus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus staffordiae'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus stipulatus'' J. Agardh
* '' Lupinus stiversii'' Kellogg – harlequin annual lupine
* '' Lupinus storkianus'' C.P. Sm.
* ''Lupinus subacaulis
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...
'' Griseb.
* '' Lupinus subcarnosus'' Hook. – buffalo clover
* '' Lupinus subcuneatus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus subhamatus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus subinflatus'' C.P. Sm.
* ''Lupinus sublanatus
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...
'' Eastw.
* '' Lupinus submontanus'' Rose
* ''Lupinus subsessilis
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...
'' Benth.
* '' Lupinus subtomentosus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus subvexus'' C.P. Sm.
* ''Lupinus succulentus
''Lupinus succulentus'' is a species of lupine known by the common names hollowleaf annual lupine, arroyo lupine, and succulent lupine.
It is native to California, where it is common throughout much of the state, and adjacent sections of Arizona ...
'' K. Koch – succulent lupin, arroyo lupin, hollowleaf annual lupin
* '' Lupinus sufferrugineus'' Rusby
* '' Lupinus suksdorfii'' Robinson
* '' Lupinus sulphureus'' Douglas
** subsp. ''kincaidii'' (Suksd.) L. Ll. Phillips – Kincaid's lupin
** subsp. ''subsaccatus'' (Suksd.) L. Ll. Phillips
** subsp. ''sulphureus'' Douglas – sulphur lupin, sulphur-flowered lupin
* '' Lupinus surcoensis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus syriggedes'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus tacitus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus tafiensis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus talahuensis'' C.P. Sm.
* ''Lupinus tamayoanus
''Lupinus tamayoanus'' is a plant of the genus ''Lupinus'' in the legume family. ''Lupinus tamayoanus'' was described in 1942 from samples collected in Mérida, Venezuela
Venezuela (; ), officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ( ...
'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus tarapacensis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus tarijensis'' Ulbr.
* '' Lupinus tarmaensis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus tatei'' Rusby
* '' Lupinus taurimortuus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus tauris'' Benth.
* '' Lupinus tayacajensis'' C.P. Sm.
* ''Lupinus tegeticulatus
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...
'' Eastw.
* '' Lupinus tetracercophorus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus texanus'' Hook.
* ''Lupinus texensis
''Lupinus texensis'', the Texas bluebonnet or Texas lupine is a species of lupine found in Texas, and the Mexican states of Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas. With other related species of lupines also called bluebonnets, it is the state ...
'' Hook. – Texas bluebonnet
* '' Lupinus thompsonianus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus tidestromii'' Greene – Tidestrøm's lupin
** var. ''layneae'' (Eastw.) Munz
** var. ''tidestromii'' Greene
* '' Lupinus tolimensis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus tomentosus'' DC.
* '' Lupinus tominensis'' Wedd.
* '' Lupinus toratensis'' C.P. Sm. – ''warwanzo'', ''lito''
* '' Lupinus tracyi'' Eastw. – Tracy's lupine
* ''Lupinus triananus
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...
'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus truncatus'' Hook. & Arn. – collared annual lupine
* '' Lupinus tucumanensis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus ulbrichianus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus uleanus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus ultramontanus'' C.P. Sm.
* ''Lupinus umidicola
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...
'' C.P. Sm.
* ''Lupinus uncialis
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...
'' S. Watson
* '' Lupinus uncinatus'' Schltdl.
* '' Lupinus urcoensis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus urubambensis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus valerioi'' Standl.
* ''Lupinus vallicola
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur ...
'' A. Heller – open lupin
** subsp. ''apricus'' (Greene) D.B.Dunn
** subsp. ''vallicola'' A. Heller
* ''Lupinus vargasianus
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with center of diversity, centers of diversity in North and South America. Sm ...
'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus varicaulis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus variicolor'' Steud. – varied lupin
* '' Lupinus velillensis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus velutinus'' Benth.
* '' Lupinus venezuelensis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus ventosus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus verbasciformis'' Sandwith
* '' Lupinus verjonensis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus vernicius'' Rose
* '' Lupinus viduus'' C.P. Sm.
* ''Lupinus vilcabambensis
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with center of diversity, centers of diversity in North and South America. Sm ...
'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus villosus'' Willd.
* '' Lupinus visoensis'' J.F. Macbr.
* '' Lupinus volubilis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus weberbaueri'' Ulbr.
* '' Lupinus werdermannianus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus westianus'' Small
** var. ''aridorum'' (McFarlin ex Beckner) Isely
** var. ''westianus'' Small
* '' Lupinus whiltoniae'' Eastw.
* '' Lupinus wilkesianus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus williamlobbii'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus williamsianus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus xanthophyllus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus xenophytus'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus yanahuancensis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus yarushensis'' C.P. Sm.
* '' Lupinus ynesiae'' C.P. Sm.
