The non-marine

molluscs Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 extant taxon, extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil sp ...

Nepal Nepal (; ne, नेपाल ), formerly the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal ( ne, सङ्घीय लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र नेपाल ), is a landlocked country in South Asia. It is mai ...

are a complete molluscan

fauna of Nepal The Fauna of Nepal includes 3.96% of mammals, 3.72% of butterflies and 8.9% of birds among the total number of species found in the world. The protected species in Nepal include 26 mammals, nine birds and three reptiles. The endemic fauna are: H ...

(

wildlife of Nepal Wildlife diversity is a notable feature of Nepal. Because of the variance in climate, from tropical to arctic, Nepal has a large variety of plants and animals. Wildlife tourism is also a major source of tourism in the country. There are some an ...

environment of Nepal Environmental issues in Nepal include a number of issues, such as deforestation, climate change, energy and species conservation. Many of these issues have been precipitated by rapid industrialization without major environmental regulation. Biod ...

), because Nepal is landlocked country. A number of species of non-marine molluscs are found in the wild in Nepal. ;Summary table of number of species (Summary table is based on species counted in this list and include also those ones with question marks) Land slug '' Limax seticus'' lives in altitudes 4,700–4,800 m a.s.l. in Nepal. It is the highest locality where occurrence of land slugs was recorded.

Freshwater gastropods

Freshwater gastropods in Nepal include:

Amnicolidae Amnicolidae is a family of small freshwater snails with a gill and an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Rissooidea. This family is in the clade Littorinimorpha (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & R ...

* '' Erhaia banepaensis'' Nesemann & S. Sharma in Nesemann et al., 2007Edmund Gittenberger, Choki Gyeltshen & Björn Stelbrink (2022). "The genus Erhaia (Gastropoda, Truncatelloidea, Amnicolidae), with a new species from Bhutan".

ZooKeys ''ZooKeys'' is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal covering zoological taxonomy, phylogeny, and biogeography. It was established in 2008 and the editor-in-chief is Terry Erwin (Smithsonian Institution). It is published by Pensoft Publ ...

1085: 1–9. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.1085.77900 * '' Erhaia chandeshwariensis'' Nesemann & S. Sharma in Nesemann et al., 2007 * '' Erhaia sugurensis'' Nesemann, Shah & Tachamo in Nesemann et al., 2007

Viviparidae Viviparidae, sometimes known as the river snails or mystery snails, are a family of large operculate freshwater snails, aquatic gastropod mollusks. This family is classified in the informal group Architaenioglossa according to the taxonomy of ...

* ''

Bellamya bengalensis ''Filopaludina bengalensis'', also known as ''Bellamya bengalensis'', is a species of large freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Viviparidae. Distribution This species is found in Iran, ...

'' (Lamarck, 1822)Surana R., Subba B. R. & Limbu K. P. (2004). "Report of Molluscs from Chimdi lake (Birju Tal), Sunsari district, Eastern Nepal". ''Our Nature'' 2(1). .

Ampullariidae Ampullariidae, commonly known as the apple snails, is a family of large freshwater snails, aquatic gastropod mollusks with a gill and an operculum. These snails simultaneously have a gill and a lung as functional respiratory structures, wh ...

* '' Pila globosa'' (Swainsen, 1822)

Thiaridae Thiaridae, common name thiarids or trumpet snails, is a family of tropical freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Cerithioidea. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Thiaridae Gill, 1871 (1823). A ...

* ''

Tarebia granifera ''Tarebia granifera'', common name (in the aquarium industry) the quilted melania, is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Thiaridae. MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Tarebia grani ...

'' (Lamarck, 1822)

Pachychilidae Pachychilidae, common name pachychilids, is a taxonomic family of freshwater snails, gastropod molluscs in the clade Sorbeoconcha.Gofas, S. (2014). Pachychilidae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/ ...

* '' Brotia costula'' (Rafinesque, 1833)

Lymnaeidae Lymnaeidae, common name the pond snails, is a taxonomic family of small to large air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks, that belong to the clade Hygrophila. Lymnaeidae is the only family within the superfamily ...

* ''

Austropeplea viridis ''Austropeplea viridis'' is a species of air-breathing freshwater snail, an aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Lymnaeidae, the pond snails. Distribution This species occurs in: * Russian Federation: Kuril Islands * Japan ...

