A letter from Tibet Governor to a Nepali official

From 1727 until 1912, roughly corresponding to the era of

Tibet under Qing rule Tibet under Qing rule refers to the Qing dynasty's relationship with Tibet from 1720 to 1912. The political status of Tibet during this period has been the subject of political debate. The Qing called Tibet a ''fanbang'' or ''fanshu'', which has ...

, the

Qing Emperor The Qing dynasty (1636–1912) was a Manchu-led imperial Chinese dynasty and the last orthodox dynasty of China. It was officially founded in 1636 in what is now Northeast China, but only succeeded the Ming dynasty in China proper in 1644. The Qi ...

appointed "

imperial commissioner Imperial commissioner is an ambivalent English language term, used to render foreign language titles of various – mostly gubernatorial – officers whose ' commission' was in the gift of an Emperor, including China, the Russian Empire and the Hol ...

-resident of Tibet" (). The official rank of the imperial resident is ''

amban Amban (Manchu language, Manchu and Mongolian language, Mongol: ''Amban'', Standard Tibetan, Tibetan: ་''am ben'', , Uyghur language, Uighur:''am ben'') is a Manchu language term meaning "high official", corresponding to a number of different ...

'' (Tibetan: བོད་བཞུགས་ཨམ་བན, ''bod bzhugs am ban'', colloquially "High Commissioner"). With increasing diplomatic contacts between the British and the Qing in from the 1890s, some assistant ambans () were just as notable as the senior ambans. Two of them, Feng Quan and

Zhao Erfeng Zhao Erfeng (1845–1911), courtesy name Jihe, was a late Qing Dynasty official and Han Chinese bannerman, who belonged to the Plain Blue Banner. He was an assistant amban in Tibet at Chamdo in Kham (eastern Tibet). He was appointed in March, ...

, who were stationed in

Chamdo Chamdo, officially Qamdo () and also known in Chinese as Changdu, is a prefecture-level city in the eastern part of the Tibet Autonomous Region, China. Its seat is the town of Chengguan in Karuo District. Chamdo is Tibet's third largest city ...

, were both murdered, the former in the Batang uprising and the latter in

Xinhai Revolution The 1911 Revolution, also known as the Xinhai Revolution or Hsinhai Revolution, ended China's last imperial dynasty, the Manchu-led Qing dynasty, and led to the establishment of the Republic of China. The revolution was the culmination of a d ...

List

The ethnicity of several ambans are unknown. By ethnicity, of the 80 ambans, most were

Manchu The Manchus (; ) are a Tungusic East Asian ethnic group native to Manchuria in Northeast Asia. They are an officially recognized ethnic minority in China and the people from whom Manchuria derives its name. The Later Jin (1616–1636) and ...

and four were

Han Han may refer to: Ethnic groups * Han Chinese, or Han People (): the name for the largest ethnic group in China, which also constitutes the world's largest ethnic group. ** Han Taiwanese (): the name for the ethnic group of the Taiwanese p ...

: Zhou Ying,

Bao Jinzhong Baozi (), Pao-tsih or bao, is a type of yeast-leavened filled bun in various Chinese cuisines. There are many variations in fillings ( meat or vegetarian) and preparations, though the buns are most often steamed. They are a variation of ''mant ...

Meng Bao Meng may refer to: * Meng (surname) (孟), a Chinese surname * Master of Engineering (MEng or M.Eng.), an academic or professional master's degree in the field of engineering * , "M with hook", letter used in the International Phonetic Alphabet * ...

, and

. At least fifteen Mongols were known to have served as ambasa, perhaps more. (''H=Han, M=Mongol, ?=unknown, unmarked=Manchu)'' *

Sengge Sengge (; died 1671) was a Choros-Oirat prince and the chosen successor of his father Erdeni Batur to rule over the Dzungar Khanate, Dzungar. Sengge ruled over a section of the Dzungar from 1653 until his murder in 1671 by his two older half-bro ...

僧格 1727–1733 * Mala 馬臘 1728,1729–1731, 1733–1736 * Mailu 邁祿 1727–1733 * Zhou Ying 周瑛 1727–1729 (Han) *

包進忠 1729–1732 (Han) * Qingbao 青保 1731–1734 (Mongol) * Miaoshou 苗壽 1731–1734 * Lizhu 李柱 1732–1733 * A'erxun 阿爾珣 1734 * Nasutai 那素泰 1734–1737 * Hangyilu 杭弈祿 1737–1738 * Jishan 紀山 1738–1741 * Suobai 索拜 1741–1744, 1747–1748 *

Fuqing (; Foochow Romanized: Hók-chiăng; also romanized as Hokchia) is a county-level city of Fujian Province, China, it is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Fuzhou. Geography Fuqing is located in the north-central part of ...

傅清 1744–1748 * Labudun 拉布敦 1748–1749 * Tongning 同寧 1750 * Bandi 班第 1750–1752 (the first with official Amban title) * Duo'erji 多爾濟 1752–1754 (?) * Salashan 薩拉善 1754–1757 * Guanbao 官保 1757–1761 *

Funai is a Japanese consumer electronics company headquartered in Daitō, Osaka. Apart from producing its own branded electronic products, it is also an OEM providing assembled televisions and video players/recorders to major corporations such as Sh ...