Subgenus ''Lupinus''
In its currentcircumscription
Circumscription may refer to:
*Circumscribed circle
* Circumscription (logic)
*Circumscription (taxonomy)
*Circumscription theory, a theory about the origins of the political state in the history of human evolution proposed by the American anthrop ...
, subgenus ''Lupinus'' includes 12 species from the Mediterranean region and Africa with at least four ovules or seedbuds in the ovary:
* ''Lupinus albus
''Lupinus albus'', commonly known as the white lupin or field lupine, is a member of the genus '' Lupinus'' in the family Fabaceae. It is a traditional pulse cultivated in the Mediterranean region.
Description
The white lupin is annual, mo ...
'' L. 1753 – white lupine
** subsp. ''albus'' L.
** subsp. ''graecus'' (Boiss. & Spruner) Franco & P.Silva
** subsp. ''termis'' (Forsk.) Ponert.
* '' Lupinus angustifolius'' L. 1753 – blue lupin, narrow-leafed lupin
** var. ''angustifolius'' L.
** var. ''albopunctatus'' Kurl. et Stankev.
** var. ''griseomaculatus'' Kurl. et Stankev.
** var. ''chalybens'' Kurl. et Stankev.
** var. ''corylinus'' Kurl. et Stankev.
** var. ''purpureus'' Kurl. et Stankev.
** var. ''rubidus'' Kurl. et Stankev.
** var. ''atabekovae'' Kurl. et Stankev.
** var. ''sparsiusculus'' Kurl. et Stankev.
** var. ''brunneus '' Kurl. et Stankev.
** var. ''albosyringeus'' Taran.
** var. ''albidus'' Kurl. et Stankev.
** var. ''candidus'' Kuptzov. et Kurl.
* '' Lupinus atlanticus'' Gladstones 1974
* '' Lupinus cosentinii'' Guss. 1828 – sandplain lupin
* '' Lupinus digitatus'' Forsk. 1775
* '' Lupinus hispanicus'' Boiss. & Reut. 1842
** subsp. ''bicolor'' (Merino) Gladst.
** subsp. ''hispanicus'' Boiss. & Reut.
* ''Lupinus luteus
''Lupinus luteus'' is known as annual yellow-lupin, European yellow lupin or yellow lupin. It is native to the Mediterranean region of Southern Europe. Distribution
It occurs on mild sandy and volcanic soils in mining belts. As a wild plant, i ...
'' L. 1753 – yellow lupin
** var. ''luteus'' L.
** var. ''maculosus'' Kurl. et Stankev.
** var. ''kazimierskii'' Kurl. et Stankev.
** var. ''arcellus'' Kurl. et Stankev.
** var. ''sempolovskii'' (Atab) Kurl. et Stankev.
** var. ''melanospermus'' Kurl. et Stankev.
** var. ''niger'' Kurl. et Stankev.
** var. ''cremeus'' Kurl. et Stankev.
** var. ''leucospermus'' Kurl. et Stankev.
** var. ''sulphureus'' (Atab.) Kurl. et Stankev.
** var. ''stepanovae'' Kurl. et Stankev.
** var. ''ochroleucus'' Kurl. et Stankev.
** var. ''aurantiacus'' Kurl. et Stankev.
** var. ''croceus'' Kurl. et Stankev.
** var. ''aureus'' Kurl. et Stankev.
** var. ''albicans'' Kurl. et Stankev.
** var. '' sinskayae'' Kurl. et Stankev.
* '' Lupinus micranthus'' Guss. 1828
* '' Lupinus palaestinus'' Boiss. 1849 – white-grey lupine
* '' Lupinus pilosus'' Murr. 1774 – blue lupine
* '' Lupinus princei'' Harms 1901
* '' Lupinus somaliensis'' Baker f. 1895
Species names with uncertain taxonomic status
The status of the following binomials is unresolved: * ''Lupinus acaulis'' Larrañaga * ''Lupinus achilleaphilus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus acutilobus'' A.Heller * ''Lupinus aegr-Aovium'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus africanus'' Lour. * ''Lupinus agninus'' Gand. * ''Lupinus agropyrophilus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus alaimandus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus albicaulis'' Douglas ex Hook. * ''Lupinus alicanescens'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus aliclementinus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus aliumbellatus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus altissimus'' Sessé & Moc. * ''Lupinus alturasensis'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus alveorum'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus amabilis'' A.Heller * ''Lupinus amniculi-cervi'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus amniculi-salicis'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus amniculi-vulpum'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus andersonianus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus anemophilus'' Greene * ''Lupinus angustifolius'' Blanco * ''Lupinus aphronorus'' Blank. * ''Lupinus apodotropis'' A.Heller * ''Lupinus aralloius'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus arborescens'' Amabekova & Maisuran * ''Lupinus arceuthinus'' Greene * ''Lupinus argyraeus'' DC. * ''Lupinus atacamicus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus aureus'' J.Agardh * ''Lupinus axillaris'' Blank. * ''Lupinus barkeriae'' Knowles & Westc. * ''Lupinus bartolomei'' M.E.Jones * ''Lupinus bassett-maguirei'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus beaneanus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus biddleii'' L.F.Hend. * ''Lupinus bimaculatus'' Hook. ex D.Don * ''Lupinus bimaculatus'' Desr. * ''Lupinus bivonii'' C.Presl * ''Lupinus blankinshipii'' A.Heller * ''Lupinus blaschkeanus'' Fisch. & C.A.Mey. * ''Lupinus brevior'' (Jeps.) J.A. Christian & D.B. Dunn * ''Lupinus brittonii'' Abrams * ''Lupinus caespitosus'' Nutt. * ''Lupinus californicus'' K.Koch * ''Lupinus campbelliae'' Eastw. * ''Lupinus campestris'' Cham. & Schltdl. * ''Lupinus campestris-florum'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus candicans'' Rydb. * ''Lupinus canus'' Hemsl. * ''Lupinus capitatus'' Greene * ''Lupinus capitis-amniculi'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus carolus-bucarii'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus chachas'' Ochoa ex C. P. Smith * ''Lupinus chamissonis'' Eschscholtz * ''Lupinus chiapensis'' Rose * ''Lupinus chihuahuensis'' S.Watson * ''Lupinus christianus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus chrysomelas'' Casar. * ''Lupinus clementinus'' Greene * ''Lupinus comatus'' Rydb. * ''Lupinus consentinii'' Walp. * ''Lupinus cymb-Aegressus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus dasyphyllus'' Greene * ''Lupinus davisianus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus debilis'' Eastw. * ''Lupinus decaschistus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus diaboli-septem'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus dichrous'' Greene * ''Lupinus dispersus'' A.Heller * ''Lupinus dissimulans'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus durangensis'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus eatonanus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus equi-coeli'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus equi-collis'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus erectus'' L.F.Hend. * ''Lupinus erminens'' S.Watson * ''Lupinus ermineus'' S.Watson * ''Lupinus falcifer'' Nutt. * ''Lupinus falsoerectus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus falsoformosus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus falsograyi'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus fieldii'' Rose ex J. F. Macbr. * ''Lupinus filicaulis'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus finitus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus flavescens'' Rydb. * ''Lupinus foliosus'' Hook. * ''Lupinus foliosus'' Nutt. * ''Lupinus forskahlei'' Boiss. * ''Lupinus franciscanus'' Greene * ''Lupinus fraxinetorum'' Greene * ''Lupinus fruticosus'' Steud. * ''Lupinus fruticosus'' Dum.Cours. * ''Lupinus garcianus'' Bennett & Dunn * ''Lupinus geophilus'' Rose * ''Lupinus geraniophilus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus glabellus'' M.Martens & Galeotti * ''Lupinus graciliflorus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus gratus'' Greene * ''Lupinus gredensis'' Gand. * ''Lupinus guadalupensis'' Greene * ''Lupinus guadiloupensis'' Steud. * ''Lupinus guatimalensis'' auct. * ''Lupinus gussoneanus'' J.Agardh * ''Lupinus habrocomus'' Greene * ''Lupinus haudcytisoides'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus helleri'' Greene * ''Lupinus hexaedrus'' E. Fourn. * ''Lupinus hintonii'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus huigrensis'' Rose ex C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus humicolus'' A.Nelson * ''Lupinus humifusus'' Benth. * ''Lupinus humilis'' Rose ex Pittier * ''Lupinus hyacinthinus'' Greene * ''Lupinus idoneus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus inamoenus'' Greene ex C.F.Baker * ''Lupinus indutus'' Greene ex C.F.Baker * ''Lupinus insignis'' Glaz. ex C. P. Smith * ''Lupinus integrifolius'' L. * ''Lupinus intergrifolius'' Desr. * ''Lupinus ione-grisetae'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus ione-walkerae'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus jamesonianus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus javanicus'' Burm.f. * ''Lupinus jorgensenanus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus jucundus'' Greene * ''Lupinus kellerrnanianus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus kyleanus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus labiatus'' Nutt. * ''Lupinus lacticolor'' Tamayo * ''Lupinus lacus-huntingtonii'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus lacuum-trinitatum'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus larsonanus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus lassenensis'' Eastw. * ''Lupinus latissimus'' Greene * ''Lupinus laxifolius'' A.Gray * ''Lupinus leptostachyus'' Greene * ''Lupinus lesueurii'' Standl. * ''Lupinus linearifolius'' Larrañaga * ''Lupinus lingulae'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus longilabrum'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus lorentzianus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus louise-bucariae'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus louise-grisetae'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus lucidus'' Benth. ex Loudon * ''Lupinus lyman-bensonii'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus lysichitophilus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus macrocarpus'' Hook. & Arn. * ''Lupinus macrocarpus'' Torr. * ''Lupinus macrophyllus'' Benth. * ''Lupinus macrorhizos'' Georgi * ''Lupinus magnistipulatus'' Planchuelo & Dunn * ''Lupinus maissurianii'' Atabek. & Polukhina * ''Lupinus marcusianus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus mariae-josephae'' H.Pascual * ''Lupinus markleanus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus marschallianus'' Sweet * ''Lupinus mearnsii'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus meli-campestris'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus meridanus'' Moritz ex C. P. Smith * ''Lupinus mexiae'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus micensis'' M.E.Jones * ''Lupinus micheneri'' Greene * ''Lupinus milleri'' J.Agardh * ''Lupinus minearanus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus minutissimus'' Tamayo * ''Lupinus molle'' A.Heller * ''Lupinus mollissifolius'' Davidson * ''Lupinus monettianus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus muellerianus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus multicincinnis'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus neglectus'' Rose * ''Lupinus nemoralis'' Greene * ''Lupinus niger'' Wehmer * ''Lupinus noldekae'' Eastw. * ''Lupinus nutcanus'' Spreng. * ''Lupinus nutkatensis'' J.G.Cooper * ''Lupinus obtunsus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus octablomus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus opsianthus'' Amabekova & Maisuran * ''Lupinus pavonum'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus pendeltonii'' A.Heller * ''Lupinus pendletonii'' A.Heller * ''Lupinus perconfertus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus perplexus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus philistaeus'' Boiss. * ''Lupinus pinus-contortae'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus piperi'' B.L.Rob. ex Piper * ''Lupinus piperitus'' Davidson * ''Lupinus platanophilus'' M.E.Jones * ''Lupinus plebeius'' Greene ex C.F.Baker * ''Lupinus prato-lacuum'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus prolifer'' Desr. * ''Lupinus propinquus'' Greene * ''Lupinus proteanus'' Eastw. * ''Lupinus psoraleoides'' Pollard * ''Lupinus pumviridis'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus puroviridis'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus purpurascens'' A.Heller * ''Lupinus pygmaeus'' Tamayo * ''Lupinus quercus-jugi'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus quercuum'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus rainierensis'' Eastw. * ''Lupinus regius'' Rudolph ex Torr. & A.Gray * ''Lupinus rhodanthus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus rickeri'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus rivetianus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus rydbergii'' Blank. * ''Lupinus sabuli'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus salicisocius'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus salinensis'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus sativus'' Gaterau * ''Lupinus scaposus'' Rydb. * ''Lupinus scheuberae'' Rydb. * ''Lupinus schickendantzii'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus schiedeanus'' Steud. * ''Lupinus schumannii'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus seclusus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus semiaequus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus semiverticillatus'' Desr. * ''Lupinus sergenti'' Tamayo ex Pittier * ''Lupinus sergentii'' Tamayo * ''Lupinus serradentum'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus shrevei'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus sierrae-zentae'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus sileri'' S.Watson * ''Lupinus sinus-meyersii'' C.P. Sm. * ''Lupinus sparhawkianus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus spatulata'' Larrañaga * ''Lupinus speciosus'' Voss * ''Lupinus spruceanus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus standleyensis'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus stationis'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus stiveri'' Kellogg * ''Lupinus stoloniferus'' L. * ''Lupinus strigulosus'' Gand. * ''Lupinus subhirsutus'' Davidson * ''Lupinus subvolutus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus suksdorfii'' B.L. Rob. ex Piper * ''Lupinus summersianus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus sylvaticus'' Hemsl. * ''Lupinus thermis'' Gasp. * ''Lupinus thermus'' St.-Lag. * ''Lupinus tilcaricus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus timotensis'' Tamayo * ''Lupinus tricolor'' Greene * ''Lupinus tricolor'' G.Nicholson * ''Lupinus trifidus'' Torr. ex S.Watson * ''Lupinus tristis'' Sweet * ''Lupinus trochophyllus'' Hoffmanns. * ''Lupinus tuckeranus'' C.P. Sm. * ''Lupinus vaginans'' Benth. * ''Lupinus valdepallidus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus vandykeae'' Eastw. * ''Lupinus variegatus'' A.Heller * ''Lupinus variegatus'' Poir. * ''Lupinus varneranus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus vavilovii'' Atabekova & Maissurjan * ''Lupinus venustus'' Bailly * ''Lupinus violaceus'' A.Heller * ''Lupinus viridicalyx'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus volcanicus'' Greene * ''Lupinus watsonii'' A.Heller * ''Lupinus westiana'' Small * ''Lupinus wolfianus'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus yanlyensis'' C.P.Sm. * ''Lupinus yaruahensis'' C.P.Sm.Hybrids
The following hybrids have been described: * ''Lupinus'' ×''alpestris'' (A. Nelson) D.B. Dunn & J.M. Gillett * ''Lupinus'' ×''hispanicoluteus'' W.Święcicki & W.K.Święcicki * ''Lupinus'' ×''hybridus'' Lem. * ''Lupinus'' ×''insignis'' Lem. * ''Lupinus'' ×''regalis'' (auct.) Bergmans—rainbow lupin (''Lupinus arboreus'' × ''Lupinus polyphyllus'') * ''Lupinus'' ×''versicolor'' Caball.Etymology
While some sources believe the origin of the name to be in doubt, the Collins Dictionary definition asserts that the word is 14th century in origin, from the Latin ''lupīnus'' "wolfish" from ''lupus'' "wolf" as it was believed that the plant ravenously exhausted the soil.Ecology
Certain species, such as the yellow bush lupin
''Lupinus arboreus'', the yellow bush lupine (US) or tree lupin (UK), is a species of flowering plant in the legume family Fabaceae.