'' (Quoy & Gaimard, 1832) * ''

Lymnaea acuminata ''Lymnaea acuminata'' is a species of freshwater snail in the family Lymnaeidae. It is native to South Asia, where it occurs in Bangladesh, Burma, India, Nepal, and Pakistan. There it is a widespread and common species.Budha, P.B., Dutta, J. & ...

'' Lamarck, 1822 * ''

Radix luteola ''Radix luteola'' is a species of freshwater snail, an aquatic gastropod mollusc in the family Lymnaeidae. Placement of this species within the genus ''Radix'' was confirmed by Correa et al. (2010).Correa C. A., Escobar J. S., Durand P., ...

'' (Lamarck, 1822)

Planorbidae Planorbidae, common name the ramshorn snails or ram's horn snails, is a family of air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod molluscs. Unlike most molluscs, the blood of ram's horn snails contains iron-based hemoglobin ins ...

* ''

Indoplanorbis exustus ''Indoplanorbis'' is a genus of air-breathing freshwater snail. Its Monotypic taxon, only member species is ''Indoplanorbis exustus'', an aquatic animal, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family (biology), family Planorbidae, the sheep, ...

'' (Deshayes, 1834) * '' Gyraulus convexiusculus'' (Hutton, 1849)

Land gastropods

Land gastropods in Nepal include: Alycaeidae * '' Alycaeus burti'' Godwin-Austen, 1874 * '' Alycaeus lohitensis'' Godwin-Austen, 1914 * '' Alycaeus yamneyensis'' Godwin-Austen, 1914 * '' Chamalycaeus bicrenatus'' (Godwin-Austen, 1874) * '' Chamalycaeus digitatus'' (H.F. Blanford, 1871) * '' Chamalycaeus inflatus'' (Godwin-Austen, 1874) * '' Chamalycaeus notatus'' (Godwin-Austen, 1876) * '' Chamalycaeus otiphorus'' (Benson, 1858) * '' Chamalycaeus plectochilus'' (Benson, 1859) * '' Chamalycaeus strangulatus'' (L. Pfeiffer, 1846) * '' Chamalycaeus stylifer'' (Benson, 1857) * '' Chamalycaeus summus'' (Godwin-Austen, 1914)

Cyclophoridae Cyclophoridae is a taxonomic family of small to large tropical land snails with an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the order Architaenioglossa belonging to the subclass Caenogastropoda (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda ...

* ''

Cyclophorus fulguratus ''Cyclophorus fulguratus'' is a species of small land snail with an operculum, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Cyclophoridae Cyclophoridae is a taxonomic family of small to large tropical land snails with an operculum ...

'' (L. Pfeiffer, 1852) * '' Cyclophorus pyrotrema'' Benson, 1854 * ''

Cyclophorus aurantiacus ''Cyclophorus aurantiacus'' is a species of gastropod belonging to the family Cyclophoridae Cyclophoridae is a taxonomic family of small to large tropical land snails with an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the order Archita ...

'' (Schumacher, 1817) - doubtful * '' Theobaldius'' sp. * ''

Scabrina phaenotopicus ''Scabrina'' is a genus of operculate land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Cyclophorinae of the family Cyclophoridae.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Scabrina W. T. Blanford, 1863. Accessed through: World Register ...

'' (Benson, 1851) * ''Pterocyclos'' cf. '' brahmakundensis'' Godwin-Austen, 1915

Diplommatinidae Diplommatinidae is a family (biology), family of small land snails, also known as staircase snails, with an operculum (gastropod), operculum, Terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Cyclophoroidea. The Cochlostoma ...

* '' Diplommatina abiesiana'' Budha & Naggs, 2017 * '' Diplommatina boessnecki'' Walther & Hausdorf, 2020 * '' Diplommatina exserta'' Godwin-Austen, 1886 * '' Diplommatina fistulata'' Budha & Naggs, 2017 * '' Diplommatina folliculus'' (L. Pfeiffer, 1846) * '' Diplommatina godawariensis'' Budha & Naggs, 2017 * '' Diplommatina maipokhariensis'' Budha & Naggs, 2017 * '' Diplommatina miriensis'' Godwin-Austen, 1917 * '' Diplommatina munipurensis'' Godwin-Austen, 1892 * '' Diplommatina oviformis'' Fulton, 1901 * '' Diplommatina pachycheilus'' Benson, 1857 * '' Diplommatina regularis'' Fulton, 1901 * '' Diplommatina salgharica'' Budha & Backeljau, 2017 * '' Diplommatina shivapuriensis'' Budha & Backeljau, 2017 * ''

Diplommatina silvicola ''Diplommatina'' is a genus of land snails with an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Diplommatinidae.MolluscaBase (2018). Diplommatina Benson, 1849. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinesp ...