輔鼐 1761–1764 * Aminertu 阿敏爾圖 1764–1766 * Guanbao 官保 1766–1767 * Manggulai 莽古賚 1767–1773 * Wumitai 伍彌泰 1773–1775 (Mongol) * Liubaozhu 留保住 1775–1779, 1785–1786 (Mongol) * Suolin 索琳 1779–1780 * Boqing'e 博清額 1780–1785 * Fozhi 佛智 1788–1789 * Shulian 舒濂 1788–1790 *

Bazhong Bazhong () is a prefecture-level city in north-eastern Sichuan province, China. Its population was 2,712,894 at the 2020 census whom 1,064,766 lived in Bazhou and Enyang urban districts. History Bazhong became a prefecture-level city in 1993. Its ...

巴忠 1788–1789 (Mongol) * Pufu 普福 1790 (Mongol) *

Baotai Baotai (保泰; 13 May 1682 – 29 September 1730), formally known as Prince Yu (裕), Prince Yu of the First Rank (裕親王), was a Manchu prince of the Qing dynasty, Qing Dynasty. He was the son of Fuquan, Prince Yu, Fuquan and the grandson ...

保泰 1790–1791 * Kuilin 奎林 1791 * 鄂輝 1791–1792 *

Chengde Chengde, formerly known as Jehol and Rehe, is a prefecture-level city in Hebei province, situated about 225 km northeast of Beijing. It is best known as the site of the Mountain Resort, a vast imperial garden and palace formerly used by t ...

成德 1792–1793 *

Helin Helin is a lake which lies in Vang Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The southeastern shore of the lake forms the municipal border with neighboring Vestre Slidre Vestre Slidre is a municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. It is locat ...

和琳 1792–1794 *

Songyun Songyun (Manchu: ''sungyūn''; ; 1752–1835) was a military governor during the Qing dynasty of Imperial China, from 1802–1809. He was an amban of Xinjiang, Guangdong, and Tibet Tibet (; ''Böd''; ) is a region in East Asia, covering ...

松筠 1794–1799 (Mongol) * Yingshan 英善 1799–1803 * Hening 和甯 1800 (Mongol) * Funing 福甯 1803–1804 * Cebake 策拔克 1804–1805 (Mongol) * Yuning 玉甯 1805–1808 * Wenbi 文弼 1808–1811 *

Yangchun Yangchun, alternately romanized as Yeungchun, is a county-level city in southwestern Guangdong, China, administered as a part of the prefecture-level city of Yangjiang. Yangchun has an area of and had approximately 1.05 million inhabitants in ...

陽春 1811–1812 * Hutuli 瑚圖禮 1811–1813 * Ximing 喜明 1814–1817 * Yulin 玉麟 1817–1820 * Wen'gan 1820–1823 * Songting 松廷 1823–1827 * Huixian (Qing official) 惠顯 1827–1830 * Xingke 興科 1830–1833 *

Longwen Longwen District () is a district of Zhangzhou, Fujian Fujian (; alternately romanized as Fukien or Hokkien) is a province on the southeastern coast of China. Fujian is bordered by Zhejiang to the north, Jiangxi to the west, Guangdong t ...

隆文 1833–1834 * Wenwei 文蔚 1834–1835,1853 * Qinglu 慶祿 1836 (Mongol) * Guanshengbao 關聖保 1836–1839 *

孟保 1839–1842/1843 (Han) * Haipu 海朴 1842–1843 * Qishan 琦善 1843–1847 * Binliang 斌良 1847–1848 * Muteng'e 穆騰額 1848–1852 * Haimei 海枚 1852 * Hetehe 赫特賀 1853–1857 (Mongol) * Manqing 滿慶 1857–1862 (Mongol) * Chongshi 崇實 1859–1861 * Jingwen 景紋 1861–1869 * Enlin 恩麟 1868–1872 (Mongol) *

Chengji Qin'an County () is a county in the east of Gansu province of the People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Tianshui. Its postal code is 741600, and in 1999 its population was 567,553 people. As of 2 ...

承繼 1872–1874 * Songgui 松溎 1874–1879 * Seleng'e 色楞額 1879–1885 * Wenshuo 文碩 1885–1888 * Changgeng 長庚 1888–1890 *

Shengtai (, "sacred embryo" or "embryo of sagehood") is a Chinese syncretic metaphor for achieving Buddhist liberation or Daoist transcendence. The circa fifth century CE Chinese Buddhist '' Humane King Sutra'' first recorded ("sagely womb") describin ...

升泰 1890–1892 (Mongol) * Kuihuan 奎煥 1892–1896 * Wenhai 文海 1896–1900 * Qingshan 慶善 1900 * Yugang 裕鋼 1900–1902 (Mongol) :* Assistant: An Cheng * You Tai 有泰 1902–1904 (Mongol) :* Assistant: Naqin :* Assistant: Gui Lin 桂霖 :* Assistant: Feng Quan 鳳全 (Manchu), placed at

, murdered in Batang uprising en route *

Tang Shaoyi Tang Shaoyi (; 2 January 1862 – 30 September 1938), also spelled Tong Shao Yi, courtesy name Shaochuan (), was a Chinese statesman who briefly served as the first Premier of the Republic of China in 1912. In 1938, he was assassinated by the ...

1904–1906 (Han) :* Assistant: Zhang Yintang (Han), refused appointment as assistant amban, but effectively functioned as one. * Lian Yu 聯豫 1906–1912 :* Assistant: Wen Tsung-Yao 1906–1912 :* Assistant:

趙爾豐 (Han) at

* General Chung Ying 1912–1913

References

; Sources * * *Kolmaš, Josef. ''The Ambans and Assistant Ambans of Tibet, Archiv Orientální. Supplementa 7.'' Prague: The Oriental Institute, 1994. * * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Qing ambans in Tibet Qing dynasty people Tibet-related lists History of Tibet Lists of Chinese people

List

See also

References