Description
''Lupinus arboreus'' is an evergreen shrub growing to tall (hence the alternative common name, tree ...
(''L. arboreus''), are considered invasive weed
A weed is a plant considered undesirable in a particular situation, "a plant in the wrong place", or a plant growing where it is not wanted.Harlan, J. R., & deWet, J. M. (1965). Some thoughts about weeds. ''Economic botany'', ''19''(1), 16-24. ...
s when they appear outside their native ranges. In New Zealand
New Zealand ( mi, Aotearoa ) is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and over 700 smaller islands. It is the sixth-largest island count ...
, lupines are viewed as invasive and a severe threat in some cases. '' L. polyphyllus'' has escaped into the wild and grows in large numbers along main roads and streams on the South Island. A similar spread of the species has occurred in Finland
Finland ( fi, Suomi ; sv, Finland ), officially the Republic of Finland (; ), is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It shares land borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east, with the Gulf of B ...
and Norway
Norway, officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe, the mainland territory of which comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula. The remote Arctic island of Jan Mayen and the ...
after the non-native species was first deliberately planted in the landscaping
Landscaping refers to any activity that modifies the visible features of an area of land, including the following:
# Living elements, such as flora or fauna; or what is commonly called gardening, the art and craft of growing plants with a goal ...
along the main roads. Lupins have been planted in some parts of Australia with a considerably cooler climate, particularly in rural Victoria
Victoria most commonly refers to:
* Victoria (Australia), a state of the Commonwealth of Australia
* Victoria, British Columbia, provincial capital of British Columbia, Canada
* Victoria (mythology), Roman goddess of Victory
* Victoria, Seychelle ...
and New South Wales
)
, nickname =
, image_map = New South Wales in Australia.svg
, map_caption = Location of New South Wales in AustraliaCoordinates:
, subdivision_type = Country
, subdivision_name = Australia
, established_title = Before federation
, es ...
.
Lupins are important larva
A larva (; plural larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle.
...
l food plants for many lepidopterans (butterflies and moths). These include:
* '' Aricia icarioides missionensis'' (Mission blue butterfly), larvae limited to ''Lupinus''
* ''Callophrys irus
''Callophrys irus'', the frosted elfin, is a species of Lycaenidae that is native to North America.
Description
The wingspan ranges from .
'' (frosted elfin), recorded on ''L. perennis''
* ''Erynnis persius
''Erynnis persius'', the Persius duskywing, is a butterfly of the family Hesperiidae that occurs in North America. It is a threatened species in Michigan and is protected by law. The subspecies ''Erynnis persius persius'' is listed as endangered ...
'' (Persius duskywing)
* †'' Glaucopsyche xerces'' (Xerces blue)
* '' Glaucopsyche lygdamus'' (silvery blue)
* '' Plebejus melissa samuelis'' (Karner blue)
* '' Erynnis persius persius'' (eastern Persius duskywing)
* '' Schinia sueta'', larvae limited to ''Lupinus''
Cultivation
'' Lupinus polyphyllus'', the garden lupin, and ''Lupinus arboreus
''Lupinus arboreus'', the yellow bush lupine (US) or tree lupin (UK), is a species of flowering plant in the legume family Fabaceae.
Description
''Lupinus arboreus'' is an evergreen shrub growing to tall (hence the alternative common name, tree ...
'', the tree lupin, are popular ornamental plant
Ornamental plants or garden plants are plants that are primarily grown for their beauty but also for qualities such as scent or how they shape physical space. Many flowering plants and garden varieties tend to be specially bred cultivars that ...
s in gardens, and are the source of numerous hybrids and cultivar
A cultivar is a type of cultivated plant that people have selected for desired traits and when propagated retain those traits. Methods used to propagate cultivars include: division, root and stem cuttings, offsets, grafting, tissue culture ...
s in a wide range of colours, including bicolors. As legumes, lupins are good companion plant
Companion planting in gardening and agriculture is the planting of different crops in proximity for any of a number of different reasons, including pest control, pollination, providing habitat for beneficial insects, maximizing use of space, and ...
s in gardens, increasing the soil nitrogen for vegetables and other plants. As well as growing in the ground, lupins can do well in pots on balconies or patios.
United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
File:Lupinus in Hokkaido 20080630.jpg, Lupins in Hokkaido
is Japan's second largest island and comprises the largest and northernmost prefecture, making up its own region. The Tsugaru Strait separates Hokkaidō from Honshu; the two islands are connected by the undersea railway Seikan Tunnel.