'' Godwin-Austen, 1886 * '' Diplommatina sperata'' W. T. Blanford, 1862 * '' Diplommatina syabrubesiensis'' Budha & Backeljau, 2017

Pupinidae Pupinidae is a taxonomic family of land snails with an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Cyclophoroidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase ...

Gastrocoptidae Gastrocoptidae is a family of minute, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Pupilloidea.Philippe Bouchet, Jean-Pierre Rocroi, Bernhard Hausdorf, Andrzej Kaim, Yasunori Kano, Alexander Nützel, ...

* ''

Gastrocopta huttoniana ''Gastrocopta'' is a genus of minute air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the family Gastrocoptidae.MolluscaBase (2018). Gastrocopta Wollaston, 1878. Accessed through: World Register of Mari ...

'' (Benson, 1849) Pyramidula kuznetsovi

Pyramidulidae Pyramidulidae is a family (biology), family of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea. MolluscaBase eds. (2022). MolluscaBase. Pyramidulidae Kennard & B. B. W ...

* '' Pyramidula kuznetsovi'' Schileyko & Balashov, 2012

Valloniidae Valloniidae is a taxonomic family of small and minute, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea. MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Valloniidae Morse, 1864. Accessed through: World R ...

* ''

Vallonia costohimala ''Vallonia'' is a genus of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Valloniidae. MolluscaBase eds. (2023). MolluscaBase. Vallonia Risso, 1826. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Speci ...

'' Gerber & Bößneck, 2009 * ''

Vallonia himalaevis ''Vallonia'' is a genus of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Valloniidae. MolluscaBase eds. (2023). MolluscaBase. Vallonia Risso, 1826. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Speci ...

'' Gerber & Bößneck, 2009 * ''

Vallonia kathrinae ''Vallonia'' is a genus of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Valloniidae. MolluscaBase eds. (2023). MolluscaBase. Vallonia Risso, 1826. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Speci ...

'' Gerber & Bößneck, 2009 * '' Vallonia ladacensis'' (Nevill, 1878) * '' Vallonia tenuilabris'' (Braun, 1843)

Limacidae Limacidae, also known by their common name the keelback slugs, are a taxonomic family of medium-sized to very large, air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Limacoidea. Distribution The distr ...

* '' Limax seticus'' Wiktor & Bössneck, 2004Wiktor A. & Bössneck U. (2004). "''Limax'' (''Limax'') ''seticus'' n. sp. from high mountains in Nepal (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Limacidae)". ''

Folia Malacologica ''La Folía'' (Spanish), or ''Follies'' (English), also known as ''folies d'Espagne'' (French), ''La Follia'' (Italian), and ''Folia'' (Portuguese), is one of the oldest remembered European musical themes, or primary material, generally melodic, ...

'' 12(4): 183–187. .

Ariophantidae Ariophantidae is a taxonomic family of air-breathing land snails and semi-slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicarionoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). Distribution ...

* '' Khasiella pansa'' (Benson, 1856) * '' Sarika dugasti'' (Morlet, 1891)

Achatinidae Achatinidae (New Latin, from Greek "''agate''") is a family of medium to large sized tropical land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks from Africa. Well known species include ''Achatina achatina'' the Giant African Snail, and ''Lis ...

* ''

Achatina fulica ''Lissachatina fulica'' is a species of large land snail that belongs in the subfamily Achatininae of the family Achatinidae. It is also known as the Giant African land snail. * '' Glessula orobia'' (Benson, 1860) * ''Glessula'' cf. '' hebetata'' Godwin-Austen, 1920 * '' Glessula tamakoshi'' Budha & Backeljau, 2017 * '' Rishetia hastula'' (Benson, 1860) * '' Rishetia kathmandica'' Budha & Backeljau, 2017 * ''Rishetia'' cf. '' mastersi'' Godwin-Austen, 1920 * '' Rishetia nagarjunensis'' Budha & Naggs, 2017 * '' Rishetia rishikeshi'' Budha & Naggs, 2017 * '' Rishetia subulata'' Budha & Naggs, 2017 * '' Rishetia tribhuvana'' Budha, 2017

Plectopylidae Plectopylidae is a taxonomic family of large air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Plectopyloidea. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Plectopylidae Möllendorff, 1898. Accessed through: World ...