The lar ...
, Japan
File:Lupin Leaf.jpg, Lupin cultivar "My Castle"
File:Flores de lupino (Ushuaia).jpg, Ornamental lupins, Ushuaia
Ushuaia ( , ) is the capital of Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur Province, Argentina. With a population of nearly 75,000 and a location below the 54th parallel south latitude, Ushuaia claims the title of world's souther ...
, Argentina
Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, th ...
File:Lupins at lake tekapo.jpg, Lupins at Lake Tekapo
__NOTOC__
Lake Tekapo ( mi, Takapō) is the second-largest of three roughly parallel lakes running north–south along the northern edge of the Mackenzie Basin in the South Island of New Zealand (the others are Lake Pukaki and Lake Ohau). ...
, New Zealand
New Zealand ( mi, Aotearoa ) is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and over 700 smaller islands. It is the sixth-largest island count ...
File:Lupins, Lake Tekapo, NZ.jpg, Lupins at Lake Tekapo, New Zealand
File:Bluebonnet-8100.jpg, Texas Bluebonnet, Texas
Texas (, ; Spanish: ''Texas'', ''Tejas'') is a state in the South Central region of the United States. At 268,596 square miles (695,662 km2), and with more than 29.1 million residents in 2020, it is the second-largest U.S. state by ...
, United States
File:Lupins in Pacific Northwest Washington.png, alt=Lupins_PacificNorthwest_Washington_USA, Lupins in Pacific Northwest Washington, United States
Agriculture
In the early 20th century, German scientists attempted to cultivate a sweet variety of lupin lacking the bitter taste, making it more suitable for both human and animal consumption. Many annual species of lupins are used in agriculture and most of them have Mediterranean origin. While originally cultivated as a green manure or forage, lupins are increasingly grown for their seeds, which can be used as an alternative tosoybean
The soybean, soy bean, or soya bean (''Glycine max'') is a species of legume native to East Asia, widely grown for its edible bean, which has numerous uses.
Traditional unfermented food uses of soybeans include soy milk, from which tofu a ...
s. Sweet (low alkaloid
Alkaloids are a class of basic, naturally occurring organic compounds that contain at least one nitrogen atom. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic properties. Some synthetic compounds of similar ...
) lupins are highly regarded as a stock feed, particularly for ruminants, but also for pigs and poultry and more recently as an ingredient in aqua-feeds. The market for lupin seeds for human food is currently small, but researchers believe it has great potential. Lupin seeds are considered "superior" to soybeans in certain applications and evidence is increasing for their potential health benefits. They contain similar protein
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, res ...
to soybean, but less fat. As a food source, they are gluten-free
A gluten-free diet (GFD) is a nutritional plan that strictly excludes gluten, which is a mixture of proteins found in wheat (and all of its species and hybrids, such as spelt, kamut, and triticale), as well as barley, rye, and oats. The inclus ...
and high in dietary fiber, amino acid
Amino acids are organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. Although hundreds of amino acids exist in nature, by far the most important are the alpha-amino acids, which comprise proteins. Only 22 alpha a ...
s, and antioxidants
Antioxidants are compounds that inhibit oxidation, a chemical reaction that can produce free radicals. This can lead to polymerization and other chain reactions. They are frequently added to industrial products, such as fuels and lubricants, ...
, and they are considered to be prebiotic. About 85% of the world's lupin seeds are grown in Western Australia
Western Australia (commonly abbreviated as WA) is a state of Australia occupying the western percent of the land area of Australia excluding external territories. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, the Southern Ocean to th ...
.Ross, KSoy substitute edges its way into European meals.
''
New York Times
''The New York Times'' (''the Times'', ''NYT'', or the Gray Lady) is a daily newspaper based in New York City with a worldwide readership reported in 2020 to comprise a declining 840,000 paid print subscribers, and a growing 6 million paid ...
'' 16 November 2011.
Three Mediterranean species of lupin, blue (narrow-leafed) lupin, white lupin, and yellow lupin, are widely cultivated for livestock and poultry feed.
Like other legumes, they can fix nitrogen from the atmosphere into ammonia
Ammonia is an inorganic compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula . A stable binary hydride, and the simplest pnictogen hydride, ammonia is a colourless gas with a distinct pungent smell. Biologically, it is a common nitrogenous wa ...
via a rhizobium
''Rhizobium'' is a genus of Gram-negative soil bacteria that fix nitrogen. ''Rhizobium'' species form an endosymbiotic nitrogen-fixing association with roots of (primarily) legumes and other flowering plants.
The bacteria colonize plant cells ...
– root nodule symbiosis, fertilizing the soil for other plants. This adaptation allows lupins to be tolerant of infertile soils and capable of pioneering change in barren and poor-quality soils. The genus ''Lupinus'' is nodulated by '' Bradyrhizobium'' soil bacteria.
Toxicity
Some lupins contain certain secondary compounds, includingisoflavone Isoflavones are substituted derivatives of isoflavone, a type of naturally occurring isoflavonoids, many of which act as phytoestrogens in mammals. Isoflavones are produced almost exclusively by the members of the bean family, Fabaceae (Leguminosae) ...
s and toxic alkaloids, such as lupinine and sparteine
Sparteine is a class 1a antiarrhythmic agent; a sodium channel blocker. It is an alkaloid and can be extracted from scotch broom. It is the predominant alkaloid in '' Lupinus mutabilis'', and is thought to chelate the bivalent cations calcium and ...
. With early detection, these can be removed through processing, although lupins containing these elements are not usually selected for food-grade products.
A risk of lupin allergy exists in patients allergic to peanut
The peanut (''Arachis hypogaea''), also known as the groundnut, goober (US), pindar (US) or monkey nut (UK), is a legume crop grown mainly for its edible seeds. It is widely grown in the tropics and subtropics, important to both small and ...
s. Most lupin reactions reported have been in people with peanut allergy
Peanut allergy is a type of food allergy to peanuts. It is different from tree nut allergies, because peanuts are legumes and not true nuts. Physical symptoms of allergic reaction can include itchiness, hives, swelling, eczema, sneezing, as ...
. Because of the cross-allergenicity of peanut and lupin, the European Commission
The European Commission (EC) is the executive of the European Union (EU). It operates as a cabinet government, with 27 members of the Commission (informally known as "Commissioners") headed by a President. It includes an administrative body ...
, as of 2006, has required that food labels indicate the presence of "lupin and products thereof" in food.
Lupin plants can be colonized by the fungus ''Diaporthe toxica
''Diaporthe toxica'' (anamorph ''Phomopsis'' sp. formerly ''P. leptostromiformis var. leptostromiformis)'' is a lupin endophyte and occasionally a plant pathogen. The fungus produces secondary metabolites that result in toxicosis of animals such ...
'' which can cause a mycotoxicosis known as lupinosis when ingested by grazing animals.
Uses
The legume seeds of lupins, commonly called lupin beans, were popular with the Romans, who cultivated the plants throughout theRoman Empire
The Roman Empire ( la, Imperium Romanum ; grc-gre, Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, Basileía tôn Rhōmaíōn) was the post- Republican period of ancient Rome. As a polity, it included large territorial holdings around the Mediter ...
where the lupin is still known in extant Romance languages
The Romance languages, sometimes referred to as Latin languages or Neo-Latin languages, are the various modern languages that evolved from Vulgar Latin. They are the only extant subgroup of the Italic languages in the Indo-European language ...
by names such as .
Seeds of various species of lupins have been used as a food for over 3,000 years around the Mediterranean and for as long as 6,000 years in the Andes
The Andes, Andes Mountains or Andean Mountains (; ) are the longest continental mountain range in the world, forming a continuous highland along the western edge of South America. The range is long, wide (widest between 18°S – 20°S ...
. Lupins were also used by many Native American peoples of North America such as the Yavapai
The Yavapai are a Native American tribe in Arizona. Historically, the Yavapai – literally “people of the sun” (from ''Enyaava'' “sun” + ''Paay'' “people”) – were divided into four geographical bands who identified as separate, i ...
. The Andean lupin
''Lupinus mutabilis'' is a species of lupin grown in the Andes, mainly for its edible bean. Vernacular names include tarwi (in Quechua II, pronounced ''tarhui''), chocho, altramuz, Andean lupin, South American lupin, Peruvian field lupin, and pe ...
or (''Lupinus mutabilis
''Lupinus mutabilis'' is a species of lupin grown in the Andes, mainly for its edible bean. Vernacular names include tarwi (in Quechua II, pronounced ''tarhui''), chocho, altramuz, Andean lupin, South American lupin, Peruvian field lupin, and p ...
'') was a widespread food in the Incan Empire
The Inca Empire (also known as the Incan Empire and the Inka Empire), called ''Tawantinsuyu'' by its subjects, (Quechua for the "Realm of the Four Parts", "four parts together" ) was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The admin ...
; but they have never been accorded the same status as soybeans, dry peas and other pulse crops. The pearl lupin of the Andean highlands of South America, ''L. mutabilis'', known locally as or , was extensively cultivated, but no conscious genetic improvement other than to select for larger and water-permeable seeds seems to have been made. Users soaked the seed in running water to remove most of the bitter alkaloids and then cooked or toasted the seeds to make them edible, or else boiled and dried them to make , reported as a pre-Columbian practice in . Spanish domination led to a change in the eating habits of the indigenous peoples, and only recently (late 20th century onward) has interest in using lupins as a food been renewed.
Lupins can be used to make a variety of foods both sweet and savoury, including everyday meals, traditional fermented foods, baked foods, and sauces. The European white lupin ('' L. albus'') beans are commonly sold in a salty solution in jars (like olives and pickles) and can be eaten with or without the skin. ''Lupini'' dishes are most commonly found in Europe, especially in Portugal
Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic ( pt, República Portuguesa, links=yes ), is a country whose mainland is located on the Iberian Peninsula of Southwestern Europe, and whose territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of ...