* '' Endothyrella angulata'' Budha & Páll-Gergely, 2015 * '' Endothyrella dolakhaensis'' Budha & Páll-Gergely, 2015 * '' Endothyrella minor'' (Godwin-Austen, 1879) * '' Endothyrella nepalica'' Budha & Páll-Gergely, 2015 Anadenidae * '' Anadenus altivagus'' (Theobald, 1862) * '' Anadenus kuznetsovi'' Kuzminykh & Schilyko, 2005 * '' Anadenus nepalensis'' Wiktor, 2001

Freshwater bivalves

Unionidae The Unionidae are a family of freshwater mussels, the largest in the order Unionida, the bivalve molluscs sometimes known as river mussels, or simply as unionids. The range of distribution for this family is world-wide. It is at its most diverse ...

* '' Lamellidens marginalis'' (Lamarck, 1819) Amblemidae * '' Parreysia corrugata'' (O. F. Müller, 1774) * '' Parreysia flavidens deltae'' (Benson) * '' Parreysia lima'' Simpson, 1900

References

External links

* Bössneck U. (2006). "Ökologie und Verbreitung der Nacktschnecken im Nepal-Himalaya (Molluca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata)". In: Hartmann M. & Weipert J. (Eds) ''Biodiversität und Naturausstattung im Himalaya''. Bandung 2: 39–48. * Budha P. B. (2005). "Nepalese malacology trails behind “Catch up”". ''Himalayan Journal of Sciences'' 3(5): 9–10. * Budha P. B., Mordan P. B., Naggs F. & Backeljau T. (2012). "''Darwininitium'' – a new fully pseudosigmurethrous orthurethran genus from Nepal (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Cerastidae)". ''ZooKeys'' 175: 19–26. . * Khanal S. & Budha P. B. (2013). "Terrestrial gastropod fauna of Nagarjun forest, Shivapuri-Nagarjun National Park, Kathmandu, Nepal". ''Journal of Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University'' 18(1): 113–119. * Kuznetsov A. G. (1996). "''Himalodiscus aculeatus'' Kuznetsov, gen. et sp. nov. (Pulmonata, Endodontidae) from Nepal". ''Ruthenica'' 5(2): 163–165. * Kuznetsov A. G. & Schileyko A. A. (1997). "New data on Enidae (Gastropoda, Pulmonata) of Nepal". ''Ruthenica'' 7(2): 133–140. * Kuznetsov A. G. & Schileyko A. A. (1999). "Two new species of the genus ''Pupinidius'' Moellendorff, 1901 (Enidae, Pulmonata), and the distribution of the genus in Nepal". ''Ruthenica'' 9(2): 117–121. * Limbu K. P., Subba B. R. & Rai B. K. (2???). "Nutritional Status of Three Species of Molluscs in Nepal". In: Gupta V .K., Verma A. K. & Singh G. D. (eds), pp. 232–239. ''Perspectives in animal ecology and reproduction'', Edition: vol. 9, Chapter: 10, Daya Publishing House
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* Raut S. K. (1999). "The giant African land snail Achatina fulica Bowdich in Nepal and Bhutan". ''Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society'' 96(1): 173. * Schileyko A. A. & Frank C. (1994). "Some terrestrial Mollusca of the Nepalesian fauna". ''

Archiv für Molluskenkunde ''Archiv für Molluskenkunde'' is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Senckenberg Nature Research Society, covering research in malacology. Coverage ''Archiv für Molluskenkunde'' publishes original research on all aspects of mo ...

'' 123(1/6): 127–136. * Subba B. R. (2003). "Molluscan checklist of Ghodaghodi Tal area, Kailali District". ''Our Nature'' 1: 1–2. * Subba B. R. & Ghosh T. K. (2000). "Some freshwater molluscs from eastern and central Nepal". ''Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society'' 97(3): 452-455. * Subba B. R. & Ghosh T. K. (2001). "Terrestrial mollusks from Nepal". ''Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society'' 98(1): 58–61. * Subba B. R. & Ghosh T. K. (2008). "Report on some terrestrial molluscs from different regions of Nepal". ''Journal of Natural History Museum, Tribhuvan University'' 23: 78–81. * Subba B. R., Limbu K. P. & Rai B. K. (2012). "Food value of edible molluscs of eastern Nepal:The lesser utilized food in Nepal". Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany,
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Molluscs Nepal * *

Molluscs Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 extant taxon, extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil sp ...

Freshwater gastropods

Land gastropods

Freshwater bivalves

See also

References

External links