, Spain
, image_flag = Bandera de España.svg
, image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg
, national_motto = ''Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond")
, national_anthem = (English: "Royal March")
, i ...
, Greece
Greece,, or , romanized: ', officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the southern tip of the Balkans, and is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Greece shares land borders ...
, and Italy
Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...
. They are also common in Brazil
Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...
and Egypt
Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Medit ...
. In Egypt, the lupin is known in Arabic as , and is a popular street snack after being treated with several soakings of water, and then brined. In Portugal, Spain, and the Spanish Harlem
East Harlem, also known as Spanish Harlem or and historically known as Italian Harlem, is a neighborhood of Upper Manhattan, New York City, roughly encompassing the area north of the Upper East Side and bounded by 96th Street to the south, F ...
district of New York, they are consumed with beer
Beer is one of the oldest and the most widely consumed type of alcoholic drink in the world, and the third most popular drink overall after water and tea. It is produced by the brewing and fermentation of starches, mainly derived from ce ...
and wine. In Lebanon
Lebanon ( , ar, لُبْنَان, translit=lubnān, ), officially the Republic of Lebanon () or the Lebanese Republic, is a country in Western Asia. It is located between Syria to Lebanon–Syria border, the north and east and Israel to Blue ...
, Israel
Israel (; he, יִשְׂרָאֵל, ; ar, إِسْرَائِيل, ), officially the State of Israel ( he, מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, label=none, translit=Medīnat Yīsrāʾēl; ), is a country in Western Asia. It is situated ...
, Jordan, Syria, and Palestinian territories, Palestine the salty and chilled lupini beans are called Turmus and are served as part of an apéritif and digestif, apéritif or a snack. Other species, such as ''L. albus'' (white lupin), ''Lupinus angustifolius, L. angustifolius'' (narrow-leafed lupin), and ''Lupinus hirsutus, L. hirsutus'' (blue lupin) also have edible seeds.
Culture
Consumed throughout the Mediterranean region and the Andes, Andean mountains, lupins were eaten by the early Egyptian and pre-Incan people and were known to Roman agriculturalists for their ability to improve the Soil fertility, fertility of soils.
In the late 18th century, lupins were introduced into northern Europe as a means of improving soil quality, and by the 1860s, the garden yellow lupin was seen across the sandy soils of the Baltic coastal plain.
The successful development of lupin varieties with the necessary "sweet gene" paved the way for the greater adoption of lupins across Europe and later Australia.
Further work carried out by the Western Australian Department of Agriculture and Food during the 1950s and '60s led to more sweet lupin crops produced in Western Australia now than anywhere else in the world.
Bluebonnet (plant), Bluebonnets, including the lupinus texensis, Texas bluebonnet (''L. texensis''), are the list of U.S. state flowers, state flowers of Texas
Texas (, ; Spanish: ''Texas'', ''Tejas'') is a state in the South Central region of the United States. At 268,596 square miles (695,662 km2), and with more than 29.1 million residents in 2020, it is the second-largest U.S. state by ...
.
See also
* Alice EastwoodNotes
References
Further reading
* Eastwood, R. J., et al. 2008. Diversity and evolutionary history of lupins—insights from new phylogenies. pp. 346–54, In: Palta, J. A. and J. B. Burger. (Eds.) Lupins for Health & Wealth. Proceedings 12th International Lupin Conference, Fremantle, Australia; International Lupin Association, Canterbury, New Zealand. * Putnam, D. H., et alLupine.
Alternative Field Crops Manual. University of Minnesota, University of Wisconsin Extension. 1997. * Zhukovsky, P.M. 1929. A contribution to the knowledge of genus ''Lupinus'' Tourn. Bull. Apll. Bot. Gen. Pl.-Breed., Leningrad-Moscow, XXI, I:16-294. * Kurlovich, B.S. 1989. On the centers of species formation of the genus ''Lupinus'' L. (in Russian). Bull.N.I. Vavilov Inst. of plant Industry. Leningrad, 193:20-24. * Kurlovich, B.S., Rep’ev, S.I., Shchelko, L.G., Budanova, V.I., Petrova, M.V., Buravtseva, T.V., Stankevich, A.K., Kartuzova, L.T., Alexandrova, T.G., Teplyakova and T.E., Malysh, L.K. 1995. Theoretical basis of plant breeding. Vol.111. The gene bank and breeding of grain legumes (lupine, vetch, soya, and bean), St.Petersburg, VIR, 438p. * Kurlovich, B.S.(Ed.). 2002
Lupins
Geography, Classification, Genetic Resources and Breeding. "Intan", 468p.
External links
* *Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database. University of Melbourne.
* Hughes, C
''Lupinus''.
Lupins.org
Superhydrophobicity in Lupins - video and commentary.
{{Authority control Lupinus, Fabaceae genera Garden plants Forages Nitrogen-fixing crops Taxa named by Sereno Watson